Chapter 13 Flashcards
What is the purpose of the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity
Serous fluid helps keep the visceral and parietal layers from sticking together
Name the two pericardium layers that enclose the heart
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Outer layer (visceral pericardium)
Epicardium
Middle layer, thick cardiac muscle
Myocardium
Inner layer
Endocardium
Upper chambers that receive blood returning to heart
Atria
Name the veins that the atriums receive blood from
Vena cava, coronary sinus, and pulmonary vein
Lower chambers receive blood from atria and pump blood out into arteries
Ventricles
Name arteries that ventricles pump blood out to
Pulmonary artery and aorta
Solid muscular wall separates right atrium and right ventricle from left atrium and left ventricle
Septum
Between right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid
Between left atrium and left ventricle
Bicuspid (mitral)
Fiber strings attach to cusps of valves to prevent them from swinging back into atria
Chordae tendineae
Small mounds of muscle projecting inward from walls of ventricle and attach to chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
Name the two semilunar valves
Pulmonary and aortic
First branches of the aorta
Coronary arteries
When a heart chamber wall contracts
Systole
When a heart chamber wall relaxes
Diastole
Series of contractions and relaxation
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac muscle fibers connecting to function as a unit
Functional syncytium
Specialized cardiac muscle tissue just beneath epicardium located in the right atrium
Sinoatrial node
Located in the inferior part of interatrial septum just beneath endocardium
Atrioventricular node
Conduct impulses from AV bundle into ventricular walls
Purkinje fibers
Recording of the electrical changes that occur in myocardium during a cardiac cycle
Electrocardiogram
Explain what happens in P wave, QRS complex, and T wave
P wave-contraction of atria
QRS Complex-contraction of ventricles
T wave-relaxation of ventricles
5 factors that regulate cardiac cycle
Exercise, nerve fibers, cardiac center in medulla, body temperature, and excess K and Ca ions
Direction of blood and what kind of blood the arteries carry
Carry blood away from heart under high pressure
Name the three layers of the artery
Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Finest branches off the arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries structure
Walls are single layer of semipermeable cells
Little pores to let nutrients in and out-vary in size
Smallest diameter blood vessel
Muscles that regulate capillary blood flow
Precapillary sphincter
3 means of transport
Diffusion, filtration and osmosis
Where does excess fluid go in capillaries
Leaves capillaries than returns so lymph vessels collect excess fluids and returns to blood stream
Contrast arteries and veins
Veins-blue arteries-red
Veins have valves, arteries do not
Arteries have a thicker smaller lumen, veins have a skinnier wider lumen
pressure in arteries when ventricles relax
Diastolic pressure
Max pressure during ventricular contraction
Systolic pressure
State 4 factors that influence blood pressure
Heart action
Blood volume
Peripheral resistance
Blood viscosity
Volume of blood discharged from ventricle with each beat
Stroke volume
Volume of blood discharged per minute
Cardiac output
Friction between blood and walls of vessel
Peripheral resistance
3 factors that contribute to venous blood flow
Skeletal muscle contractions
Breathing movements
Venoconstriction
Name and define 2 paths of circulation
Pulmonary circuit- carries blood from right ventricle to lungs and back to left atrium
and systemic circuit-carries blood from left ventricle to all other body parts and back to right atrium
Study in book
On page 331
What is hypertension
High blood pressure is persistently elevated arterial pressure
Hypertension is caused by other problems. What other problems could cause hypertension
Kidney disease
High sodium
Obesity
Arteriosclerosis
What is arteriosclerosis
Decreased elasticity of arterial walls and narrowed arterial lumens increase blood pressure
What happens when hypertension isn’t fixed
Left ventricle works 2x as hard and myocardium thickens and enlarges the heart. If coronary vessels can’t support overgrowth, parts of heart will die
When a person has low blood pressure what is the first assumption
Bleeding internally or on outside
Why could astronaut walk and stand when entering earth
Working out and exercising in outer space helped her legs still have blood flow
What causes orthostatic intolerance
Develop symptoms when standing. Blood pools in one area, kidneys excrete more fluid…Venoconstriction doesn’t occur, orthostatic intolerance doesn’t occur
U don’t move a lot in ur sleep so how does blood move
Breathing moves organs up and down
Only vein that has a pulse
Pulmonary vein because it’s hooked onto the heart
How to take bp
First time lose heart beat-top# second time lose it-bottom#
