Chapter 13 Flashcards by Olivia McNamara

What is the purpose of the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity

Serous fluid helps keep the visceral and parietal layers from sticking together

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Name the two pericardium layers that enclose the heart

Visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium

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Outer layer (visceral pericardium)

Epicardium

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Middle layer, thick cardiac muscle

Myocardium

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Inner layer

Endocardium

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Upper chambers that receive blood returning to heart

Atria

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Name the veins that the atriums receive blood from

Vena cava, coronary sinus, and pulmonary vein

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Lower chambers receive blood from atria and pump blood out into arteries

Ventricles

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Name arteries that ventricles pump blood out to

Pulmonary artery and aorta

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Solid muscular wall separates right atrium and right ventricle from left atrium and left ventricle

Septum

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Between right atrium and right ventricle

Tricuspid

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Between left atrium and left ventricle

Bicuspid (mitral)

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Fiber strings attach to cusps of valves to prevent them from swinging back into atria

Chordae tendineae

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Small mounds of muscle projecting inward from walls of ventricle and attach to chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles

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Name the two semilunar valves

Pulmonary and aortic

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First branches of the aorta

Coronary arteries

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When a heart chamber wall contracts

Systole

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When a heart chamber wall relaxes

Diastole

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Series of contractions and relaxation

Cardiac cycle

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Cardiac muscle fibers connecting to function as a unit

Functional syncytium

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Specialized cardiac muscle tissue just beneath epicardium located in the right atrium

Sinoatrial node

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Located in the inferior part of interatrial septum just beneath endocardium

Atrioventricular node

Conduct impulses from AV bundle into ventricular walls

Purkinje fibers

Recording of the electrical changes that occur in myocardium during a cardiac cycle

Electrocardiogram

Explain what happens in P wave, QRS complex, and T wave

P wave-contraction of atria QRS Complex-contraction of ventricles T wave-relaxation of ventricles

5 factors that regulate cardiac cycle

Exercise, nerve fibers, cardiac center in medulla, body temperature, and excess K and Ca ions

Direction of blood and what kind of blood the arteries carry

Carry blood away from heart under high pressure

Name the three layers of the artery

Tunica interna Tunica media Tunica externa

Finest branches off the arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries structure

Walls are single layer of semipermeable cells Little pores to let nutrients in and out-vary in size Smallest diameter blood vessel

Muscles that regulate capillary blood flow

Precapillary sphincter

3 means of transport

Diffusion, filtration and osmosis

Where does excess fluid go in capillaries

Leaves capillaries than returns so lymph vessels collect excess fluids and returns to blood stream

Contrast arteries and veins

Veins-blue arteries-red Veins have valves, arteries do not Arteries have a thicker smaller lumen, veins have a skinnier wider lumen

pressure in arteries when ventricles relax

Diastolic pressure

Max pressure during ventricular contraction

Systolic pressure

State 4 factors that influence blood pressure

Heart action Blood volume Peripheral resistance Blood viscosity

Volume of blood discharged from ventricle with each beat

Stroke volume

Volume of blood discharged per minute

Cardiac output

Friction between blood and walls of vessel

Peripheral resistance

3 factors that contribute to venous blood flow

Skeletal muscle contractions Breathing movements Venoconstriction

Name and define 2 paths of circulation

Pulmonary circuit- carries blood from right ventricle to lungs and back to left atrium and systemic circuit-carries blood from left ventricle to all other body parts and back to right atrium

Study in book

On page 331

What is hypertension

High blood pressure is persistently elevated arterial pressure

Hypertension is caused by other problems. What other problems could cause hypertension

Kidney disease High sodium Obesity Arteriosclerosis

What is arteriosclerosis

Decreased elasticity of arterial walls and narrowed arterial lumens increase blood pressure

What happens when hypertension isn't fixed

Left ventricle works 2x as hard and myocardium thickens and enlarges the heart. If coronary vessels can't support overgrowth, parts of heart will die

When a person has low blood pressure what is the first assumption

Bleeding internally or on outside

Why could astronaut walk and stand when entering earth

Working out and exercising in outer space helped her legs still have blood flow

What causes orthostatic intolerance

Develop symptoms when standing. Blood pools in one area, kidneys excrete more fluid...Venoconstriction doesn't occur, orthostatic intolerance doesn't occur

U don't move a lot in ur sleep so how does blood move

Breathing moves organs up and down

Only vein that has a pulse

Pulmonary vein because it's hooked onto the heart

How to take bp

First time lose heart beat-top# second time lose it-bottom#