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Honors Anatomy > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

0
Q

Esophagus

A

Thoracic cavity

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1
Q

Stomach

A

Abdominal cavity

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2
Q

Spinal cord

A

Vertebral cavity

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3
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Pelvic cavity

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4
Q

Small intestine

A

Abdominal cavity

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5
Q

Trachea

A

Thoracic cavity

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6
Q

Lungs

A

Thoracic cavity

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7
Q

Kidneys

A

Abdominal cavity

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8
Q

Heart

A

Thoracic cavity

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9
Q

Brain

A

Cranial cavity

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10
Q

Spleen

A

Abdominal cavity

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11
Q

Liver

A

Abdominal cavity

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12
Q

Name the 11 systems of the body

A 
Integumentary
Muscular
Urinary
Reproduction
Digestive
Lymphatic 
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Nervous
Endocrine
Skeletal
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13
Q

Name 5 levels of organization that comprise the body

A

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, system level

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14
Q

Why is it important to use the technical terms when studying anatomy

A

Universal terms. Everybody knows them by technical terms

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15
Q

5 requirements of organisms

A

Water food oxygen heat pressure

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16
Q

Explain the following statement: the science of anatomy isn’t solely a visual science

A

Anatomy is hands on. Requires the sense to determine all parts are how they should be. Uses sight, touch, sound, and sometimes smell

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17
Q

Think of a person who has a chronic ongoing illness. Explain how changes in anatomy in that person are associated with changes in physiology

A

Lung cancer takes over body and lungs won’t work. Compensate for lack of oxygen, the other lung will increase its work load. Deals with the functions

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18
Q

In which of the 4 primary tissues is cancer likely to appear and why

A

Epithelial tissue- covers the skin, most exposed to toxins, replicate fast

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19
Q

Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Exocrine-secrets into ducts

Endocrine-secrets into the blood of tissue fluids

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20
Q

Explain why physical characteristics of the various connective tissue differ so much

A

Functions determine how they physically look. Look different to perform different tasks (shape and look-form functions)

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21
Q

Which muscle tissue is voluntary and which are involuntary

A

Voluntary-skeletal

Involuntary-cardiac and smooth

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22
Q

How do you explain the fact that joint injuries awe often very slow to heal

A

There’s no blood there. No circulation of blood flow-longer to heal

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23
Q

Nerve fibers are scattered throughout

A

Dermis

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24
Q

Only the deepest layer of this region an divide

A

Epidermis

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25
Q

Lacks blood vessels

A

Epidermis

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26
Q

Consists of loose connective tissue and adipose

A

Subcutaneous

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27
Q

Located beneath the 2nd region

A

Subcutaneous

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28
Q

Contains the pigment which gives skin it’s color

A

Epidermis

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29
Q

Outermost layer is dead cells

A

Epidermis

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30
Q

Binds the 1st region to underlying tissue

A

Dermis

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31
Q

Contains the major blood vessels that supply the skin and adipose tissue

A

Subcutaneous

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32
Q

Deepest layer is the only living layer of this region

A

Epidermis

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33
Q

Differ between endocrine and apocrine sweat glands

A

Eccrine- responds to elevated temp

Apocrine- responds to emotional stress chair follicles

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34
Q

Distinguish between the activities necessary to heal a wound in the epidermis and those necessary to heal in the dermis

A

Epidermis-3 layers of epidermis are dead so wound doesn’t hurt, dividing epithelial cells will fill in wound openings
Dermis- blood clot will form to stop bleeding- leads to scab

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35
Q

5 functions of the skin

A

Protection, regulates temp, slows water loss, makes chemicals, and excretes wastes

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36
Q

Explain ABCD reference to examination of pigmented areas

A

Pigmented areas are assymetric, irregular boarders, vary in color, diameter greater than 6mm than its cancerous

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37
Q

How does inflammation help a wound heal

A

Blood vessels dilate which gives the wound nutrients and oxygen

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38
Q

Why is skin defined as an organ

A

Major portion of body and contains major blood vessels that help regulate temp. Contains loose and adipose tissues, protects body, holds everything in place, group of tissues working together

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39
Q

Burns in epidermis layer, not painful. Will be red and tender

A

1 degree

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40
Q

Burns through epidermis and into the dermis. Painful because nerves in dermis layer are irritated. Red and have blisters

A

2 degree

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41
Q

Burns through all layers of skin- charring skin and very painful

A

3 degree

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42
Q

What is the vitamin our skin produces and what is it used for

A

Vitamin D

Builds good strong bones

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43
Q

How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective

A

Keeps you from getting skin cancer

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44
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A

Spongy and compact bone

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45
Q

4 functions of bones

A

Support and protect, body movement, blood cell formation, and storage of inorganic

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46
Q

What are 3 causes of flat feet

A

Poor prenatal nutrition, excessive overweight, and fatigue

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47
Q

Differentiate between intramembranous and endochondral bone development

A

Intra-flat skull bones developed from layers of connective tissue membrane
Endo-most of bones develop from masses of hyaline and cartilage

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48
Q

3 main categories of joints and the amount of movement exhibited by each

A

Fibrous- no movement
Cartilaginous- limited movement
Synovial- free movement

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49
Q

Last 2 pair of ribs

A

Floating ribs

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50
Q

First 7 pair of ribs called

A

True ribs

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51
Q

8,9,10 pair of ribs called

A

False ribs

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52
Q

Differ between yellow and red bone marrow

A

Red-develops red cells, white cells, and platelets

Yellow-stores fat

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53
Q

How does the structure of a bone make it strong yet light weight

A

Compact of a bone makes it strong. Very dense and solid. Spongy helps absorb calcium and nutrients-light weight yet strong

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54
Q

Explain how bones help out when blood calcium is high and when it’s low

A

Low-osteoclasts breakdown bone, releasing calcium salts

High-osteoclasts form bone tissue and store calcium salts

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55
Q

Explain arthroscopy

A

Magnifying joints in body. Make 3 holes in joints to figure problem

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56
Q

Hip fracture is 1 of the most serious causes of hospitalization among elderly. Where is the most common site of hip fracture

A

Neck of the femur breaks off

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57
Q

What age does bone mass peak and what should be done to reduce bone loss after this age

A
  1. Drink calcium and exercise
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58
Q

Looking at an X ray how can you tell if a particular long bone has finished growing in length

A

Epiphyseal plates are ossified

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59
Q

What causes lactic acid to form in muscle

A

During strenuous exercise oxygen deficiency causes lactic acid to accumulate

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60
Q

What specifically produces the striations seen on muscles

A

Alternating pattern of actin and myosin

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61
Q

3 cause of muscle fatigue

A

Lactic acid
Lack of blood supply
Lack of acetylcholine

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62
Q

What’s the advantage of having both hemoglobin and myoglobin in muscles

A

Reduces the needs of muscles to have continuous blood supply

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63
Q

5 factors that limit muscle endurance

A 
Loss of glycogen
Loss of fat reserves
Lack of oxygen
Lack of acetylcholine
Lack of blood supply
Heat built up
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64
Q

3 groups of muscle fuels starting with best

A

Carbohydrates-primary
Fat-secondary
Protein-third

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65
Q

Name 6 criteria

A 
Size 
Shape
Location
Attachments
Action
Direction of fibers
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66
Q

How does botulism actually effect the muscular system

A

Prevents the release of acetylcholine which is needed for muscle movement

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67
Q

What steps might be taken to minimize atrophy of skeletal muscles in patients who are confined for prolonged time

A

Get patient out of bed, do exercises, stretching out muscles so atrophy doesn’t continue

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68
Q

As lactic acid and other substances accumulate in an active muscle, they tend to stimulate pain receptors and the muscle may feel sore. How might the application of heat help to relieve such soreness

A

When muscles are heated they’re longer, more relaxed. Helps blood flow through body

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69
Q

3 general functions of nervous system

A

Sensory function
Motor neuron
Integrated function

70
Q

3 meninges

A

Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid

71
Q

Explain 1 inside change in body and outside that brings reflex

A

Inside-vomit doesn’t digest food and stomach reflexes and makes person vomit
Outside-eye constricting doc shines light in eye=constrict

72
Q

2 major subdivisions of the nervous system and the organs in each

A

Central nervous system-brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system-nerves

73
Q

Advantage of having convolutions

A

Pack more info into our brain

74
Q

3 kinds of neurons based on function

A

Sensory neuron
Inter neuron
Motor neuron

75
Q

2 functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Maintains stable ion concentration

Protects brain and spinal cord by being shock absorbing

76
Q

Difference in location of gray and white matter in brain compared to the spinal cord

A

Brain- central core is white matter surrounded by gray

Spinal cord p- central core is gray matter surrounded by white

77
Q

4 lobes of cerebrum

A

Frontal temporal parietal occipital

78
Q

2 functions of the spinal cord

A

2way communication between brain and body

Spinal reflexes

79
Q

3 kinds of neurons bases on structure

A

Bipolar
Multipolar
Unipolar

80
Q

Certain local anesthetic drugs such as those used by dentists help to prevent pain. Explain how they prevent pain

A

Drug keeps ion movement at resting potential so the person doesn’t feel pain

81
Q

Provides attachment of ribs to thoracic vertebrae

A

Rib facets

82
Q

Cylinder shaped unit of bone cells surrounding a central canal

A

Osteons

83
Q

Fluid filled sac between joints

A

Bursa

84
Q

Fibrous connective tissue covering outside of a bone

A

Periosteum

85
Q

Bone destruction cells

A

Osteoclasts

86
Q

Shock absorbing pad of fibrocartilage

A

Meniscus

87
Q

Hollow chamber in diaphysis filled with marrow

A

Medullary cavity

88
Q

Band of cartilage left between the 2 ossification centers

A

Epiphyseal plate

89
Q

Junction of cranial bones

A

Sutures

90
Q

Lubricating fluid between joints

A

Synovial fluids

91
Q

Lines the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

92
Q

Any other bone forming cell

A

Osteoblasts

93
Q

Pigment in skin which absorbs UV radiation

A

Melanin

94
Q

Bundle of smooth muscle attached to each follicle that puckers when stimulated

A

Arrector pili muscle

95
Q

Whitish halfmoon shaped region at base of each nail plate

A

Lunula

96
Q

Oily mixture that helps keep skin and hair soft and waterproof

A

Sebum

97
Q

Branch of blood vessels and cluster of fibroblasts that form in large open wounds

A

Granulations

98
Q

Epidermal cells that produce the skin pigment

A

Melanocytes

99
Q

Minute extension to increase surface area

A

Microvili

100
Q

Supporting cells for neurons

A

Neuroglia

101
Q

Connective tissue cell located near blood vessels

A

Mass cells

102
Q

Connective tissue fiber made of very thin collagen fibers as a support network

A

Reticular

103
Q

A bone cell

A

Osteocyte

104
Q

Connective tissue fibers made of the protein elastin

A

Elastic

105
Q

Connective tissue cell that is a scavenger and defense cell

A

Macrophage

106
Q

Connective tissue fiber that has great tensile strength

A

Collagenous

107
Q

Most common type of connective tissue cell

A

Fibroblast

108
Q

Membrane covering lungs

A

Visceral pleura

109
Q

Membrane covering the hearts surface

A

Visceral pericardium

110
Q

Membrane that covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Visceral perineum

111
Q

Combination of the 10 characteristics of life

A

Metabolism

112
Q

Towards the front of the body

A

Anterior

113
Q

Organs within a cavity

A

Viscera

114
Q

Membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

115
Q

Membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Parietal perineum

116
Q

Body part that is closer to a point of attachment than another part

A

Proximal

117
Q

Separates the thoracic cavity into 2 compartments

A

Mediastinum

118
Q

Membrane that surrounds the heart

A

Partial pericardium

119
Q

Body part is farther from the point of attachment than another part

A

Distal

120
Q

Separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Diaphragm

121
Q

When the resting potential becomes more positive

A

Depolarizes

122
Q

Membranes surrounding and protecting brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

123
Q

Ridges on the surface of the brain

A

Gyri

124
Q

Interconnected cavities within the brain

A

Ventricles

125
Q

Bundle of axons

A

Nerve

126
Q

Rapid change in potential of the membrane

A

Action potential

127
Q

Filters incoming sensory impulses arousing brain into wakefulness

A

Reticular formation

128
Q

Wave of action potentials

A

Nerve impulse

129
Q

Junction between 2 neurons

A

Synapse

130
Q

Shallow groove on the brain

A

Sulcus

131
Q

Nerve cell

A

Neuron

132
Q

Simple pathway that includes only a few neurons

A

Reflex arc

133
Q

Thin layer of gray matter on the brain

A

Cerebral cortex

134
Q

Deep groove on the brain

A

Fissure

135
Q

Outer funnel like structure of ear

A

Auricle

136
Q

Complex system of chambers and tubes composed of bony and membranous parts

A

Labyrinth

137
Q

Spiral shaped canal which functions in hearing

A

Cochlea

138
Q

When visceral pain feels as if it’s coming from some other part of the body

A

Referred pain

139
Q

Eardrum

A

Tympanic membrane

140
Q

Three canals that provide sense of balance

A

Semicircular canal

141
Q

Opening in wall of tympanic cavity which leads to inner ear

A

Oval windows

142
Q

Contains the hearing receptors stimulated by vibes in the fluids of the inner ear

A

Organs of corti

143
Q

Three tiny bones in the middle ear

A

Ossicles

144
Q

Bony chamber between semicircular canals and cochlea

A

Vestibule

145
Q

Function of enkephalins and endorphins

A

Body’s natural pain receptors and used when body is in extreme pain

146
Q

Name the 3 different locations of our taste buds

A

Surface of tongue, throat, roof of mouth

147
Q

Give functions of ossicles, auricle, and Eustachian tube

A

Ossicles-transmit vibes to inner ear
Auricle- collects sound waves and passes them to the external auditory meatus
Eustachian-maintains air pressure on both sides of eardrum

148
Q

What is the 1st part of the brain and pain impulses reach that make us aware of pain

A

Thalamus

149
Q

4 primary sensations of taste

A

Sweet sour salty bitter

150
Q

What is the only receptor in the viscera that provides sensation

A

Pain receptors

151
Q

3 characteristics of sound

A

Light
Pitch
Quality

152
Q

Differ between static and dynamic equilibrium

A

Static-maintains stability in head and body motionless

Dynamic- maintains stability in head and body in motion

153
Q

Explain why referred pain occurs

A

Impulses from skin and viscera travel on a common nerve pathway

154
Q

Even though the brain lacks pain receptors why does it sometimes feel as though a headache is coming from inside your skull

A

Brain doesn’t have pain receptors but the meninges and blood vessels surrounding the brain do have pain receptors causing headaches

155
Q

What is otitis media

A

Inflammation of the middle war

156
Q

Why do more children get ear infections than adults

A

Eustachian tube in kids in more prone because bacteria doesn’t have to travel very far up the tube in order to reach the ear

157
Q

Motor neuron and muscle fibers it controls

A

Motor units

158
Q

Red pigment in blood that carries oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

159
Q

Fibrous connective tissue covering muscle

A

Fascia

160
Q

Movable end of a muscle

A

Insertion

161
Q

Forceful sustained contraction without even partial relaxation

A

Tetanic contraction

162
Q

Attaches muscle to bone

A

Tendons

163
Q

Neurotransmitter that stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Acetylcholine

164
Q

Wavelike motion occurring in intestines to force contents along

A

Peristalsis

165
Q

Muscle that assists the prime movers

A

Synergist

166
Q

Recording of an electrically stimulated muscle

A

Myogram

167
Q

Sheet of connective tissue which attaches muscle to muscle

A

Aponeurosis

168
Q

Reddish brown pigment in muscle

A

Myoglobin

169
Q

Fibers made of protein that play a role in muscle contraction

A

Myofibrils

170
Q

Minimal strength required to cause a contraction

A

Threshold stimulus

171
Q

Immovable end of a muscle

A

Origin

172
Q

Muscle that resist the action of prime mover

A

Antagonist

Honors Anatomy (18 decks)

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