Exam1 Flashcards by Blake Vanier

Body’s maintenance of near-constant internal conditions for healthy cells.

Homeostasis

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Sensors detect changes and act to correct them, e.g., thermostats.

Negative Feedback Systems

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Sensors amplify changes, e.g., oxytocin release during labor.

Positive Feedback Systems

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5 Main Cellular Organelles

Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus

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Responsible for cellular energy production (80% of this is received from the mother)

Mitochondria

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A process that involves DNA transcription, RNA production, and ribosome translation is known as?

Protein Synthesis

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Involved in protein and lipid production within cells.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER forms proteins, Smooth ER builds lipids)

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Portion of Endoplasmic Reticulum responsible for protein formation.

Rough ER (RER or Granular ER)

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Portion of Endoplasmic Reticulum responsible for lipid formation.

Smooth ER

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Modifies and processes proteins for cellular use (post-translation)

Golgi Apparatus

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Provide internal support and shape to cells.

Structural Proteins

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Used for energy, structural functions, and cellular identification.

Sugars in Cells

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Break down and recycle cellular components using acidic processes.

Lysosomes

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Use oxidative reactions to degrade toxins in cells.

Peroxisomes

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Catalyze chemical reactions, with names ending in ‘ase’.

Enzymes

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Homeostatic process controlled by kidneys and majority of extracellular fluid buffering.

Blood Pressure Regulation

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Cellular structures involved in protein translation.

Ribosomes

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Cellular structures that package and transport proteins.

Vesicles

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Can lead to vicious cycles if not controlled, causing health issues.

Positive Feedback Risks

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Sugars that act as ID tags by attaching to extracellular proteins is known as what process?

Cellular Identification

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Explain the process of cellular support

Sugars and structural proteins provide support and function in cells.

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What is homeostasis impairment? What major intervention can impair these processes?

Homeostasis is the state of balance in the body’s systems that allows it to function and survive. Homeostatic imbalance, or homeostatic failure, occurs when the body can’t maintain a stable internal environment. Anesthesia impairs control systems, requiring manual management.

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Cells need energy compounds and chemicals to buffer pH for stability. This helps the cell maintain what?

Healthy Cellular Environment

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Cells can specialize and provide structures for various processes.

Cellular Functions

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Fluid surrounding cells, maintained by electrolytes and energy compounds

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Fluid inside cells, maintaining internal environment balance

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Weight of a standard healthy adult patient

70kg

Total body water (TBW) approximation

60% of body mass in kg

How many kg is 1 liter (L)

1L = 1kg

2/3 of total body water (TBW) comprises what space?

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Total body water (TBW) in all of the cells inside the body

Intracellular fluid

1/3 total body water (TBW)

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Total body water (TBW) in the body's non-cellular compartments

extracellular fluid (ECF)

makes up 1/4 to 1/5 of extracellular fluid

plasma (2.8 to 3.5L or approx. 3L in a healthy 70kg adult)

Remaining, non-plasma fluid, in the extracellular fluid

Interstitial fluid

makes up 3/4 to 4/5 of extracellular fluid (ECF)

Interstitial fluid (10.5 to 11.2L or approx. 11L in a healthy 70kg adult)

Where is the remaining 40% of total body water (TBW) in a healthy 70kg adult located?

blood (approx. 5L) and rest of body mass (approx. 23L)

Control system detecting changes and counteracting them to maintain stability

Negative feedback

Class examples given for negative feedback

Body's response to decreased MAP resulting in release of AVP/ADH, decreasing ANP, parasympathetic outflow and increasing sympathetic outflow. Also, increasing CO2 will increase respiratory drive to systematically decrease CO2

Class example given related to the body's sensors and controllers

Thermostat

Nervous system response increasing norepinephrine release to regulate blood pressure

Sympathetic outflow

Nervous system response reducing activity to help stabilize blood pressure

Parasympathetic outflow

Hormone that increases in response to low blood pressure by binding to V2 receptors on the cell surface of tubular cells, initiating an intracellular cascade which results in antidiuretic action on the collecting ducts of the kidney.

Vasopressin (VP, ADH, AVP)

28-amino acid peptide that helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume by increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the kidneys, dilating blood vessels, and promoting the excretion of sodium and water through urine, which decreases blood volume and regulates blood pressure. It also suppresses the autonomic pressure response and inhibits the secretion of renin and aldosterone.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

System that amplifies a change, like oxytocin during labor

Positive Feedback

Class examples given for positive feedback

uterine contraction/fetal head/oxytocin loop and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) mediated blood clotting through platelet aggregation and vasospasm/vasoconstriction

Hormone released during labor to increase uterine contractions

Oxytocin

Out-of-control positive feedback causing catastrophic outcomes

Vicious Cycle

Widespread infection leading to cell death and toxic byproducts release

Sepsis

Substances released from dying cells that can negatively affect neighboring cells

Metabolic Byproducts

Class examples given of metabolic byproducts

Lecture states CO2, water, as waste products but other byproducts can include phosphates and sulphates

In severe acidosis, this normal body regulatory process can be a pathologic cycle, exacerbating the condition

pathological positive feedback ( in severe acidosis, the central nervous system can be affected to the point that respiratory drive is reduced. This reduced respiratory drive then perpetuates the acidosis, creating a positive feedback loop that spirals out of control. This type of positive feedback system is also termed a "vicious cycle"

Healthy individuals can usually manage this much blood volume reduction.

20% or 1L in a healthy 70kg adult

Amount of blood loss that significantly impairs the body's ability to compensate, leading to critical condition.

40% or 2L in a healthy 70kg adult

Pathologic cycle where positive feedback mechanisms outweigh normal negative feedback systems.

Vicious Positive Feedback Loop

Body's ability to manage internal changes for health vs. dysfunction causing abnormal responses.

Physiology vs. Pathology

Human body consists of approximately 35 trillion of these

Cells

Cells performing specific tasks based on location and role within the body.

Specialized Cells

A group of like-minded cells organized to perform a specific function.

Tissue

Comprised of various tissues responsible for maintaining the body's internal environment.

Organ

Cells lacking a nucleus, unable to replicate, replaced by progenitor stem cells.

Red Blood Cells

Cells in the central nervous system with slow to no replication rates.

Neurons

Cells replicating slowly over a lifetime to replace dead cells.

Cardiac Cells

Consists of phospholipids forming a barrier for the cell.

Cell wall

Structure of the cell wall with hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic lipid tails.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Fluid part of the cell where chemical reactions occur to sustain life.

Cytoplasm

Internal compartment storing DNA and controlling genetic information.

Nucleus

Double phospholipid bilayer separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Nuclear Wall

Vesicles releasing active proteins or peptides outside the cell for specialized functions.

Secretory Vesicles

What are the 3 main functions of phosphate

Phosphate acts as an intracellular buffer, Phosphate is used to regulate protein activity, Phosphate is used as an energy storage system

Where is calcium stored within the cell?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Typical healthy cell composition

Cells are typically 70-75% water, with fat cells having less due to high fat content.

Lipid Importance

Lipids like cholesterol play vital roles in signaling, cell wall structure, and metabolism for the body.

Cellular Motility

Flagella move the cell through its environment and cilia move the environment around the cell

Cell walls and capillary membranes regulate compound movement, impacting cellular functions and drug delivery.

Cellular Barriers

Utilized for ATP production, cell attachment, and self-identification

sugars

Anaerobic metabolism in cytosol converting glucose to 2 ATP (vs 32 in aerobic) and pyruvate which converts to lactate

glycolysis

Anaerobic metabolism in cytosol converting glucose to ATP

Glycoproteins

Hemoglobin with sugars affecting protein functionality

Carboxyhemoglobin

Fats like cholesterol for signaling compounds

lipids

Long-chain fatty acid crucial for cell wall integrity

Arachidonic Acid

Ions, some proteins, electrolytes, carbs, glucose, and gases (are these soluble or insoluble?)

Soluble

Compounds that do not dissolve in water, like nitrous oxide

Insoluble compounds

Maintain pH balance in body compartments

Buffers

Aids drug solubility for cardiovascular system delivery

Carrier Protein/Lipid

Maintained differences in fluid compositions, crucial for cell function

Steady State

Normal Body Weight

Typically 70 kg, where 60% of the weight should be water

Proteins maintained within the cardiovascular system to fulfill specific functions

Plasma Proteins

What should the concentration of extracellular sodium be? Intracellular sodium?

Predominant positively charged electrolyte in ECF, with a normal concentration of 140-142 mOsm/L. ICF sodium concentration should be about 1/10 of ECF or 14

What should the concentration of extracellular potassium be? Intracellular potassium?

ECF should be 4 mOsm/L and ICF should be a 30:1 ratio or approximately 130-140 (120 per the ECF)

What should the concentration of extracellular calcium be? Intracellular calcium?

ECF should be 1 mOsm/L and ICF should be a 10,000:1 ratio or effectively 0

Element that is essential for intracellular chemical reactions, with a higher concentration inside cells

Magnesium

Primary anion of ECF, follows the distribution of sodium

Chloride