22 Respiratory system Flashcards
Pulmonology
study of respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract
respiratory organs outside of chest cavity
nasal cavity
contain olfactory receptors (smell)
nasal conchae
increase surface area of mucous membranes that contain blood vessels that warm/humidify air and mucous secreting cells
Paranasal sinuses
drainage opening, drains into nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
only air passes through
oropharynx/laryngo
air food and water pass through
Laryngopharynx
sorts air/food/water
Pharynx (throat)
Contain tonsils and opening of eustachian tubes(connect to middle ear)
Larynx (voice box)
composed of cartilages, ligaments, muscle, thyroid bone
Largest cartilage in larynx
thyroid (adams apple)
Epiglottis-
flap of cartilage that covers the glottis (opening) to protect airway
( \ / )
Vocal cords
folds that seal opening to protect windpipe from food/water, vibrate to produce sound(voice), sinus and pharynx effect how it sounds
Trachea (windpipe): carina, bronchi, bronchioles
carina- point trachea divides into 2 bronchi
bronchi- c shaped cartilages (keep open)
Bronchioles-have smooth muscle to keep open
Alveolus
capillaries full of blood (gas exchange)
Atelectasis
collapsed/airless alveoli (no gas echange)
Lungs
in pleural cavity; right(3 lobes) Left (2); outside surface of lungs and inside of chest cavity covered in serous membrane that secretes lubricating fluid
visceral/ parietal
visceral- covers organ
parietal - covers wall/ cavity lining
Diaphragm
innervated by phrenic nerve- exits spinal column at c4
Intercostal muscles
help breathe (enlarge rib cage) required atp to inhale
Nervous control
begins at medulla oblongata inspiratory neurons ->spinal cord->phrenic nerve/intercostals
expiratory neurons shut down inspiratory neurons
Chemical control
CNS and peripheral chemoreceptor (respond to chemicals); monitors [CO2, H+], O2, CO2 most significant factor in regulation
Collapsing forces
elastic forces and surface tension of water in alveolus
Surfactant
breaks surface tension so alveoli don’t collapse
Expansive force
Vacuum between lungs and thoracic cavity wall
Pneumothorax
when air gets sucked in bc of wound= lungs collapse; vacuum air back out to fix it
Tensionpneumothorax
hole in the lung; seal up lung and vacuum air out of cavity to fix it
Effective respiration (3)
Ventilation/ breathing
exchange of CO2 and O2
transport mechanisms
Ventilation/ breathing
Inhalation/exhalation (respiratory cycle)
vol^ pressure v (inversely related)
Exchange of CO2 and O2
lungs, in alveoli ; tissues, in capillaries
diffusion
Transport mechanisms
O2 carried by HEMoglobin (oxyhemoglobin); CO2 dissolves in plasma 10%, carried by hemoGLOBIN 20%, carried as HCO3 bicarbonate 70%
Tidal volume
breathing small amount while relaxed
Inspiratory reserve volume
max inhalation after normal tidal volume inhaltion
Expiratory reserve volume
max exhalation after normal tidal volume exhalation
Residual volume
air that can’t be forced out
Total lung capacity
all the air the lungs can hold
Vital capacity
max inhale, rapid and strong exhale (pulmonary function test)
Breathing patterns
Hyperventilation v CO2 (alkalosis)
hypoventilation ^CO2 respiratory obstruction (acidosis)
