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Anatomy Lab 1-20 > Female & Male Anatomy > Flashcards

Female & Male Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces gametes
Replicates cells 1 to 4
Halves original # of chromosomes

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

Replicates cells - increases from 1 to 2

Same # of chromosomes as original cell

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3
Q

Spermatogenesis Location

A

Testes

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4
Q

What hormones is spermatogenesis controlled by?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - secreted by anterior pituitary
Testosterone - secreted by interstitial cells

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5
Q

First cell produced (in the process of producing a spermatozoa)

A

Spermatogonia

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6
Q

What do Spermatogonia divide by mitosis into?

A

Type A & B spermatogonium

Diploid: 46 chromosomes

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7
Q

Type B Spermatogonium become what?

A

Primary spermatocytes

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8
Q

Primary Spermatocytes divide by meiosis to form…?

A

2 secondary spermatocytes

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9
Q

Secondary Spermatocytes divides by meiosis to form…?

A

Spermatids

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10
Q

Spermatids mature via what process?

A

Spermiogenesis

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11
Q

Mature spermatids are called…?

A

Spermatozoa (haploid: 23 chromosomes)

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12
Q

Oogenesis

A

Female gamete production

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13
Q

Location of Oogenesis

A

Follicles of the ovaries

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14
Q

What hormones are produced in the follicles of the ovaries?

A

Estrogens & progesterone

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15
Q

Oogenesis is controlled by what hormone?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Secreted by anterior pituitary

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16
Q

How many eggs are released each month?

A

1 egg (secondary oocyte)

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17
Q

Stem cells of oocytes

A

Oogonia

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18
Q

Oogonia develop by meiosis to become…?

A

Primary oocytes

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19
Q

Several primary oocytes develop through meiosis to become..?

A

Secondary oocytes

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20
Q

Oogenesis can only complete when ____ occurs?

A

Fertilisation

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21
Q

Female equivalent of Spermatogonia

A

Oognia

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22
Q

Female equivalent of primary spermatocyte

A

Primary oocyte

23
Q

Female equivalent of spermatids -> spermatozoa

A

Mature oocyte (ovum)

24
Q

Female equivalent of: begins at puberty, ends at death

A

Begins before birth, ends at menopause

25
Q

Female equivalent of: spermatogenesis is complete before release

A

Oogenesis completes after fertilisation

26
Q

Female equivalent of 1 primary spermatocyte = 4 spermatozoa

A

1 primary oocyte = 1 ovum

27
Q

Hormonal control of Gametogenesis - Males

A 
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinising hormone)
Testosterone
Inhibin
28
Q

Hormonal control of Gametogenesis - Male feedback loop

A
  1. GnRH - releases FSH & LH
  2. FSH unregulated spermatogenesis
    LH causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone
    Testosterone up-regulates spermatogenesis
  3. Too much spermatogenesis -> nurse cells release inhibit
    Inhibin decrease FSH release
    Spermatogenesis decreases
29
Q

Less LH = ?

A

Less testosterone => spermatogenesis decreases

30
Q

Effects of testosterone on the integumentary system:

A

Stimulates hair on face, armpit (axillae), chest, and genital area
Stimulates different distribution/amount of fat (adipose tissue) compared to males

31
Q

Effects of testosterone on the skeletal system:

A

Accelerates bone deposition and skeletal growth

Places a limit on growth in height because it promotes closure of the epiphyseal cartilages (aka growth plate in bones)

32
Q

Effects of testosterone on the muscular system:

A

Stimulates growth of skeletal muscle fibres

Increases muscle mass significantly more than females

33
Q

Effects of testosterone on the nervous system:

A

Activates the sex drive and behaviour centre of the nervous system

34
Q

Effects of testosterone on the cardiovascular system

A

Stimulates erythropoiesis to increase blood volume and the hematocrit (the amount of RBC in blood)

35
Q

Effects of testosterone on the respiratory system:

A

Stimulates growth of the larynx, thickens/lengthens vocal cords => deepens voice

36
Q

Effects of testosterone on the reproductive system

A

Stimulates functional development of accessory glands (prostate & seminal) and promotes spermatogenesis

37
Q

Effects of oestrogen on the integumentary system:

A

Stimulate hair follicles on the armpit (axillae) & genital area.
Promotes development of mammary glands

38
Q

Effects of oestrogen on the skeletal system;

A

Cause rapid enclosure of epiphyseal (faster than males)

Skeletal growth ends at an earlier age (shorter than men on average)

39
Q

Effects of oestrogen on the muscular system:

A

Stimulate growth of skeletal muscle fibres, but not to the same extent of males

40
Q

Effects of oestrogen on the nervous system:

A

At puberty, stimulates the sexual drive & behaviours centre of the nervous system

41
Q

Effects of oestrogen on the cardiovascular system:

A

Iron loss increases risk of iron-deficiency

Decrease cholesterol levels

42
Q

Effects of oestrogen on the respiratory system:

A

No stimulation so females tend to have higher voices

43
Q

Effects of oestrogen on the reproductive system

A

Promote thickening of the myometrium
Increase blood flow to endometrium
Promote functional development of accessory reproductive structures

44
Q

Male primary sex characteristics

A

Genotype = XY
Gonads = testes
External genitalia & reproductive systems

45
Q

Male secondary sex characteristics (at puberty)

A 
Facial & body hair
Taller & deeper voice
Larger muscles
Less body fat %
Stimulates prostate & seminal glands
46
Q

2 Female Reproductive Cycles

A

Ovarian & Endometrial Cycles

47
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

Influenced by FSH & LH
Growth of follicle (follicular phase)
Ovulation
Corpus luteum (luteal phase)

48
Q

Endometrial cycle

A 
Influenced by oestrogen/progesterone
Building up (proliferative/secretory stage) and breaking down, and loss of tissue (= menstruation)
49
Q

Female primary sex characteristics

A

Genotype = XX
Gonads = ovaries
Internal (some external) genitalia and reproductive structures

50
Q

Female secondary sex characteristics (at puberty)

A

Body hair
Not as tall as males
Muscle fibres smaller than males
Higher body fat % than males - childbearing
Stimulates accessory reproductive structures

51
Q

Small amounts (45-90 mins) of exercise have what effect on testosterone levels?

A

Increase in testosterone levels

52
Q

Small amounts (45-90 mins) of exercises & testosterone result in:

A

Decrease in body fat
Increase in lean muscle
Increase in muscular strength

53
Q

More than 2 hrs of exercise will have what effect on testosterone?

A 
Exhaustion = decrease in testosterone levels
Higher prolactin (hormone, usually present in small amounts) = hyperprolactinemia which causes infertility & erectile dysfunction
54
Q

Too much exercise has what effect on oestrogen?

A 
Oestrogen levels decrease due to :
Low energy availability
Low bone mineral density
Menstrual dysfunction
Leads to:
Weak/brittle bones
Irregular/absence of periods
Electrolyte disorders
Hyperprolactinemia (infertility)

Anatomy Lab 1-20 (22 decks)

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