Bones and Classification of Joints; Movements

Question 1

Flexion

Answer 1

Decreases angle (e.g. bend elbow)

Question 2

Extension

Answer 2

Increases angle (e.g. extend elbow/arm)

Question 3

Abduction

Answer 3

Move away from midline (e.g. moving arms out is abduction of the shoulder)

Question 4

Adduction

Answer 4

Move towards the midline (e.g. moving legs together is adduction of the hips)

Question 5

Circumduction

Answer 5

Combination of 4 movements; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction; NO ROTATION

Question 6

Rotation

Answer 6

Rotation around the long axis of a joint; axial - right & left, limbs - medial & lateral

Question 7

Pronation

Answer 7

Palm facing posterior (e.g. when the weight rolls to the inner of your foot)

Question 8

Supination

Answer 8

Palm facing anterior (e.g. when the weight rolls to the edges of your foot) - holding soup

Question 9

Inversion

Answer 9

Twisting of foot, turn sole inward

Question 10

Eversion

Answer 10

Twisting of foot, turn sole outward

Question 11

Opposition

Answer 11

Thumb toward surface of palm or pads of fingers (i.e. thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb to the tip of a finger)

Question 12

Functions of the Skeleton

Answer 12

Support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection, leverage (movement)

Question 13

Bone Tissue

Answer 13

Grows and responds to external forces; repairs itself, classified as connective tissue; organic (33%) or inorganic (66%); composition of ‘protein-crystal’ to make bones strong, slightly flexible, can undergo tension and compression

Question 14

Osteoblasts

Answer 14

Bone cells which build extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 15

Osteoclasts

Answer 15

Bone cells which remove bone matrix

Question 16

Osteocytes

Answer 16

Mature bone cells

Question 17

Organic Bone Tissue

Answer 17

Collagen (protein), ground substance, strong & flexible, resists tension (pulling, twisting)

Question 18

Inorganic Bone Tissue

Answer 18

Calcium crystals (hydroxyapatite), hard, inflexible, brittle, withstands compression

Question 19

Types of Bone Tissue

Answer 19

Compact & Cancellous (spongy)

Question 20

Flat Bones

Answer 20

Thin curved bones

Question 21

Long Bones

Answer 21

Longer than they are wide

Question 22

Irregular Bones

Answer 22

Complex shapes, usually containing a foramen

Question 23

Short Bones

Answer 23

Small & boxy

Question 24

Joints of the body function

Answer 24

Holds bones together; where bones meet/articulation point; involves bone shapes and soft tissues; allows free movement/control of movement

Question 25

3 Classifications of Joints

Answer 25

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

Question 26

Fibrous Joint

Answer 26

‘Glued’ together with dense fibrous connective tissue (DFCT), limited movement means stability

Question 27

Cartilaginous Joint

Answer 27

Fibrocartilage, partial movement, e.g. pubic symphysis (joint) intervertebral disc (structure)

Question 28

Synovial Joint

Answer 28

Move freely, majority of the limb joints, amount and direction of the movement determined by joint structure - bone end shape, joint cavity, cartilage, synovial membrane, capsule & ligaments (location & length), body surface contact - e.g. shoulder, hip, and knee joints

Question 29

Are all synovial joints the same?

Answer 29

No, the bone ends (shape, bony congruence) determine the range of motion

Question 30

Plane - Synovial Joint Type

Answer 30

Flat articular surfaces, ‘sliding and gliding’, multiaxial, e.g. inter carpal and inter tarsal joints

Question 31

Hinge - Synovial Joint Type

Answer 31

Flexion & extension, uniaxial, e.g. ankle, elbow (humerus with ulna), interphalangeal joints

Question 32

Pivot - Synovial Joint Type

Answer 32

Rotation, uniaxial, e.g. radioulnar joints

Question 33

Condylar - Synovial Joint Type

Answer 33

Flexion & extension, biaxial, e.g. knee, temporomandibular joint

Question 34

Ellipsoid - Synovial Joint Type

Answer 34

(Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction) = Circumduction, NO rotation, biaxial, e.g. wrist (radiocarpal joint)

Question 35

Saddle - Synovial Joint Type

Answer 35

(Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction) = Circumduction, obligatory rotation = opposition, biaxial, e.g. base of thumb (1st carpometacarpal joint)

Question 36

Difference between Ligaments & Tendons

Answer 36

Ligaments attach bones to bones | Tendons attach muscle to bone, dense fibrous connective tissue (DFCT), collagen (protein fibres), resists tension (pulling), limited blood supply (minimal vascularity), slow to heal following injury, compared to bone (highly vascular), capsular ligaments (intrinsic), intracapsular ligaments (extrinsic)

Question 37

Levers

Answer 37

Rigid structure (like a steel bar), location of the pivot (called fulcrum), lever will move when force is applied to overcome weight of the load

Question 38

First Class Lever

Answer 38

Fulcrum located between the load and the force, e.g. Atlanta-occipital joint (nod your head)

Question 39

Second Class Lever

Answer 39

Load is located between the force and the fulcrum, e.g. load in a wheelbarrow

Question 40

Third Class Lever

Answer 40

Force applied is located between the load and the fulcrum, the most common type of lever in the body, e.g. using kitchen tongs