Chapter 8 Flashcards

0
Q

Fibrous connective tissue covering muscles

A

Fascia

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1
Q

How many muscles do we have

A

600

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2
Q

Add muscles to bone

A

Tendons

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3
Q

Sheet of connective tissue which attaches muscles to muscle

A

Aponeurosis

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4
Q

Single muscle cell

A

Muscle fiber

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5
Q

Fibers made out of proteins myosin (thick) and actin (thin) that plays a role

A

Myofibrils

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6
Q

What produces striations?

A

Myofibrils

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7
Q

Connection between motor neuron and muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

Motor neuron and muscle fibers it controls

A

Motor unit

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9
Q

Neurotransmitter that stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Steps for stimulus for contraction

A

Muscle impulses signals the release of calcium ions
Linkages form between actin and myosin and muscle fibers contract
Acetylcholine is decomposed by enzyme acetylcholinesterase
Calcium ion transported back
Linkages between actin and myosin break and muscle fiber relaxes

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11
Q

What is the energy source for contraction

A

ATP

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12
Q

Red pigment in blood that carries oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

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13
Q

Reddish brown pigment, only found in muscles that carries oxygen

A

Myoglobin

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14
Q

What is the advantage of having hemoglobin and myoglobin in the same place

A

This reduces muscle requirement for continuous blood supply

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15
Q

How does lactic acid form

A

During strenuous exercise, oxygen deficiency may cause lactic acid to accumulate in muscles

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16
Q

Amount of oxygen liver requires to convert lactic acid to glucose and to restore ATP and creatine phosphate

A

Oxygen debt

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17
Q

3 causes of muscle fatigue

A

Caused by lactic acid, poor blood supply, or lack of acetylcholine in motor neurons

18
Q

Minimal strength required to cause contractions

A

Threshold stimulus

19
Q

Recording of an electrically stimulated muscle

20
Q

Single contraction that lasts only a fraction of a second

21
Q

Delay between time stimulus was applied and time muscle responded

A

Latent period

22
Q

Increased force of contraction by a muscle when twitches occur so rapidly that next twitch occurs before previous one relaxes

23
Q

Forceful, sustained contraction without even partial relaxation

A

Tetanic contraction ????

24
Explain process of recruitment of motor units
Increase in # of motor units being activated as more motor neurons respond to higher stimuli As stimulus increases, requirement of motor units continue until all possible units are activated and muscle contracts with maximum tension
25
Summation and recruitment together can produce sustained contraction of increasing strength
Sustained contractions
26
When a muscle is a rest, some sustained contraction occur
Muscle tone
27
Name 2 types of smooth muscle and differ them
Multiunit smooth muscle- fibers separated and less organized found in iris of eye and walls of blood vessels, contract only in respond to stimulation from motor nerves Lisceral- sheets of cells in close contact, follow in walls of hollow organs, can stimulate each other and cause repeated contractions=rhythmically
28
Wavelike motion occurring in intestines to force contents along
Peristalsis
29
Immovable end of the muscle
Origin
30
Moveable end of the muscle
Insertion
31
Provides most of the movement
Prime mover (agonist)
32
Assist the prime mover
Synergists
33
Resists action of prime mover
Antagonists
34
Criteria they use in naming muscles (6) q
Size, shape, location, action, # of attachments, and direction of fibers
35
Factors that limit endurance
``` Loss of muscle glycogen Loss of fat reserves Low level of blood sugar Lack of oxygen Accumulation of lactic acid (lack of oxy) Heat build up in muscles ```
36
3 types of muscle fuel
Carbohydrates-primary fuel Fat-secondary fuel Protein- never be a source of fuel
37
Hitting the wall
When muscles run out of glycogen and become uncoordinated and hurt
38
Depletion
Your muscles will learn to store more fuel if their supply is used up frequently
39
Carbohydrate packing
Limit carb in take for three days, then next 3 days eat many carbs
40
Bonking
Body runs out of liver glycogen, blood sugar drops, brain can't function properly
41
Similarities and differences between smooth and skeletal q
Smooth lacks striations; skeletal has them BOTH contain actin and myosin; BOTH make contractions happen Smooth-2 neurotransmitters(acetylcholine and norepinephrine); skeletal only one (acetylcholine) Smooth-contracts slower but maintains contraction longer than skeletal
42
Similarities of cardiac and smooth | Similarities of cardiac and skeletal
1. Involuntary and have myosin and actin | 2. Composed of striated cells
43
From smallest to largest name structure of skeletal muscle
Thick and thin filaments, Myofibrils, muscle fibers, fascicles, muscle