Female & Male Anatomy Flashcards
Meiosis
Produces gametes
Replicates cells 1 to 4
Halves original # of chromosomes
Mitosis
Replicates cells - increases from 1 to 2
Same # of chromosomes as original cell
Spermatogenesis Location
Testes
What hormones is spermatogenesis controlled by?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - secreted by anterior pituitary
Testosterone - secreted by interstitial cells
First cell produced (in the process of producing a spermatozoa)
Spermatogonia
What do Spermatogonia divide by mitosis into?
Type A & B spermatogonium
Diploid: 46 chromosomes
Type B Spermatogonium become what?
Primary spermatocytes
Primary Spermatocytes divide by meiosis to form…?
2 secondary spermatocytes
Secondary Spermatocytes divides by meiosis to form…?
Spermatids
Spermatids mature via what process?
Spermiogenesis
Mature spermatids are called…?
Spermatozoa (haploid: 23 chromosomes)
Oogenesis
Female gamete production
Location of Oogenesis
Follicles of the ovaries
What hormones are produced in the follicles of the ovaries?
Estrogens & progesterone
Oogenesis is controlled by what hormone?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Secreted by anterior pituitary
How many eggs are released each month?
1 egg (secondary oocyte)
Stem cells of oocytes
Oogonia
Oogonia develop by meiosis to become…?
Primary oocytes
Several primary oocytes develop through meiosis to become..?
Secondary oocytes
Oogenesis can only complete when ____ occurs?
Fertilisation
Female equivalent of Spermatogonia
Oognia
Female equivalent of primary spermatocyte
Primary oocyte
Female equivalent of spermatids -> spermatozoa
Mature oocyte (ovum)
Female equivalent of: begins at puberty, ends at death
Begins before birth, ends at menopause
Female equivalent of: spermatogenesis is complete before release
Oogenesis completes after fertilisation
Female equivalent of 1 primary spermatocyte = 4 spermatozoa
1 primary oocyte = 1 ovum
Hormonal control of Gametogenesis - Males
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (luteinising hormone) Testosterone Inhibin
Hormonal control of Gametogenesis - Male feedback loop
- GnRH - releases FSH & LH
- FSH unregulated spermatogenesis
LH causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone
Testosterone up-regulates spermatogenesis - Too much spermatogenesis -> nurse cells release inhibit
Inhibin decrease FSH release
Spermatogenesis decreases
Less LH = ?
Less testosterone => spermatogenesis decreases
Effects of testosterone on the integumentary system:
Stimulates hair on face, armpit (axillae), chest, and genital area
Stimulates different distribution/amount of fat (adipose tissue) compared to males
Effects of testosterone on the skeletal system:
Accelerates bone deposition and skeletal growth
Places a limit on growth in height because it promotes closure of the epiphyseal cartilages (aka growth plate in bones)
Effects of testosterone on the muscular system:
Stimulates growth of skeletal muscle fibres
Increases muscle mass significantly more than females
Effects of testosterone on the nervous system:
Activates the sex drive and behaviour centre of the nervous system
Effects of testosterone on the cardiovascular system
Stimulates erythropoiesis to increase blood volume and the hematocrit (the amount of RBC in blood)
Effects of testosterone on the respiratory system:
Stimulates growth of the larynx, thickens/lengthens vocal cords => deepens voice
Effects of testosterone on the reproductive system
Stimulates functional development of accessory glands (prostate & seminal) and promotes spermatogenesis
Effects of oestrogen on the integumentary system:
Stimulate hair follicles on the armpit (axillae) & genital area.
Promotes development of mammary glands
Effects of oestrogen on the skeletal system;
Cause rapid enclosure of epiphyseal (faster than males)
Skeletal growth ends at an earlier age (shorter than men on average)
Effects of oestrogen on the muscular system:
Stimulate growth of skeletal muscle fibres, but not to the same extent of males
Effects of oestrogen on the nervous system:
At puberty, stimulates the sexual drive & behaviours centre of the nervous system
Effects of oestrogen on the cardiovascular system:
Iron loss increases risk of iron-deficiency
Decrease cholesterol levels
Effects of oestrogen on the respiratory system:
No stimulation so females tend to have higher voices
Effects of oestrogen on the reproductive system
Promote thickening of the myometrium
Increase blood flow to endometrium
Promote functional development of accessory reproductive structures
Male primary sex characteristics
Genotype = XY
Gonads = testes
External genitalia & reproductive systems
Male secondary sex characteristics (at puberty)
Facial & body hair Taller & deeper voice Larger muscles Less body fat % Stimulates prostate & seminal glands
2 Female Reproductive Cycles
Ovarian & Endometrial Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Influenced by FSH & LH
Growth of follicle (follicular phase)
Ovulation
Corpus luteum (luteal phase)
Endometrial cycle
Influenced by oestrogen/progesterone Building up (proliferative/secretory stage) and breaking down, and loss of tissue (= menstruation)
Female primary sex characteristics
Genotype = XX
Gonads = ovaries
Internal (some external) genitalia and reproductive structures
Female secondary sex characteristics (at puberty)
Body hair
Not as tall as males
Muscle fibres smaller than males
Higher body fat % than males - childbearing
Stimulates accessory reproductive structures
Small amounts (45-90 mins) of exercise have what effect on testosterone levels?
Increase in testosterone levels
Small amounts (45-90 mins) of exercises & testosterone result in:
Decrease in body fat
Increase in lean muscle
Increase in muscular strength
More than 2 hrs of exercise will have what effect on testosterone?
Exhaustion = decrease in testosterone levels Higher prolactin (hormone, usually present in small amounts) = hyperprolactinemia which causes infertility & erectile dysfunction
Too much exercise has what effect on oestrogen?
Oestrogen levels decrease due to : Low energy availability Low bone mineral density Menstrual dysfunction Leads to: Weak/brittle bones Irregular/absence of periods Electrolyte disorders Hyperprolactinemia (infertility)
