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A&P Fall 24' > AP 15 Nov Quizlet > Flashcards

AP 15 Nov Quizlet Flashcards

1
Q

Blood flow through the kidneys for filtration.

A

Renal Plasma Flow

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2
Q

Rate of blood filtration in the glomeruli.

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

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3
Q

Cells sensing sodium and chloride to adjust GFR.

A

Macula Densa

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4
Q

Hormone constricting efferent arterioles to regulate GFR.

A

Angiotensin II

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5
Q

Increased filtration risk due to high solute levels.

A

Hyperfiltration

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6
Q

Site for glucose and amino acid reabsorption.

A

Proximal Tubule

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7
Q

True renal plasma flow accounting for pH changes.

A

Effective Renal Plasma Flow

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8
Q

Measurement of kidney’s ability to clear substances.

A

Clearance Rate

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9
Q

Standard for measuring renal clearance and function.

A

Inulin Clearance

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10
Q

Indicator of renal function based on creatinine levels.

A

Creatinine Clearance

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11
Q

Pressure determining fluid movement into Bowman’s capsule.

A

Net Filtration Pressure

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12
Q

Measure of the permeability of glomerular capillaries.

A

Filtration Coefficient

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13
Q

Transporters facilitating glucose reabsorption in kidneys.

A

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters (SGLT)

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14
Q

Transporters aiding amino acid reabsorption in kidneys.

A

Sodium-Amino Acid Cotransporters (SMAT)

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15
Q

Mechanism enhancing concentration of urine in kidneys.

A

Counter Current Multiplier

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16
Q

Process of reclaiming water and solutes in kidneys.

A

Fluid Reabsorption

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17
Q

Amount of urine produced by the kidneys.

A

Urine Volume

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18
Q

Rapid fluid movement affecting solute reabsorption.

A

Ascending Flow Rates

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19
Q

High blood pressure impacting renal function and GFR.

A

Hypertension

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20
Q

Condition reducing GFR and urine output.

A

Low Blood Pressure

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21
Q

Space between renal tubules important for solute exchange.

A

Renal Interstitium

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22
Q

Study of factors influencing glucose reabsorption rates.

A

Glucose Transport Kinetics

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23
Q

Total amount of substance filtered by kidneys.

A

Filtered Load

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24
Q

Blood glucose level where glucose appears in urine.

A

Threshold Point

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25
Q

Condition leading to hyperfiltration and kidney damage.

A

Chronic High Glucose Levels

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26
Q

Process of eliminating excess fluid from the body.

A

Fluid Excretion

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27
Q

Potential harm from prolonged abnormal blood pressure.

A

Kidney Damage Risks

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28
Q

Rapid upward blood flow reduces protein reabsorption.

A

Ascending Flow

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29
Q

Volume of plasma cleared of a substance.

A

Clearance

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30
Q

Substance heavily cleared by the kidneys.

A

PAH

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31
Q

Used to measure kidney function, requires complex measurements.

A

Inulin

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32
Q

Commonly used to assess renal function trends.

A

Creatinine

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33
Q

Blood vessel carrying blood away from glomerulus.

A

Efferent Arteriole

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34
Q

Blood vessel supplying blood to glomerulus.

A

Afferent Arteriole

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35
Q

Kidney’s ability to maintain blood flow despite pressure changes.

A

Autoregulation

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36
Q

Site of filtration in the kidney.

A

Glomerular Capillaries

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37
Q

Glomerular filtration rate, normal is 125 mL/min.

A

GFR

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38
Q

Volume of blood supplied to the kidneys.

A

Renal Blood Flow

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39
Q

Process of returning substances to the blood.

A

Reabsorption

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40
Q

Calculated using net filtration pressure and coefficient.

A

Filtration Estimate

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41
Q

Difference in solute concentration across a membrane.

A

Concentration Gradient

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42
Q

Excess fluid leading to potential health issues.

A

Fluid Overload

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43
Q

Mechanism to control blood pressure in kidneys.

A

Pressure Regulation

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44
Q

Maximum volume bladder can hold before discomfort.

A

Bladder Capacity

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45
Q

Elevated filtration leading to increased urine output.

A

Filtration Rate Increase

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46
Q

Short-term increase during physical activity.

A

Temporary Blood Pressure Rise

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47
Q

Long-term high blood pressure causing renal damage.

A

Sustained Hypertension

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48
Q

Excessive fluid loss due to uncontrolled filtration.

A

Fluid Dumping

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49
Q

Evaluating kidney performance through various metrics.

A

Renal Function Assessment

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50
Q

Normal pressure is 60 mmHg, can rise with hypertension.

A

Pressure at Glomerulus

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51
Q

Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.

A

Blood Pressure

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52
Q

Pressure in the renal artery supplying kidneys.

A

Renal Arterial Pressure

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53
Q

Pressure within glomerular capillaries affecting filtration.

A

Glomerular Capillary Pressure

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54
Q

Artery supplying blood to the glomerulus.

A

Afferent Arterial

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55
Q

Artery draining blood from the glomerulus.

A

Efferent Arterial

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56
Q

Process of removing waste from blood in kidneys.

A

Filtration

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57
Q

Volume of urine produced by the kidneys.

A

Urine Output

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58
Q

Condition causing potential kidney damage over time.

A

High Blood Pressure

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59
Q

Network of capillaries involved in filtration.

A

Capillary Bed

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60
Q

Cells in glomerulus maintaining filtration barrier.

A

Podocytes

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61
Q

Small openings in capillaries allowing filtration.

A

Fenestrations

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62
Q

Kidney’s ability to maintain stable GFR despite pressure changes.

A

Auto-regulation

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63
Q

Damage caused by reactive oxygen species in tissues.

A

Oxidative Stress

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64
Q

Opposition to blood flow in blood vessels.

A

Vascular Resistance

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65
Q

Structure in kidneys where reabsorption occurs.

A

Tubule

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66
Q

Reduced ability to dilate, impacting blood flow.

A

Stiff Blood Vessels

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67
Q

Long-term impairment of kidney function due to pressure.

A

Chronic Kidney Damage

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68
Q

Speed at which blood is filtered in kidneys.

A

Filtration Rate

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69
Q

Kidneys’ process of retaining useful substances.

A

Selective Reabsorption

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70
Q

Medication relaxing afferent arterioles to reduce pressure.

A

Calcium Channel Blocker

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71
Q

Medication primarily affecting afferent arterial dilation.

A

Beta Blocker

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72
Q

Prolonged high blood pressure leading to kidney damage.

A

Long-term Hypertension

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73
Q

Kidneys’ ability to conserve fluid during low pressure.

A

Blood Volume Retention

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74
Q

Drug that constricts both afferent and efferent arterioles.

A

Phenylar

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75
Q

Sensor at macula densa measuring filtration rate.

A

Filtration Speedometer

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76
Q

Condition indicating low filtration rates in kidneys.

A

Filtration Deficiency

77
Q

Increased concentration of creatinine due to water reabsorption.

A

Concentration Effect

78
Q

Electrolytes monitored by macula densa for filtration rate.

A

Sodium and Chloride

79
Q

System counting sodium and chloride passing macula densa.

A

Counter Mechanism

80
Q

Condition resulting from high pressure and filtration rates.

A

Overfiltration

81
Q

Pathway where reabsorption and secretion occur in kidneys.

A

Tubular System

82
Q

Movement of fluid through nephron affecting filtration.

A

Fluid Flow

83
Q

Selective reclaiming of ions in renal tubules.

A

Electrolyte Reabsorption

84
Q

Condition leading to increased sodium and chloride delivery.

A

High Filtration Rates

85
Q

Condition resulting in decreased sodium and chloride delivery.

A

Low GFR

86
Q

Condition indicating low filtration or reabsorption rates.

A

Sodium Chloride Deficit

87
Q

Part of nephron close to macula densa.

A

Thick Ascending Limb

88
Q

Process of adding substances into tubular fluid.

A

Secretion

89
Q

Process of filtering blood to form urine.

A

Fluid Filtration

90
Q

Kidney’s ability to maintain homeostasis through filtration.

A

Renal Regulation

91
Q

Segment where further reabsorption and secretion occur.

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

92
Q

Fluid within nephron post-filtration process.

A

Tubular Fluid

93
Q

Process of sodium being absorbed back into blood.

A

Sodium Reabsorption

94
Q

Process of chloride being absorbed alongside sodium.

A

Chloride Reabsorption

95
Q

Medication that inhibits angiotensin II production.

A

ACE Inhibitor

96
Q

Condition where less sodium reaches the macula densa.

A

Sodium Deficit

97
Q

Difference in sodium concentration across cell membranes.

A

Sodium Concentration Gradient

98
Q

Proteins that facilitate reabsorption of substances.

A

Transporters

99
Q

Process where glucose is absorbed back into blood.

A

Glucose Reabsorption

100
Q

Membrane protein that exchanges sodium for potassium.

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

101
Q

Uncontrolled diabetes leads to kidney damage.

A

Diabetes Impact

102
Q

Process of sodium and chloride passing through nephron.

A

Sodium and Chloride Filtering

103
Q

Condition causing increased glucose filtration in kidneys.

A

High Blood Glucose

104
Q

Kidney’s response to maintain homeostasis.

A

Renal Compensation

105
Q

Long-term elevated pressure damaging kidney structures.

A

Chronic High Pressure

106
Q

Point where transporters cannot reabsorb more sodium.

A

Sodium Reabsorption Saturation

107
Q

Concentration of solutes in kidney tubule fluid.

A

Fluid Concentration

108
Q

Process by which high glucose levels harm kidneys.

A

Kidney Damage Mechanism

109
Q

Movement of glucose into cells during reabsorption.

A

Glucose Transport

110
Q

Sodium reabsorption is linked to glucose transport.

A

Sodium and Glucose Relationship

111
Q

Hormones like angiotensin II regulate kidney functions.

A

Hormonal Regulation

112
Q

Study of blood flow and pressure in kidneys.

A

Renal Hemodynamics

113
Q

Basic unit of kidney responsible for filtration.

A

Nephron Function

114
Q

Functional units of the kidney filtering blood.

A

Nephrons

115
Q

Networks of tiny blood vessels in kidneys.

A

Capillary Beds

116
Q

Transports sodium coupled with amino acids reabsorption.

A

Sodium-Amino Acid Transporter

117
Q

Proteins that reabsorb glucose in proximal tubule.

A

Glucose Transporters

118
Q

Tubular side of nephron cells facing filtrate.

A

Apical Side

119
Q

Side of nephron cells facing interstitial fluid.

A

Basolateral Side

120
Q

Sodium-glucose co-transporter for glucose reabsorption.

A

SGLT Transporter

121
Q

Facilitated diffusion transporters for glucose exit.

A

GLUT Transporters

122
Q

Process where glucose passes into nephron.

A

Glucose Filtration

123
Q

Glucose level in the bloodstream.

A

Blood Sugar

124
Q

Condition leading to chronic high blood sugar.

A

Unmanaged Diabetes

125
Q

Response causing damage to kidney structures.

A

Immune System Activation

126
Q

Building blocks of proteins filtered by kidneys.

A

Amino Acids

127
Q

Supplement that can increase amino acid levels.

A

Protein Shakes

128
Q

Excessive dietary amino acids affecting kidney function.

A

Chronic High Amino Acids

129
Q

Damage to nephrons from prolonged hyperfiltration.

A

Wear and Tear

130
Q

Regulatory process affecting kidney function.

A

Feedback Mechanism

131
Q

Amount of glucose present in blood or filtrate.

A

Glucose Concentration

132
Q

Process needing energy to move substances.

A

Energy-Requiring Transport

133
Q

Fluid filtered through the nephron.

A

Filtrate

134
Q

Fluid surrounding cells in the kidney.

A

Interstitial Fluid

135
Q

Progressive harm to kidney function over time.

A

Long-Term Kidney Damage

136
Q

Sodium-glucose transporters for glucose reabsorption.

A

SGLT Transporters

137
Q

Transporter in S1 segment, reabsorbs most glucose.

A

SGLT2

138
Q

Transporter in S2/S3 segments, high affinity for glucose.

A

SGLT1

139
Q

Transporters that handle large amounts of glucose.

A

High Efficiency Transporters

140
Q

Transporters that bind glucose less tightly.

A

Low Affinity Transporters

141
Q

Transporters that bind glucose tightly, even in dilute fluid.

A

High Affinity Transporters

142
Q

SGLT2 uses 1 sodium for 1 glucose.

A

Sodium-Glucose Ratio

143
Q

Requires 2 sodiums for each glucose reabsorbed.

A

SGLT1 Sodium Requirement

144
Q

Divided into S1, S2, and S3 segments.

A

Proximal Tubule Segments

145
Q

Normally zero; all filtered glucose is reabsorbed.

A

Glucose Excretion

146
Q

Fluid with lower glucose concentration in later segments.

A

Dilute Tubular Fluid

147
Q

Amount of glucose a transporter can handle.

A

Transporter Capacity

148
Q

Filtered load = concentration × GFR.

A

Glucose Filtration Calculation

149
Q

Typically around 100 mg/dL.

A

Normal Plasma Glucose

150
Q

90% in S1, 10% in S2/S3 segments.

A

Glucose Reabsorption Percentage

151
Q

SGLT2 is more efficient than SGLT1.

A

Transporter Efficiency

152
Q

Involves both active and passive transport.

A

Glucose Transport Mechanism

153
Q

Normal is approximately 125 mg/min.

A

Glucose Filtration Rate

154
Q

Kidneys efficiently reclaim glucose from urine.

A

Renal Glucose Handling

155
Q

Different versions of transporters for glucose.

A

Transporter Isoforms

156
Q

Influenced by plasma glucose and GFR.

A

Glucose Transport Dynamics

157
Q

Blood glucose level where glucose appears in urine.

A

Threshold

158
Q

Maximum glucose reabsorption capacity of renal tubules.

A

Transport Maximum

159
Q

Amount of glucose in blood, measured in mg/dL.

A

Plasma Glucose Concentration

160
Q

Rate of glucose lost in urine, in mg/min.

A

Excretion Rate

161
Q

Excess glucose in urine when transport maximum is exceeded.

A

Glucose Spillage

162
Q

Enzyme released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys.

A

Renin

163
Q

Cells that monitor blood pressure and sodium levels.

A

Juxtaglomerular Cells

164
Q

Precursor protein produced by the liver.

A

Angiotensinogen

165
Q

First product of angiotensinogen conversion by renin.

A

Angiotensin I

166
Q

Macula densa’s greater response to sodium than chloride.

A

Sodium Sensitivity

167
Q

Normal range is about 70-100 mg/dL.

A

Blood Glucose Level

168
Q

Structural change in proteins during glucose transport.

A

Conformational Change

169
Q

Hormonal system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

A

Renin-Angiotensin System

170
Q

Process of eliminating substances from the body.

A

Excretion

171
Q

Study of how substances are transported in the body.

A

Transport Kinetics

172
Q

Function of macula densa in regulating kidney function.

A

Sodium and Chloride Monitoring

173
Q

Initial small amounts increase with rising blood glucose.

A

Glucose Appearance in Urine

174
Q

Converting enzyme abundant in lungs.

A

ACE

175
Q

Pressure exerted by fluid in the glomerulus.

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

176
Q

Vasodilator released to relax afferent arterioles.

A

Nitric Oxide

177
Q

Drug that prevents glucose reabsorption.

A

SGLT Inhibitor

178
Q

Total amount of blood in circulation.

A

Blood Volume

179
Q

Reduces outflow to increase glomerular pressure.

A

Efferent Constriction

180
Q

Increases inflow to enhance glomerular pressure.

A

Afferent Dilation

181
Q

Reabsorption of essential ions by kidneys.

A

Electrolyte Conservation

182
Q

Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.

A

Proximal Tubule Function

183
Q

Presence of glucose in urine indicates issues.

A

Urinary Glucose

184
Q

Excess glucose in urine can promote infections.

A

Bacterial Growth

185
Q

Amount of nutrients consumed affects kidney function.

A

Dietary Intake

186
Q

Body’s adaptation to limited resource availability.

A

Conservation Mode

187
Q

Intake of more nutrients than needed.

A

Excess Consumption

188
Q

Medications that affect glucose reabsorption.

A

Weight Loss Drugs

189
Q

Kidneys adjust to changes in blood flow.

A

Renal Adaptation

A&P Fall 24' (27 decks)

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