AP 15 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
Blood flow through the kidneys for filtration.
Renal Plasma Flow
Rate of blood filtration in the glomeruli.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Cells sensing sodium and chloride to adjust GFR.
Macula Densa
Hormone constricting efferent arterioles to regulate GFR.
Angiotensin II
Increased filtration risk due to high solute levels.
Hyperfiltration
Site for glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
Proximal Tubule
True renal plasma flow accounting for pH changes.
Effective Renal Plasma Flow
Measurement of kidney’s ability to clear substances.
Clearance Rate
Standard for measuring renal clearance and function.
Inulin Clearance
Indicator of renal function based on creatinine levels.
Creatinine Clearance
Pressure determining fluid movement into Bowman’s capsule.
Net Filtration Pressure
Measure of the permeability of glomerular capillaries.
Filtration Coefficient
Transporters facilitating glucose reabsorption in kidneys.
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters (SGLT)
Transporters aiding amino acid reabsorption in kidneys.
Sodium-Amino Acid Cotransporters (SMAT)
Mechanism enhancing concentration of urine in kidneys.
Counter Current Multiplier
Process of reclaiming water and solutes in kidneys.
Fluid Reabsorption
Amount of urine produced by the kidneys.
Urine Volume
Rapid fluid movement affecting solute reabsorption.
Ascending Flow Rates
High blood pressure impacting renal function and GFR.
Hypertension
Condition reducing GFR and urine output.
Low Blood Pressure
Space between renal tubules important for solute exchange.
Renal Interstitium
Study of factors influencing glucose reabsorption rates.
Glucose Transport Kinetics
Total amount of substance filtered by kidneys.
Filtered Load
Blood glucose level where glucose appears in urine.
Threshold Point
Condition leading to hyperfiltration and kidney damage.
Chronic High Glucose Levels
Process of eliminating excess fluid from the body.
Fluid Excretion
Potential harm from prolonged abnormal blood pressure.
Kidney Damage Risks
Rapid upward blood flow reduces protein reabsorption.
Ascending Flow
Volume of plasma cleared of a substance.
Clearance
Substance heavily cleared by the kidneys.
PAH
Used to measure kidney function, requires complex measurements.
Inulin
Commonly used to assess renal function trends.
Creatinine
Blood vessel carrying blood away from glomerulus.
Efferent Arteriole
Blood vessel supplying blood to glomerulus.
Afferent Arteriole
Kidney’s ability to maintain blood flow despite pressure changes.
Autoregulation
Site of filtration in the kidney.
Glomerular Capillaries
Glomerular filtration rate, normal is 125 mL/min.
GFR
Volume of blood supplied to the kidneys.
Renal Blood Flow
Process of returning substances to the blood.
Reabsorption
Calculated using net filtration pressure and coefficient.
Filtration Estimate
Difference in solute concentration across a membrane.
Concentration Gradient
Excess fluid leading to potential health issues.
Fluid Overload
Mechanism to control blood pressure in kidneys.
Pressure Regulation
Maximum volume bladder can hold before discomfort.
Bladder Capacity
Elevated filtration leading to increased urine output.
Filtration Rate Increase
Short-term increase during physical activity.
Temporary Blood Pressure Rise
Long-term high blood pressure causing renal damage.
Sustained Hypertension
Excessive fluid loss due to uncontrolled filtration.
Fluid Dumping
Evaluating kidney performance through various metrics.
Renal Function Assessment
Normal pressure is 60 mmHg, can rise with hypertension.
Pressure at Glomerulus
Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.
Blood Pressure
Pressure in the renal artery supplying kidneys.
Renal Arterial Pressure
Pressure within glomerular capillaries affecting filtration.
Glomerular Capillary Pressure
Artery supplying blood to the glomerulus.
Afferent Arterial
Artery draining blood from the glomerulus.
Efferent Arterial
Process of removing waste from blood in kidneys.
Filtration
Volume of urine produced by the kidneys.
Urine Output
Condition causing potential kidney damage over time.
High Blood Pressure
Network of capillaries involved in filtration.
Capillary Bed
Cells in glomerulus maintaining filtration barrier.
Podocytes
Small openings in capillaries allowing filtration.
Fenestrations
Kidney’s ability to maintain stable GFR despite pressure changes.
Auto-regulation
Damage caused by reactive oxygen species in tissues.
Oxidative Stress
Opposition to blood flow in blood vessels.
Vascular Resistance
Structure in kidneys where reabsorption occurs.
Tubule
Reduced ability to dilate, impacting blood flow.
Stiff Blood Vessels
Long-term impairment of kidney function due to pressure.
Chronic Kidney Damage
Speed at which blood is filtered in kidneys.
Filtration Rate
Kidneys’ process of retaining useful substances.
Selective Reabsorption
Medication relaxing afferent arterioles to reduce pressure.
Calcium Channel Blocker
Medication primarily affecting afferent arterial dilation.
Beta Blocker
Prolonged high blood pressure leading to kidney damage.
Long-term Hypertension
Kidneys’ ability to conserve fluid during low pressure.
Blood Volume Retention
Drug that constricts both afferent and efferent arterioles.
Phenylar
Sensor at macula densa measuring filtration rate.
Filtration Speedometer
Condition indicating low filtration rates in kidneys.
Filtration Deficiency
Increased concentration of creatinine due to water reabsorption.
Concentration Effect
Electrolytes monitored by macula densa for filtration rate.
Sodium and Chloride
System counting sodium and chloride passing macula densa.
Counter Mechanism
Condition resulting from high pressure and filtration rates.
Overfiltration
Pathway where reabsorption and secretion occur in kidneys.
Tubular System
Movement of fluid through nephron affecting filtration.
Fluid Flow
Selective reclaiming of ions in renal tubules.
Electrolyte Reabsorption
Condition leading to increased sodium and chloride delivery.
High Filtration Rates
Condition resulting in decreased sodium and chloride delivery.
Low GFR
Condition indicating low filtration or reabsorption rates.
Sodium Chloride Deficit
Part of nephron close to macula densa.
Thick Ascending Limb
Process of adding substances into tubular fluid.
Secretion
Process of filtering blood to form urine.
Fluid Filtration
Kidney’s ability to maintain homeostasis through filtration.
Renal Regulation
Segment where further reabsorption and secretion occur.
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Fluid within nephron post-filtration process.
Tubular Fluid
Process of sodium being absorbed back into blood.
Sodium Reabsorption
Process of chloride being absorbed alongside sodium.
Chloride Reabsorption
Medication that inhibits angiotensin II production.
ACE Inhibitor
Condition where less sodium reaches the macula densa.
Sodium Deficit
Difference in sodium concentration across cell membranes.
Sodium Concentration Gradient
Proteins that facilitate reabsorption of substances.
Transporters
Process where glucose is absorbed back into blood.
Glucose Reabsorption
Membrane protein that exchanges sodium for potassium.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Uncontrolled diabetes leads to kidney damage.
Diabetes Impact
Process of sodium and chloride passing through nephron.
Sodium and Chloride Filtering
Condition causing increased glucose filtration in kidneys.
High Blood Glucose
Kidney’s response to maintain homeostasis.
Renal Compensation
Long-term elevated pressure damaging kidney structures.
Chronic High Pressure
Point where transporters cannot reabsorb more sodium.
Sodium Reabsorption Saturation
Concentration of solutes in kidney tubule fluid.
Fluid Concentration
Process by which high glucose levels harm kidneys.
Kidney Damage Mechanism
Movement of glucose into cells during reabsorption.
Glucose Transport
Sodium reabsorption is linked to glucose transport.
Sodium and Glucose Relationship
Hormones like angiotensin II regulate kidney functions.
Hormonal Regulation
Study of blood flow and pressure in kidneys.
Renal Hemodynamics
Basic unit of kidney responsible for filtration.
Nephron Function
Functional units of the kidney filtering blood.
Nephrons
Networks of tiny blood vessels in kidneys.
Capillary Beds
Transports sodium coupled with amino acids reabsorption.
Sodium-Amino Acid Transporter
Proteins that reabsorb glucose in proximal tubule.
Glucose Transporters
Tubular side of nephron cells facing filtrate.
Apical Side
Side of nephron cells facing interstitial fluid.
Basolateral Side
Sodium-glucose co-transporter for glucose reabsorption.
SGLT Transporter
Facilitated diffusion transporters for glucose exit.
GLUT Transporters
Process where glucose passes into nephron.
Glucose Filtration
Glucose level in the bloodstream.
Blood Sugar
Condition leading to chronic high blood sugar.
Unmanaged Diabetes
Response causing damage to kidney structures.
Immune System Activation
Building blocks of proteins filtered by kidneys.
Amino Acids
Supplement that can increase amino acid levels.
Protein Shakes
Excessive dietary amino acids affecting kidney function.
Chronic High Amino Acids
Damage to nephrons from prolonged hyperfiltration.
Wear and Tear
Regulatory process affecting kidney function.
Feedback Mechanism
Amount of glucose present in blood or filtrate.
Glucose Concentration
Process needing energy to move substances.
Energy-Requiring Transport
Fluid filtered through the nephron.
Filtrate
Fluid surrounding cells in the kidney.
Interstitial Fluid
Progressive harm to kidney function over time.
Long-Term Kidney Damage
Sodium-glucose transporters for glucose reabsorption.
SGLT Transporters
Transporter in S1 segment, reabsorbs most glucose.
SGLT2
Transporter in S2/S3 segments, high affinity for glucose.
SGLT1
Transporters that handle large amounts of glucose.
High Efficiency Transporters
Transporters that bind glucose less tightly.
Low Affinity Transporters
Transporters that bind glucose tightly, even in dilute fluid.
High Affinity Transporters
SGLT2 uses 1 sodium for 1 glucose.
Sodium-Glucose Ratio
Requires 2 sodiums for each glucose reabsorbed.
SGLT1 Sodium Requirement
Divided into S1, S2, and S3 segments.
Proximal Tubule Segments
Normally zero; all filtered glucose is reabsorbed.
Glucose Excretion
Fluid with lower glucose concentration in later segments.
Dilute Tubular Fluid
Amount of glucose a transporter can handle.
Transporter Capacity
Filtered load = concentration × GFR.
Glucose Filtration Calculation
Typically around 100 mg/dL.
Normal Plasma Glucose
90% in S1, 10% in S2/S3 segments.
Glucose Reabsorption Percentage
SGLT2 is more efficient than SGLT1.
Transporter Efficiency
Involves both active and passive transport.
Glucose Transport Mechanism
Normal is approximately 125 mg/min.
Glucose Filtration Rate
Kidneys efficiently reclaim glucose from urine.
Renal Glucose Handling
Different versions of transporters for glucose.
Transporter Isoforms
Influenced by plasma glucose and GFR.
Glucose Transport Dynamics
Blood glucose level where glucose appears in urine.
Threshold
Maximum glucose reabsorption capacity of renal tubules.
Transport Maximum
Amount of glucose in blood, measured in mg/dL.
Plasma Glucose Concentration
Rate of glucose lost in urine, in mg/min.
Excretion Rate
Excess glucose in urine when transport maximum is exceeded.
Glucose Spillage
Enzyme released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys.
Renin
Cells that monitor blood pressure and sodium levels.
Juxtaglomerular Cells
Precursor protein produced by the liver.
Angiotensinogen
First product of angiotensinogen conversion by renin.
Angiotensin I
Macula densa’s greater response to sodium than chloride.
Sodium Sensitivity
Normal range is about 70-100 mg/dL.
Blood Glucose Level
Structural change in proteins during glucose transport.
Conformational Change
Hormonal system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.
Renin-Angiotensin System
Process of eliminating substances from the body.
Excretion
Study of how substances are transported in the body.
Transport Kinetics
Function of macula densa in regulating kidney function.
Sodium and Chloride Monitoring
Initial small amounts increase with rising blood glucose.
Glucose Appearance in Urine
Converting enzyme abundant in lungs.
ACE
Pressure exerted by fluid in the glomerulus.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Vasodilator released to relax afferent arterioles.
Nitric Oxide
Drug that prevents glucose reabsorption.
SGLT Inhibitor
Total amount of blood in circulation.
Blood Volume
Reduces outflow to increase glomerular pressure.
Efferent Constriction
Increases inflow to enhance glomerular pressure.
Afferent Dilation
Reabsorption of essential ions by kidneys.
Electrolyte Conservation
Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.
Proximal Tubule Function
Presence of glucose in urine indicates issues.
Urinary Glucose
Excess glucose in urine can promote infections.
Bacterial Growth
Amount of nutrients consumed affects kidney function.
Dietary Intake
Body’s adaptation to limited resource availability.
Conservation Mode
Intake of more nutrients than needed.
Excess Consumption
Medications that affect glucose reabsorption.
Weight Loss Drugs
Kidneys adjust to changes in blood flow.
Renal Adaptation
