Chapter 16 Flashcards
Spaces in bones of skull opening into nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
What has to happen to air before it reaches the lungs
Air is cleansed of dirt, warmed to body temp, and moistened
Conducts air in and out and prevents foreign objects from entering trachea
Larynx
Name the sets of vocal cords and differ between two
False vocal cords-do not produce sound
True vocal cords-produce sound
Name and define the properties of sound
Loudness-force when air is expelled from lungs
Pitch-changes as vocal cords vary in length
Quality-formed as a result of vibrations occurring in nose, throat, thorax
Flap like structure that covers opening into larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis
purpose of ciliates mucus membrane
Lines inner wall and moves particles upward to pharynx
Purpose of the cartilage rings
To prevent trachea from collapsing
Right and left branch arising from trachea
Primary bronchi
Branches of the primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Finer tubes branches from bronchi
Bronchioles
Cluster of small air sacs
Alveoli
Separates right and left lung and diaphragm and the thoracic cage encloses them
Mediastinum
Differ between visceral pleura and parietal pleura
V.P attaches to lungs surface
P.P lines thoracic cavity
Attraction of water molecules on the moist inner surface of alveoli
Surface tension
Lipoprotein secreted into alveolar spaces to reduce the chance of collapse
Surfactant
Device that measures volume of air that moves in or out of lungs
Spirometer
1 inspiration plus the following expiration
Respiratory cycle
Volume of air that enters or leaves during a single respiratory cycle (500ml)
Tidal volume
Volume of air that Can be inhaled in excess of tidal volume (3000ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume
Volume of air that can be exhaled in excess of tidal volume (1100ml)
Expiration reserve volume
Volume of air remaining in lungs after deepest expiration (1200ml)
Residual volume
State four factors that affect breathing
Respiratory center in brain stem
Chemicals in body fluids
Inflation reflex helps regulate depth of breathing
Emotional upset can alter normal breathing
Breathing rapidly and deeply
Hyperventilation
What makes up the respiratory membrane
Alveolar and capillary walls
Explain the causes of gases to diffuse
Gases diffuse from high partial pressure to lower partial pressure
Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood
CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolar air
3 things that will cause more oxygen to by released
CO2 increases, blood becomes more acidic, blood temp rises
Deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissue
Hypoxia
3 ways co2 gets transported
Plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as a bicarbonate ion (hco3)
Most efficient way to transport co2
Bicarbonate ions
Atmospheric pressure forces air into lungs
Inspiration
Pressure inside lungs and alveoli decrease
Inspiration
Alveoli pressure falls when diaphragm moves downward
Inspiration
Thoracic cage moves up and outward
Inspiration
Surface tension
Inspiration
Surfactant
Inspiration
Elastic recoil of tissue
Expiration
Surface tension in alveoli provide the force of
Expiration
Thoracic and abdominal wall muscle aid
Expiration
Abdominal organs spring back into previous shapes, pushing diaphragm upward
Expiration
Passive process
Expiration
What happens to the Nasal septum
Straight at birth then as a person grows older, it bends to one side
Painful sinus headaches are the result of
Blocked drainage caused by infection or allergic reaction
Damage to the nerves that supply the laryngeal muscles can do what
Alter the quality of a persons voice
What is laryngitis
Mucous membrane of the larynx becomes inflamed/swollen due to infection or irritation from inhaled vapors and prevents vocal cross from vibrating as freely as before
How do one control laryngitis
Inserting a tube into trachea through nose or mouth can restore
What is surfactant
Newborns lungs inflate for the first time
Why do premature infants suffer respiratory distress syndrome
Don’t produce sufficient surfactant
How do infants with respiratory distress syndrome survive
They drip synthetic surfactant into tiny lungs through an endotracheal tube
What is pneumothorax
A puncture in thoracic wall allows atmospheric air to enter pleural cavity and creates a real space between the membranes
What is emphysema
Disease that destroys alveolar walls
Decreases surface area of the respiratory membrane and reduces the volume of gases that can be exchanged through the membrane
What is lung cancer
Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that rob normal cells of nutrients and oxygen
Cancers that begun in the lungs
Primary pulmonary cancers
Nonrespiratory movements
Sneeze, laughing, hiccup, yawning, coughing
What does spirometer measure
Emphysema, pneumonia, and lung cancer
What does adding co2 to air stimulates
Rate and depth of breathing
Ordinary air co2
.04%
What causes hyperventilation
Lowered co2 concentration followed by a rise in pH and decreased blood flow to brain cells
How can one determine breath analysis
Respiratory membrane is normally so thin that other chemicals other than co2 can diffuse into alveolar air and be exhaled
What happens to the balloons when the rubber sheeting is pulled downward
The balloons inflate with air
What happens when the sheeting is pushed upward
The balloons deflate with air
When a person hyperventilated in fresh air does her co2 content decrease or increase
Decrease
What is cystic fibrosis
Thick, sticky Mucus builds up extremely and blocks airways making it hard to breathe
