Final Endocrine Flashcards
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) located in
Depression of Sphenoid bone under hypothalamus
Secretions of Anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophyis) controlled by
Hypothalamus sending releasing or release inhibiting hormones through Hypothalamic Hypophyseal Portal System (network of capillaries)
Anterior pituitary hormones
Growth (GH) , Prolactin (PRL), Tropic (4)
Anterior pituitary Tropic Hormones
control other glands:
ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
GH can cause
Gigantism, acromegaly, pituitary dwarfism (too little)
PRL
Promotes milk production
TSH
Stimulates thyroid to secrete T3 T4
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic; stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete steroids
Gonadotropin FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone; stimulates development of Ova and sperm
Gonadotropin LH
Lutenizing; Causes ovulation; Testosterone & Estrogen
Extension of Hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Posterior Pituitary hormones
ADH and Oxytocin
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone; released to conserve water; causes vasoconstriction (vasopressin); deficiency-diabetes insipidus
Oxytocin
Milk let down reflex; stimulates uterus to contract
Thyroid Gland is composed of secretory units called
Follicles
Thyroid Follicular cells secrete
T3 T4
Hypothyroidism
Myxedema; slow metabolism, heart rate, thick puffy skin
Infant born with no thyroid gland=
fails to develop physically/mentally, short and stocky, abnormal skeletal development, and severe mental retardation Cretinism
Hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease;^heart rate, ^peristalsis resulting in diarrhea, ^body temp, hyperactivity, weight loss, exophthalmia
^Iodine, v Iodine
Hyperthyroidism , Hypothyroidism (Goiter)
Parafollicular cells
Located between follicles; secrete calcitonin; v calcium; osteoblastic
Thyroid Gland Hormones
TH and PTH
TH
T3 T4 secreted by the thyroid gland; control metabolic rate and regulate growth and development
PTH
osteoclastic; ^ blood calcium; ^ absorption of calcium from gut; ^ absorption from urine (phosphaturic effect)
Hypocalcemia
Carpal spasm / Tetany / layrngospasm=asphyxiation
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalciuria; ^PTH=^Calcium in blood- kidney stones
Adrenal Glands are near ____
Kidneys
Inner Region of Adrenal gland
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Medulla
extension of sympathetic nervous system secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine
Outer Region of Adrenal gland
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Cortex Secretes 3 steroids:
Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, sex hormones
Glucocorticoids
chief glucocorticoud cortisol-> ^ blood glucose and regulates ACTH
Mineralcorticoids
Aldosterone-> regulates blood pressure/volume
Sex hormones
T & E
Addison’s disease
Hyposecretion of cortisol (steroid); generalized weakness
Cushing’s disease
Hypersecretion of cortisol (steroid)
Pancreas Hormones
Insulin and Glucagon
Islets of Langerhans
secretes Insulin Beta cells and Glucagon Alpha cells; pancreas
Insulin and Glucagon effects
Insulin- v blood glucose (lack of=diabetes mellitus)
Glucagon- ^blood glucose
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia->Glucosuria->Polydipsia(glucosuria=loss of water=thirst)->Polyphagia(cells unable to use glucose for energy=hunger)->Acidosis(can’t burn glucose so burn fatty acids instead)
Pineal Gland
Biological Clock; biorhythms; secretes melatonin;
Thyroid gland secretes ___ &____ and _____
t3&t4 and calcitonin
