FINAL Flashcards
Esophagus
Thoracic cavity
Stomach
Abdominal cavity
Spinal cord
Vertebral cavity
Urinary bladder
Pelvic cavity
Small intestine
Abdominal cavity
Trachea
Thoracic cavity
Lungs
Thoracic cavity
Kidneys
Abdominal cavity
Heart
Thoracic cavity
Brain
Cranial cavity
Spleen
Abdominal cavity
Liver
Abdominal cavity
Name the 11 systems of the body
Integumentary Muscular Urinary Reproduction Digestive Lymphatic Cardiovascular Respiratory Nervous Endocrine Skeletal
Name 5 levels of organization that comprise the body
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, system level
Why is it important to use the technical terms when studying anatomy
Universal terms. Everybody knows them by technical terms
5 requirements of organisms
Water food oxygen heat pressure
Explain the following statement: the science of anatomy isn’t solely a visual science
Anatomy is hands on. Requires the sense to determine all parts are how they should be. Uses sight, touch, sound, and sometimes smell
Think of a person who has a chronic ongoing illness. Explain how changes in anatomy in that person are associated with changes in physiology
Lung cancer takes over body and lungs won’t work. Compensate for lack of oxygen, the other lung will increase its work load. Deals with the functions
In which of the 4 primary tissues is cancer likely to appear and why
Epithelial tissue- covers the skin, most exposed to toxins, replicate fast
Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands
Exocrine-secrets into ducts
Endocrine-secrets into the blood of tissue fluids
Explain why physical characteristics of the various connective tissue differ so much
Functions determine how they physically look. Look different to perform different tasks (shape and look-form functions)
Which muscle tissue is voluntary and which are involuntary
Voluntary-skeletal
Involuntary-cardiac and smooth
How do you explain the fact that joint injuries awe often very slow to heal
There’s no blood there. No circulation of blood flow-longer to heal
Nerve fibers are scattered throughout
Dermis
Only the deepest layer of this region an divide
Epidermis
Lacks blood vessels
Epidermis
Consists of loose connective tissue and adipose
Subcutaneous
Located beneath the 2nd region
Subcutaneous
Contains the pigment which gives skin it’s color
Epidermis
Outermost layer is dead cells
Epidermis
Binds the 1st region to underlying tissue
Dermis
Contains the major blood vessels that supply the skin and adipose tissue
Subcutaneous
Deepest layer is the only living layer of this region
Epidermis
Differ between endocrine and apocrine sweat glands
Eccrine- responds to elevated temp
Apocrine- responds to emotional stress chair follicles
Distinguish between the activities necessary to heal a wound in the epidermis and those necessary to heal in the dermis
Epidermis-3 layers of epidermis are dead so wound doesn’t hurt, dividing epithelial cells will fill in wound openings
Dermis- blood clot will form to stop bleeding- leads to scab
5 functions of the skin
Protection, regulates temp, slows water loss, makes chemicals, and excretes wastes
Explain ABCD reference to examination of pigmented areas
Pigmented areas are assymetric, irregular boarders, vary in color, diameter greater than 6mm than its cancerous
How does inflammation help a wound heal
Blood vessels dilate which gives the wound nutrients and oxygen
Why is skin defined as an organ
Major portion of body and contains major blood vessels that help regulate temp. Contains loose and adipose tissues, protects body, holds everything in place, group of tissues working together
Burns in epidermis layer, not painful. Will be red and tender
1 degree
Burns through epidermis and into the dermis. Painful because nerves in dermis layer are irritated. Red and have blisters
2 degree
Burns through all layers of skin- charring skin and very painful
3 degree
What is the vitamin our skin produces and what is it used for
Vitamin D
Builds good strong bones
How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective
Keeps you from getting skin cancer
2 types of bone tissue
Spongy and compact bone
4 functions of bones
Support and protect, body movement, blood cell formation, and storage of inorganic
What are 3 causes of flat feet
Poor prenatal nutrition, excessive overweight, and fatigue
Differentiate between intramembranous and endochondral bone development
Intra-flat skull bones developed from layers of connective tissue membrane
Endo-most of bones develop from masses of hyaline and cartilage
3 main categories of joints and the amount of movement exhibited by each
Fibrous- no movement
Cartilaginous- limited movement
Synovial- free movement
Last 2 pair of ribs
Floating ribs
First 7 pair of ribs called
True ribs
8,9,10 pair of ribs called
False ribs
Differ between yellow and red bone marrow
Red-develops red cells, white cells, and platelets
Yellow-stores fat
How does the structure of a bone make it strong yet light weight
Compact of a bone makes it strong. Very dense and solid. Spongy helps absorb calcium and nutrients-light weight yet strong
Explain how bones help out when blood calcium is high and when it’s low
Low-osteoclasts breakdown bone, releasing calcium salts
High-osteoclasts form bone tissue and store calcium salts
Explain arthroscopy
Magnifying joints in body. Make 3 holes in joints to figure problem
Hip fracture is 1 of the most serious causes of hospitalization among elderly. Where is the most common site of hip fracture
Neck of the femur breaks off
What age does bone mass peak and what should be done to reduce bone loss after this age
- Drink calcium and exercise
Looking at an X ray how can you tell if a particular long bone has finished growing in length
Epiphyseal plates are ossified
What causes lactic acid to form in muscle
During strenuous exercise oxygen deficiency causes lactic acid to accumulate
What specifically produces the striations seen on muscles
Alternating pattern of actin and myosin
3 cause of muscle fatigue
Lactic acid
Lack of blood supply
Lack of acetylcholine
What’s the advantage of having both hemoglobin and myoglobin in muscles
Reduces the needs of muscles to have continuous blood supply
5 factors that limit muscle endurance
Loss of glycogen Loss of fat reserves Lack of oxygen Lack of acetylcholine Lack of blood supply Heat built up
3 groups of muscle fuels starting with best
Carbohydrates-primary
Fat-secondary
Protein-third
Name 6 criteria
Size Shape Location Attachments Action Direction of fibers
How does botulism actually effect the muscular system
Prevents the release of acetylcholine which is needed for muscle movement
What steps might be taken to minimize atrophy of skeletal muscles in patients who are confined for prolonged time
Get patient out of bed, do exercises, stretching out muscles so atrophy doesn’t continue
As lactic acid and other substances accumulate in an active muscle, they tend to stimulate pain receptors and the muscle may feel sore. How might the application of heat help to relieve such soreness
When muscles are heated they’re longer, more relaxed. Helps blood flow through body
3 general functions of nervous system
Sensory function
Motor neuron
Integrated function
3 meninges
Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid
Explain 1 inside change in body and outside that brings reflex
Inside-vomit doesn’t digest food and stomach reflexes and makes person vomit
Outside-eye constricting doc shines light in eye=constrict
2 major subdivisions of the nervous system and the organs in each
Central nervous system-brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system-nerves
Advantage of having convolutions
Pack more info into our brain
3 kinds of neurons based on function
Sensory neuron
Inter neuron
Motor neuron
2 functions of cerebrospinal fluid
Maintains stable ion concentration
Protects brain and spinal cord by being shock absorbing
Difference in location of gray and white matter in brain compared to the spinal cord
Brain- central core is white matter surrounded by gray
Spinal cord p- central core is gray matter surrounded by white
4 lobes of cerebrum
Frontal temporal parietal occipital
2 functions of the spinal cord
2way communication between brain and body
Spinal reflexes
3 kinds of neurons bases on structure
Bipolar
Multipolar
Unipolar
Certain local anesthetic drugs such as those used by dentists help to prevent pain. Explain how they prevent pain
Drug keeps ion movement at resting potential so the person doesn’t feel pain
Provides attachment of ribs to thoracic vertebrae
Rib facets
Cylinder shaped unit of bone cells surrounding a central canal
Osteons
Fluid filled sac between joints
Bursa
Fibrous connective tissue covering outside of a bone
Periosteum
Bone destruction cells
Osteoclasts
Shock absorbing pad of fibrocartilage
Meniscus
Hollow chamber in diaphysis filled with marrow
Medullary cavity
Band of cartilage left between the 2 ossification centers
Epiphyseal plate
Junction of cranial bones
Sutures
Lubricating fluid between joints
Synovial fluids
Lines the medullary cavity
Endosteum
Any other bone forming cell
Osteoblasts
Pigment in skin which absorbs UV radiation
Melanin
Bundle of smooth muscle attached to each follicle that puckers when stimulated
Arrector pili muscle
Whitish halfmoon shaped region at base of each nail plate
Lunula
Oily mixture that helps keep skin and hair soft and waterproof
Sebum
Branch of blood vessels and cluster of fibroblasts that form in large open wounds
Granulations
Epidermal cells that produce the skin pigment
Melanocytes
Minute extension to increase surface area
Microvili
Supporting cells for neurons
Neuroglia
Connective tissue cell located near blood vessels
Mass cells
Connective tissue fiber made of very thin collagen fibers as a support network
Reticular
A bone cell
Osteocyte
Connective tissue fibers made of the protein elastin
Elastic
Connective tissue cell that is a scavenger and defense cell
Macrophage
Connective tissue fiber that has great tensile strength
Collagenous
Most common type of connective tissue cell
Fibroblast
Membrane covering lungs
Visceral pleura
Membrane covering the hearts surface
Visceral pericardium
Membrane that covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral perineum
Combination of the 10 characteristics of life
Metabolism
Towards the front of the body
Anterior
Organs within a cavity
Viscera
Membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
Membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal perineum
Body part that is closer to a point of attachment than another part
Proximal
Separates the thoracic cavity into 2 compartments
Mediastinum
Membrane that surrounds the heart
Partial pericardium
Body part is farther from the point of attachment than another part
Distal
Separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
When the resting potential becomes more positive
Depolarizes
Membranes surrounding and protecting brain and spinal cord
Meninges
Ridges on the surface of the brain
Gyri
Interconnected cavities within the brain
Ventricles
Bundle of axons
Nerve
Rapid change in potential of the membrane
Action potential
Filters incoming sensory impulses arousing brain into wakefulness
Reticular formation
Wave of action potentials
Nerve impulse
Junction between 2 neurons
Synapse
Shallow groove on the brain
Sulcus
Nerve cell
Neuron
Simple pathway that includes only a few neurons
Reflex arc
Thin layer of gray matter on the brain
Cerebral cortex
Deep groove on the brain
Fissure
Outer funnel like structure of ear
Auricle
Complex system of chambers and tubes composed of bony and membranous parts
Labyrinth
Spiral shaped canal which functions in hearing
Cochlea
When visceral pain feels as if it’s coming from some other part of the body
Referred pain
Eardrum
Tympanic membrane
Three canals that provide sense of balance
Semicircular canal
Opening in wall of tympanic cavity which leads to inner ear
Oval windows
Contains the hearing receptors stimulated by vibes in the fluids of the inner ear
Organs of corti
Three tiny bones in the middle ear
Ossicles
Bony chamber between semicircular canals and cochlea
Vestibule
Function of enkephalins and endorphins
Body’s natural pain receptors and used when body is in extreme pain
Name the 3 different locations of our taste buds
Surface of tongue, throat, roof of mouth
Give functions of ossicles, auricle, and Eustachian tube
Ossicles-transmit vibes to inner ear
Auricle- collects sound waves and passes them to the external auditory meatus
Eustachian-maintains air pressure on both sides of eardrum
What is the 1st part of the brain and pain impulses reach that make us aware of pain
Thalamus
4 primary sensations of taste
Sweet sour salty bitter
What is the only receptor in the viscera that provides sensation
Pain receptors
3 characteristics of sound
Light
Pitch
Quality
Differ between static and dynamic equilibrium
Static-maintains stability in head and body motionless
Dynamic- maintains stability in head and body in motion
Explain why referred pain occurs
Impulses from skin and viscera travel on a common nerve pathway
Even though the brain lacks pain receptors why does it sometimes feel as though a headache is coming from inside your skull
Brain doesn’t have pain receptors but the meninges and blood vessels surrounding the brain do have pain receptors causing headaches
What is otitis media
Inflammation of the middle war
Why do more children get ear infections than adults
Eustachian tube in kids in more prone because bacteria doesn’t have to travel very far up the tube in order to reach the ear
Motor neuron and muscle fibers it controls
Motor units
Red pigment in blood that carries oxygen
Hemoglobin
Fibrous connective tissue covering muscle
Fascia
Movable end of a muscle
Insertion
Forceful sustained contraction without even partial relaxation
Tetanic contraction
Attaches muscle to bone
Tendons
Neurotransmitter that stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber
Acetylcholine
Wavelike motion occurring in intestines to force contents along
Peristalsis
Muscle that assists the prime movers
Synergist
Recording of an electrically stimulated muscle
Myogram
Sheet of connective tissue which attaches muscle to muscle
Aponeurosis
Reddish brown pigment in muscle
Myoglobin
Fibers made of protein that play a role in muscle contraction
Myofibrils
Minimal strength required to cause a contraction
Threshold stimulus
Immovable end of a muscle
Origin
Muscle that resist the action of prime mover
Antagonist
