FINAL Flashcards
0
Q
Esophagus
A
Thoracic cavity
1
Q
Stomach
A
Abdominal cavity
2
Q
Spinal cord
A
Vertebral cavity
3
Q
Urinary bladder
A
Pelvic cavity
4
Q
Small intestine
A
Abdominal cavity
5
Q
Trachea
A
Thoracic cavity
6
Q
Lungs
A
Thoracic cavity
7
Q
Kidneys
A
Abdominal cavity
8
Q
Heart
A
Thoracic cavity
9
Q
Brain
A
Cranial cavity
10
Q
Spleen
A
Abdominal cavity
11
Q
Liver
A
Abdominal cavity
12
Q
Name the 11 systems of the body
A
Integumentary Muscular Urinary Reproduction Digestive Lymphatic Cardiovascular Respiratory Nervous Endocrine Skeletal
13
Q
Name 5 levels of organization that comprise the body
A
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, system level
14
Q
Why is it important to use the technical terms when studying anatomy
A
Universal terms. Everybody knows them by technical terms
15
Q
5 requirements of organisms
A
Water food oxygen heat pressure
16
Q
Explain the following statement: the science of anatomy isn’t solely a visual science
A
Anatomy is hands on. Requires the sense to determine all parts are how they should be. Uses sight, touch, sound, and sometimes smell
17
Q
Think of a person who has a chronic ongoing illness. Explain how changes in anatomy in that person are associated with changes in physiology
A
Lung cancer takes over body and lungs won’t work. Compensate for lack of oxygen, the other lung will increase its work load. Deals with the functions
18
Q
In which of the 4 primary tissues is cancer likely to appear and why
A
Epithelial tissue- covers the skin, most exposed to toxins, replicate fast
19
Q
Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands
A
Exocrine-secrets into ducts
Endocrine-secrets into the blood of tissue fluids
20
Q
Explain why physical characteristics of the various connective tissue differ so much
A
Functions determine how they physically look. Look different to perform different tasks (shape and look-form functions)
21
Q
Which muscle tissue is voluntary and which are involuntary
A
Voluntary-skeletal
Involuntary-cardiac and smooth
22
Q
How do you explain the fact that joint injuries awe often very slow to heal
A
There’s no blood there. No circulation of blood flow-longer to heal
23
Q
Nerve fibers are scattered throughout
A
Dermis
24
Only the deepest layer of this region an divide
Epidermis
25
Lacks blood vessels
Epidermis
26
Consists of loose connective tissue and adipose
Subcutaneous
27
Located beneath the 2nd region
Subcutaneous
28
Contains the pigment which gives skin it's color
Epidermis
29
Outermost layer is dead cells
Epidermis
30
Binds the 1st region to underlying tissue
Dermis
31
Contains the major blood vessels that supply the skin and adipose tissue
Subcutaneous
32
Deepest layer is the only living layer of this region
Epidermis
33
Differ between endocrine and apocrine sweat glands
Eccrine- responds to elevated temp
| Apocrine- responds to emotional stress chair follicles
34
Distinguish between the activities necessary to heal a wound in the epidermis and those necessary to heal in the dermis
Epidermis-3 layers of epidermis are dead so wound doesn't hurt, dividing epithelial cells will fill in wound openings
Dermis- blood clot will form to stop bleeding- leads to scab
35
5 functions of the skin
Protection, regulates temp, slows water loss, makes chemicals, and excretes wastes
36
Explain ABCD reference to examination of pigmented areas
Pigmented areas are assymetric, irregular boarders, vary in color, diameter greater than 6mm than its cancerous
37
How does inflammation help a wound heal
Blood vessels dilate which gives the wound nutrients and oxygen
38
Why is skin defined as an organ
Major portion of body and contains major blood vessels that help regulate temp. Contains loose and adipose tissues, protects body, holds everything in place, group of tissues working together
39
Burns in epidermis layer, not painful. Will be red and tender
1 degree
40
Burns through epidermis and into the dermis. Painful because nerves in dermis layer are irritated. Red and have blisters
2 degree
41
Burns through all layers of skin- charring skin and very painful
3 degree
42
What is the vitamin our skin produces and what is it used for
Vitamin D
| Builds good strong bones
43
How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective
Keeps you from getting skin cancer
44
2 types of bone tissue
Spongy and compact bone
45
4 functions of bones
Support and protect, body movement, blood cell formation, and storage of inorganic
46
What are 3 causes of flat feet
Poor prenatal nutrition, excessive overweight, and fatigue
47
Differentiate between intramembranous and endochondral bone development
Intra-flat skull bones developed from layers of connective tissue membrane
Endo-most of bones develop from masses of hyaline and cartilage
48
3 main categories of joints and the amount of movement exhibited by each
Fibrous- no movement
Cartilaginous- limited movement
Synovial- free movement
49
Last 2 pair of ribs
Floating ribs
50
First 7 pair of ribs called
True ribs
51
8,9,10 pair of ribs called
False ribs
52
Differ between yellow and red bone marrow
Red-develops red cells, white cells, and platelets
| Yellow-stores fat
53
How does the structure of a bone make it strong yet light weight
Compact of a bone makes it strong. Very dense and solid. Spongy helps absorb calcium and nutrients-light weight yet strong
54
Explain how bones help out when blood calcium is high and when it's low
Low-osteoclasts breakdown bone, releasing calcium salts
| High-osteoclasts form bone tissue and store calcium salts
55
Explain arthroscopy
Magnifying joints in body. Make 3 holes in joints to figure problem
56
Hip fracture is 1 of the most serious causes of hospitalization among elderly. Where is the most common site of hip fracture
Neck of the femur breaks off
57
What age does bone mass peak and what should be done to reduce bone loss after this age
35. Drink calcium and exercise
58
Looking at an X ray how can you tell if a particular long bone has finished growing in length
Epiphyseal plates are ossified
59
What causes lactic acid to form in muscle
During strenuous exercise oxygen deficiency causes lactic acid to accumulate
60
What specifically produces the striations seen on muscles
Alternating pattern of actin and myosin
61
3 cause of muscle fatigue
Lactic acid
Lack of blood supply
Lack of acetylcholine
62
What's the advantage of having both hemoglobin and myoglobin in muscles
Reduces the needs of muscles to have continuous blood supply
63
5 factors that limit muscle endurance
```
Loss of glycogen
Loss of fat reserves
Lack of oxygen
Lack of acetylcholine
Lack of blood supply
Heat built up
```
64
3 groups of muscle fuels starting with best
Carbohydrates-primary
Fat-secondary
Protein-third
65
Name 6 criteria
```
Size
Shape
Location
Attachments
Action
Direction of fibers
```
66
How does botulism actually effect the muscular system
Prevents the release of acetylcholine which is needed for muscle movement
67
What steps might be taken to minimize atrophy of skeletal muscles in patients who are confined for prolonged time
Get patient out of bed, do exercises, stretching out muscles so atrophy doesn't continue
68
As lactic acid and other substances accumulate in an active muscle, they tend to stimulate pain receptors and the muscle may feel sore. How might the application of heat help to relieve such soreness
When muscles are heated they're longer, more relaxed. Helps blood flow through body
69
3 general functions of nervous system
Sensory function
Motor neuron
Integrated function
70
3 meninges
Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid
71
Explain 1 inside change in body and outside that brings reflex
Inside-vomit doesn't digest food and stomach reflexes and makes person vomit
Outside-eye constricting doc shines light in eye=constrict
72
2 major subdivisions of the nervous system and the organs in each
Central nervous system-brain and spinal cord
| Peripheral nervous system-nerves
73
Advantage of having convolutions
Pack more info into our brain
74
3 kinds of neurons based on function
Sensory neuron
Inter neuron
Motor neuron
75
2 functions of cerebrospinal fluid
Maintains stable ion concentration
| Protects brain and spinal cord by being shock absorbing
76
Difference in location of gray and white matter in brain compared to the spinal cord
Brain- central core is white matter surrounded by gray
| Spinal cord p- central core is gray matter surrounded by white
77
4 lobes of cerebrum
Frontal temporal parietal occipital
78
2 functions of the spinal cord
2way communication between brain and body
| Spinal reflexes
79
3 kinds of neurons bases on structure
Bipolar
Multipolar
Unipolar
80
Certain local anesthetic drugs such as those used by dentists help to prevent pain. Explain how they prevent pain
Drug keeps ion movement at resting potential so the person doesn't feel pain
81
Provides attachment of ribs to thoracic vertebrae
Rib facets
82
Cylinder shaped unit of bone cells surrounding a central canal
Osteons
83
Fluid filled sac between joints
Bursa
84
Fibrous connective tissue covering outside of a bone
Periosteum
85
Bone destruction cells
Osteoclasts
86
Shock absorbing pad of fibrocartilage
Meniscus
87
Hollow chamber in diaphysis filled with marrow
Medullary cavity
88
Band of cartilage left between the 2 ossification centers
Epiphyseal plate
89
Junction of cranial bones
Sutures
90
Lubricating fluid between joints
Synovial fluids
91
Lines the medullary cavity
Endosteum
92
Any other bone forming cell
Osteoblasts
93
Pigment in skin which absorbs UV radiation
Melanin
94
Bundle of smooth muscle attached to each follicle that puckers when stimulated
Arrector pili muscle
95
Whitish halfmoon shaped region at base of each nail plate
Lunula
96
Oily mixture that helps keep skin and hair soft and waterproof
Sebum
97
Branch of blood vessels and cluster of fibroblasts that form in large open wounds
Granulations
98
Epidermal cells that produce the skin pigment
Melanocytes
99
Minute extension to increase surface area
Microvili
100
Supporting cells for neurons
Neuroglia
101
Connective tissue cell located near blood vessels
Mass cells
102
Connective tissue fiber made of very thin collagen fibers as a support network
Reticular
103
A bone cell
Osteocyte
104
Connective tissue fibers made of the protein elastin
Elastic
105
Connective tissue cell that is a scavenger and defense cell
Macrophage
106
Connective tissue fiber that has great tensile strength
Collagenous
107
Most common type of connective tissue cell
Fibroblast
108
Membrane covering lungs
Visceral pleura
109
Membrane covering the hearts surface
Visceral pericardium
110
Membrane that covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral perineum
111
Combination of the 10 characteristics of life
Metabolism
112
Towards the front of the body
Anterior
113
Organs within a cavity
Viscera
114
Membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
115
Membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal perineum
116
Body part that is closer to a point of attachment than another part
Proximal
117
Separates the thoracic cavity into 2 compartments
Mediastinum
118
Membrane that surrounds the heart
Partial pericardium
119
Body part is farther from the point of attachment than another part
Distal
120
Separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
121
When the resting potential becomes more positive
Depolarizes
122
Membranes surrounding and protecting brain and spinal cord
Meninges
123
Ridges on the surface of the brain
Gyri
124
Interconnected cavities within the brain
Ventricles
125
Bundle of axons
Nerve
126
Rapid change in potential of the membrane
Action potential
127
Filters incoming sensory impulses arousing brain into wakefulness
Reticular formation
128
Wave of action potentials
Nerve impulse
129
Junction between 2 neurons
Synapse
130
Shallow groove on the brain
Sulcus
131
Nerve cell
Neuron
132
Simple pathway that includes only a few neurons
Reflex arc
133
Thin layer of gray matter on the brain
Cerebral cortex
134
Deep groove on the brain
Fissure
135
Outer funnel like structure of ear
Auricle
136
Complex system of chambers and tubes composed of bony and membranous parts
Labyrinth
137
Spiral shaped canal which functions in hearing
Cochlea
138
When visceral pain feels as if it's coming from some other part of the body
Referred pain
139
Eardrum
Tympanic membrane
140
Three canals that provide sense of balance
Semicircular canal
141
Opening in wall of tympanic cavity which leads to inner ear
Oval windows
142
Contains the hearing receptors stimulated by vibes in the fluids of the inner ear
Organs of corti
143
Three tiny bones in the middle ear
Ossicles
144
Bony chamber between semicircular canals and cochlea
Vestibule
145
Function of enkephalins and endorphins
Body's natural pain receptors and used when body is in extreme pain
146
Name the 3 different locations of our taste buds
Surface of tongue, throat, roof of mouth
147
Give functions of ossicles, auricle, and Eustachian tube
Ossicles-transmit vibes to inner ear
Auricle- collects sound waves and passes them to the external auditory meatus
Eustachian-maintains air pressure on both sides of eardrum
148
What is the 1st part of the brain and pain impulses reach that make us aware of pain
Thalamus
149
4 primary sensations of taste
Sweet sour salty bitter
150
What is the only receptor in the viscera that provides sensation
Pain receptors
151
3 characteristics of sound
Light
Pitch
Quality
152
Differ between static and dynamic equilibrium
Static-maintains stability in head and body motionless
| Dynamic- maintains stability in head and body in motion
153
Explain why referred pain occurs
Impulses from skin and viscera travel on a common nerve pathway
154
Even though the brain lacks pain receptors why does it sometimes feel as though a headache is coming from inside your skull
Brain doesn't have pain receptors but the meninges and blood vessels surrounding the brain do have pain receptors causing headaches
155
What is otitis media
Inflammation of the middle war
156
Why do more children get ear infections than adults
Eustachian tube in kids in more prone because bacteria doesn't have to travel very far up the tube in order to reach the ear
157
Motor neuron and muscle fibers it controls
Motor units
158
Red pigment in blood that carries oxygen
Hemoglobin
159
Fibrous connective tissue covering muscle
Fascia
160
Movable end of a muscle
Insertion
161
Forceful sustained contraction without even partial relaxation
Tetanic contraction
162
Attaches muscle to bone
Tendons
163
Neurotransmitter that stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber
Acetylcholine
164
Wavelike motion occurring in intestines to force contents along
Peristalsis
165
Muscle that assists the prime movers
Synergist
166
Recording of an electrically stimulated muscle
Myogram
167
Sheet of connective tissue which attaches muscle to muscle
Aponeurosis
168
Reddish brown pigment in muscle
Myoglobin
169
Fibers made of protein that play a role in muscle contraction
Myofibrils
170
Minimal strength required to cause a contraction
Threshold stimulus
171
Immovable end of a muscle
Origin
172
Muscle that resist the action of prime mover
Antagonist
