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ABCP > Fertilisation, Cleavage and Implantation > Flashcards

Fertilisation, Cleavage and Implantation Flashcards

1
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

An immature egg

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2
Q

What stage is the oocyte in, in ovulation?

A

The oocyte is in metaphase of the second meiotic division and is surrounded by the zona pellucida and some granulosa cells

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3
Q

What is the most outer layer of the oocyte?

A

The corona radiata

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4
Q

What is the second most outer layer of the oocyte and what does it cover?

A

Zona pellucida and it covers the plasma membrane

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5
Q

What is a significant feature of the epithelial cells of the fallopian tubes?

A

They are highly cilliated

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6
Q

How does the ovulated ovum get into the oviduct (fallopian tubes)?

A

The ends of the oviduct come into close contact with the ovary during ovulation and the fimbriae sweep the ovulated ovum into the oviduct

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7
Q

How does the ovum travel down the fallopian tube and where does it travel to in the oviduct?

A

Peristalic waves of fallopian tube musculature bring the ovum to the ampulla of the fallopian tube

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8
Q

What are the stages of the development of the follicle?

A

Starts with a primary follcile beginning to grow but only one reaches full maturity and one oocyte is discharged at ovulation

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9
Q

How long before the oocyte passes into the uterus?

A

80 hours

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10
Q

What is the structure at the top of the sperm head called and what is its role?

A

Acrosome and it releases enzymes

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11
Q

What obstacles do the sprermatozoa experience?

A

Vaginal pH- sperm is slightly basic and vagina is acidic
Response of the immune system- foreign body
Cervical mucous
Physical barriers

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12
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Process by which the male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote

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13
Q

What is capacitation?

A

A glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma protein are removed from the spermatozoon.

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14
Q

What is the significance of capicitation?

A

Only sperm cells that are capacitated can pass through the corona cella and undero the acrosome reaction

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15
Q

What is the first stage of fertilisation?

A

Penetration of corona radiata
Capacitated sperm pass freely though the corona cells
Aided by flagella action and release of enzymes from acrosome

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16
Q

What is the second stage of fertilisation?

A

Penetration of the Zona Pellucida

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17
Q

What is the zona pelluicda?

A

A glycoprotein shell surrounding the egg that facilitates and maintains sperm binding and induces the acrosome reaction

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18
Q

What is ZP3

A

Zona pellucida 3 a protein that mediates the binding and acrosome reactions

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19
Q

What is the third stage of fertiliation?

A

Cortical and Zona reactions

20
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

Release of cortical vesicles from oocyte plasma membrane

forms the fertilisation membrane

21
Q

What is fertilisation membranes function?

A

To prevent polyspermy so the zona pellucida crisps up

if polyspermy occurs the fetus will abort

22
Q

What is the fourth stage of fertilisation?

A

Fusion of membranes and resumption of second meiotic division

23
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Maturation of the ovum

24
Q

What is the fifth stage of fertilisation?

A

Formation of the male and female pronuclei.

the membranes of the pronuclei will break down and the chromosones will become arranged for mitotic division

25
Q

What is a pronuclei?

A

nucleus of one of either gamete before the fusion leads to the formation of the zygote

26
Q

What are the three results of fertilisation?

A

Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes
Determination of the sex of the new individual
Initiation of cleavage - without fertilisation - the oocyte will degenerate

27
Q

What is cleavage?

A

A series of mitotic divisions the resulting cells (blastomeres) become smaller with each division.

28
Q

What happens after 3 divisions during cleavage?

A

Blastomeres undergo compaction- compact blastomeres form a 16 cell morula

29
Q

What is a blastocyst and how does it form?

A

Stage after morula

Cavity will appear on morula after 3/4 days when morula entersuterus

30
Q

What is the embryoblast?

A

Inner cell massn formed at time of compaction and develops into the embryo proper at one pole of blsaocyst

31
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Outer cell mass which surrounds the inner cells and the blastocyst cavity will form the trophoblast

32
Q

Where do stem cells originate?

A

Derived from pre- implantation embryo

33
Q

What are the three embryonic germ layers that are derived from embyonic stem cells?

A

Ectoderm eg- neuron
Mesoderm- eg blood cell
Endoderm- eg liver cell

34
Q

How are human embryonic stem cells derived?

A

IVF-totipotent cells - blastocyst- cultured pluripotent cells

35
Q

What does totipotent mean?

A

Capable of giving rise to any type of cell in the human body

36
Q

What does multipotent mean?

A

Can only differentiate in their specific type of layer

37
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

ability to differentiate into all three different types of germ layers but not extra- embryonic tissue

38
Q

What stage is the uterus in at the time of implantation?

A

Secretory phase- the blastocyst implants in the endometrium along the anterior or posterior wall

39
Q

What happens if fertilisation does not occur?

A

The menstrual cycle will begin and the spongy and compact endometrial layers are shed.
Basal layer will remain to regenerate the other layers during the next cycle

40
Q

What are the two types of trophoblasts?

A

Outer synctiotrophblast

Inner cytotrophoblast

41
Q

Where are the cytotrophoblasts and what happens here?

A

inner irregular layer of ovoid, single- nuculeus cells

intensive mitotic activity takes place here

42
Q

Where are the syncytiotrophoblasts

A

Cross the basal lamina and penetrates into the stroma that lies below, eroding the wall of the capillaries.
ST will completely surround the embryo when its embedded in the endometrium

43
Q

How does circulatory arise?

A

Extracellular vacuoles appear in the ST
Join together for a while forming the lacunae-filled with tissue fluid and uterine secretions
Erosion of mothers capillaries and blood fills the lacunae that later develops further into intervillous spaces
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44
Q

What are the two layers of the embryo called?

A

Floor of amniotic cavity formed by epiblast

Roof of the unbilical vesicle by the hypoblast

45
Q

What does the embroynic bud consist of?

A 
Two hemisphere cavities -amniotic cavity (dorsal)
umbilical vesicle (ventral)
46
Q

What are the six stages of IVF and embryo transfer?

A 
Ovulation induction 
Egg retrival 
Insemination and fertilisation
Embryo transfer 
Luteal phase
Embryo freezing

ABCP (28 decks)

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