Chapter 8

Question 0

Fibrous connective tissue covering muscles

Answer 0

Fascia

Question 1

How many muscles do we have

Answer 1

600

Question 2

Add muscles to bone

Answer 2

Tendons

Question 3

Sheet of connective tissue which attaches muscles to muscle

Answer 3

Aponeurosis

Question 4

Single muscle cell

Answer 4

Muscle fiber

Question 5

Fibers made out of proteins myosin (thick) and actin (thin) that plays a role

Answer 5

Myofibrils

Question 6

What produces striations?

Answer 6

Myofibrils

Question 7

Connection between motor neuron and muscle fiber

Answer 7

Neuromuscular junction

Question 8

Motor neuron and muscle fibers it controls

Answer 8

Motor unit

Question 9

Neurotransmitter that stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber

Answer 9

Acetylcholine

Question 10

Steps for stimulus for contraction

Answer 10

Muscle impulses signals the release of calcium ions
Linkages form between actin and myosin and muscle fibers contract
Acetylcholine is decomposed by enzyme acetylcholinesterase
Calcium ion transported back
Linkages between actin and myosin break and muscle fiber relaxes

Question 11

What is the energy source for contraction

Answer 11

ATP

Question 12

Red pigment in blood that carries oxygen

Answer 12

Hemoglobin

Question 13

Reddish brown pigment, only found in muscles that carries oxygen

Answer 13

Myoglobin

Question 14

What is the advantage of having hemoglobin and myoglobin in the same place

Answer 14

This reduces muscle requirement for continuous blood supply

Question 15

How does lactic acid form

Answer 15

During strenuous exercise, oxygen deficiency may cause lactic acid to accumulate in muscles

Question 16

Amount of oxygen liver requires to convert lactic acid to glucose and to restore ATP and creatine phosphate

Answer 16

Oxygen debt

Question 17

3 causes of muscle fatigue

Answer 17

Caused by lactic acid, poor blood supply, or lack of acetylcholine in motor neurons

Question 18

Minimal strength required to cause contractions

Answer 18

Threshold stimulus

Question 19

Recording of an electrically stimulated muscle

Answer 19

Myogram

Question 20

Single contraction that lasts only a fraction of a second

Answer 20

Twitch

Question 21

Delay between time stimulus was applied and time muscle responded

Answer 21

Latent period

Question 22

Increased force of contraction by a muscle when twitches occur so rapidly that next twitch occurs before previous one relaxes

Answer 22

Summation

Question 23

Forceful, sustained contraction without even partial relaxation

Answer 23

Tetanic contraction ????

Question 24

Explain process of recruitment of motor units

Answer 24

Increase in # of motor units being activated as more motor neurons respond to higher stimuli
As stimulus increases, requirement of motor units continue until all possible units are activated and muscle contracts with maximum tension

Question 25

Summation and recruitment together can produce sustained contraction of increasing strength

Answer 25

Sustained contractions

Question 26

When a muscle is a rest, some sustained contraction occur

Answer 26

Muscle tone

Question 27

Name 2 types of smooth muscle and differ them

Answer 27

Multiunit smooth muscle- fibers separated and less organized found in iris of eye and walls of blood vessels, contract only in respond to stimulation from motor nerves
Lisceral- sheets of cells in close contact, follow in walls of hollow organs, can stimulate each other and cause repeated contractions=rhythmically

Question 28

Wavelike motion occurring in intestines to force contents along

Answer 28

Peristalsis

Question 29

Immovable end of the muscle

Answer 29

Origin

Question 30

Moveable end of the muscle

Answer 30

Insertion

Question 31

Provides most of the movement

Answer 31

Prime mover (agonist)

Question 32

Assist the prime mover

Answer 32

Synergists

Question 33

Resists action of prime mover

Answer 33

Antagonists

Question 34

Criteria they use in naming muscles (6) q

Answer 34

Size, shape, location, action, # of attachments, and direction of fibers

Question 35

Factors that limit endurance

Answer 35

Loss of muscle glycogen
Loss of fat reserves 
Low level of blood sugar 
Lack of oxygen
Accumulation of lactic acid (lack of oxy)
Heat build up in muscles

Question 36

3 types of muscle fuel

Answer 36

Carbohydrates-primary fuel
Fat-secondary fuel
Protein- never be a source of fuel

Question 37

Hitting the wall

Answer 37

When muscles run out of glycogen and become uncoordinated and hurt

Question 38

Depletion

Answer 38

Your muscles will learn to store more fuel if their supply is used up frequently

Question 39

Carbohydrate packing

Answer 39

Limit carb in take for three days, then next 3 days eat many carbs

Question 40

Bonking

Answer 40

Body runs out of liver glycogen, blood sugar drops, brain can’t function properly

Question 41

Similarities and differences between smooth and skeletal q

Answer 41

Smooth lacks striations; skeletal has them
BOTH contain actin and myosin; BOTH make contractions happen
Smooth-2 neurotransmitters(acetylcholine and norepinephrine); skeletal only one (acetylcholine)
Smooth-contracts slower but maintains contraction longer than skeletal

Question 42

Similarities of cardiac and smooth

Similarities of cardiac and skeletal

Answer 42

1. Involuntary and have myosin and actin

2. Composed of striated cells

Question 43

From smallest to largest name structure of skeletal muscle

Answer 43

Thick and thin filaments, Myofibrils, muscle fibers, fascicles, muscle