AP 15 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
1
Q
Blood flow through the kidneys for filtration.
A
Renal Plasma Flow
2
Q
Rate of blood filtration in the glomeruli.
A
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
3
Q
Cells sensing sodium and chloride to adjust GFR.
A
Macula Densa
4
Q
Hormone constricting efferent arterioles to regulate GFR.
A
Angiotensin II
5
Q
Increased filtration risk due to high solute levels.
A
Hyperfiltration
6
Q
Site for glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
A
Proximal Tubule
7
Q
True renal plasma flow accounting for pH changes.
A
Effective Renal Plasma Flow
8
Q
Measurement of kidney’s ability to clear substances.
A
Clearance Rate
9
Q
Standard for measuring renal clearance and function.
A
Inulin Clearance
10
Q
Indicator of renal function based on creatinine levels.
A
Creatinine Clearance
11
Q
Pressure determining fluid movement into Bowman’s capsule.
A
Net Filtration Pressure
12
Q
Measure of the permeability of glomerular capillaries.
A
Filtration Coefficient
13
Q
Transporters facilitating glucose reabsorption in kidneys.
A
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters (SGLT)
14
Q
Transporters aiding amino acid reabsorption in kidneys.
A
Sodium-Amino Acid Cotransporters (SMAT)
15
Q
Mechanism enhancing concentration of urine in kidneys.
A
Counter Current Multiplier
16
Q
Process of reclaiming water and solutes in kidneys.
A
Fluid Reabsorption
17
Q
Amount of urine produced by the kidneys.
A
Urine Volume
18
Q
Rapid fluid movement affecting solute reabsorption.
A
Ascending Flow Rates
19
Q
High blood pressure impacting renal function and GFR.
A
Hypertension
20
Q
Condition reducing GFR and urine output.
A
Low Blood Pressure
21
Q
Space between renal tubules important for solute exchange.
A
Renal Interstitium
22
Q
Study of factors influencing glucose reabsorption rates.
A
Glucose Transport Kinetics
23
Q
Total amount of substance filtered by kidneys.
A
Filtered Load
24
Q
Blood glucose level where glucose appears in urine.
A
Threshold Point
25
Condition leading to hyperfiltration and kidney damage.
Chronic High Glucose Levels
26
Process of eliminating excess fluid from the body.
Fluid Excretion
27
Potential harm from prolonged abnormal blood pressure.
Kidney Damage Risks
28
Rapid upward blood flow reduces protein reabsorption.
Ascending Flow
29
Volume of plasma cleared of a substance.
Clearance
30
Substance heavily cleared by the kidneys.
PAH
31
Used to measure kidney function, requires complex measurements.
Inulin
32
Commonly used to assess renal function trends.
Creatinine
33
Blood vessel carrying blood away from glomerulus.
Efferent Arteriole
34
Blood vessel supplying blood to glomerulus.
Afferent Arteriole
35
Kidney's ability to maintain blood flow despite pressure changes.
Autoregulation
36
Site of filtration in the kidney.
Glomerular Capillaries
37
Glomerular filtration rate, normal is 125 mL/min.
GFR
38
Volume of blood supplied to the kidneys.
Renal Blood Flow
39
Process of returning substances to the blood.
Reabsorption
40
Calculated using net filtration pressure and coefficient.
Filtration Estimate
41
Difference in solute concentration across a membrane.
Concentration Gradient
42
Excess fluid leading to potential health issues.
Fluid Overload
43
Mechanism to control blood pressure in kidneys.
Pressure Regulation
44
Maximum volume bladder can hold before discomfort.
Bladder Capacity
45
Elevated filtration leading to increased urine output.
Filtration Rate Increase
46
Short-term increase during physical activity.
Temporary Blood Pressure Rise
47
Long-term high blood pressure causing renal damage.
Sustained Hypertension
48
Excessive fluid loss due to uncontrolled filtration.
Fluid Dumping
49
Evaluating kidney performance through various metrics.
Renal Function Assessment
50
Normal pressure is 60 mmHg, can rise with hypertension.
Pressure at Glomerulus
51
Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.
Blood Pressure
52
Pressure in the renal artery supplying kidneys.
Renal Arterial Pressure
53
Pressure within glomerular capillaries affecting filtration.
Glomerular Capillary Pressure
54
Artery supplying blood to the glomerulus.
Afferent Arterial
55
Artery draining blood from the glomerulus.
Efferent Arterial
56
Process of removing waste from blood in kidneys.
Filtration
57
Volume of urine produced by the kidneys.
Urine Output
58
Condition causing potential kidney damage over time.
High Blood Pressure
59
Network of capillaries involved in filtration.
Capillary Bed
60
Cells in glomerulus maintaining filtration barrier.
Podocytes
61
Small openings in capillaries allowing filtration.
Fenestrations
62
Kidney's ability to maintain stable GFR despite pressure changes.
Auto-regulation
63
Damage caused by reactive oxygen species in tissues.
Oxidative Stress
64
Opposition to blood flow in blood vessels.
Vascular Resistance
65
Structure in kidneys where reabsorption occurs.
Tubule
66
Reduced ability to dilate, impacting blood flow.
Stiff Blood Vessels
67
Long-term impairment of kidney function due to pressure.
Chronic Kidney Damage
68
Speed at which blood is filtered in kidneys.
Filtration Rate
69
Kidneys' process of retaining useful substances.
Selective Reabsorption
70
Medication relaxing afferent arterioles to reduce pressure.
Calcium Channel Blocker
71
Medication primarily affecting afferent arterial dilation.
Beta Blocker
72
Prolonged high blood pressure leading to kidney damage.
Long-term Hypertension
73
Kidneys' ability to conserve fluid during low pressure.
Blood Volume Retention
74
Drug that constricts both afferent and efferent arterioles.
Phenylar
75
Sensor at macula densa measuring filtration rate.
Filtration Speedometer
76
Condition indicating low filtration rates in kidneys.
Filtration Deficiency
77
Increased concentration of creatinine due to water reabsorption.
Concentration Effect
78
Electrolytes monitored by macula densa for filtration rate.
Sodium and Chloride
79
System counting sodium and chloride passing macula densa.
Counter Mechanism
80
Condition resulting from high pressure and filtration rates.
Overfiltration
81
Pathway where reabsorption and secretion occur in kidneys.
Tubular System
82
Movement of fluid through nephron affecting filtration.
Fluid Flow
83
Selective reclaiming of ions in renal tubules.
Electrolyte Reabsorption
84
Condition leading to increased sodium and chloride delivery.
High Filtration Rates
85
Condition resulting in decreased sodium and chloride delivery.
Low GFR
86
Condition indicating low filtration or reabsorption rates.
Sodium Chloride Deficit
87
Part of nephron close to macula densa.
Thick Ascending Limb
88
Process of adding substances into tubular fluid.
Secretion
89
Process of filtering blood to form urine.
Fluid Filtration
90
Kidney's ability to maintain homeostasis through filtration.
Renal Regulation
91
Segment where further reabsorption and secretion occur.
Distal Convoluted Tubule
92
Fluid within nephron post-filtration process.
Tubular Fluid
93
Process of sodium being absorbed back into blood.
Sodium Reabsorption
94
Process of chloride being absorbed alongside sodium.
Chloride Reabsorption
95
Medication that inhibits angiotensin II production.
ACE Inhibitor
96
Condition where less sodium reaches the macula densa.
Sodium Deficit
97
Difference in sodium concentration across cell membranes.
Sodium Concentration Gradient
98
Proteins that facilitate reabsorption of substances.
Transporters
99
Process where glucose is absorbed back into blood.
Glucose Reabsorption
100
Membrane protein that exchanges sodium for potassium.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
101
Uncontrolled diabetes leads to kidney damage.
Diabetes Impact
102
Process of sodium and chloride passing through nephron.
Sodium and Chloride Filtering
103
Condition causing increased glucose filtration in kidneys.
High Blood Glucose
104
Kidney's response to maintain homeostasis.
Renal Compensation
105
Long-term elevated pressure damaging kidney structures.
Chronic High Pressure
106
Point where transporters cannot reabsorb more sodium.
Sodium Reabsorption Saturation
107
Concentration of solutes in kidney tubule fluid.
Fluid Concentration
108
Process by which high glucose levels harm kidneys.
Kidney Damage Mechanism
109
Movement of glucose into cells during reabsorption.
Glucose Transport
110
Sodium reabsorption is linked to glucose transport.
Sodium and Glucose Relationship
111
Hormones like angiotensin II regulate kidney functions.
Hormonal Regulation
112
Study of blood flow and pressure in kidneys.
Renal Hemodynamics
113
Basic unit of kidney responsible for filtration.
Nephron Function
114
Functional units of the kidney filtering blood.
Nephrons
115
Networks of tiny blood vessels in kidneys.
Capillary Beds
116
Transports sodium coupled with amino acids reabsorption.
Sodium-Amino Acid Transporter
117
Proteins that reabsorb glucose in proximal tubule.
Glucose Transporters
118
Tubular side of nephron cells facing filtrate.
Apical Side
119
Side of nephron cells facing interstitial fluid.
Basolateral Side
120
Sodium-glucose co-transporter for glucose reabsorption.
SGLT Transporter
121
Facilitated diffusion transporters for glucose exit.
GLUT Transporters
122
Process where glucose passes into nephron.
Glucose Filtration
123
Glucose level in the bloodstream.
Blood Sugar
124
Condition leading to chronic high blood sugar.
Unmanaged Diabetes
125
Response causing damage to kidney structures.
Immune System Activation
126
Building blocks of proteins filtered by kidneys.
Amino Acids
127
Supplement that can increase amino acid levels.
Protein Shakes
128
Excessive dietary amino acids affecting kidney function.
Chronic High Amino Acids
129
Damage to nephrons from prolonged hyperfiltration.
Wear and Tear
130
Regulatory process affecting kidney function.
Feedback Mechanism
131
Amount of glucose present in blood or filtrate.
Glucose Concentration
132
Process needing energy to move substances.
Energy-Requiring Transport
133
Fluid filtered through the nephron.
Filtrate
134
Fluid surrounding cells in the kidney.
Interstitial Fluid
135
Progressive harm to kidney function over time.
Long-Term Kidney Damage
136
Sodium-glucose transporters for glucose reabsorption.
SGLT Transporters
137
Transporter in S1 segment, reabsorbs most glucose.
SGLT2
138
Transporter in S2/S3 segments, high affinity for glucose.
SGLT1
139
Transporters that handle large amounts of glucose.
High Efficiency Transporters
140
Transporters that bind glucose less tightly.
Low Affinity Transporters
141
Transporters that bind glucose tightly, even in dilute fluid.
High Affinity Transporters
142
SGLT2 uses 1 sodium for 1 glucose.
Sodium-Glucose Ratio
143
Requires 2 sodiums for each glucose reabsorbed.
SGLT1 Sodium Requirement
144
Divided into S1, S2, and S3 segments.
Proximal Tubule Segments
145
Normally zero; all filtered glucose is reabsorbed.
Glucose Excretion
146
Fluid with lower glucose concentration in later segments.
Dilute Tubular Fluid
147
Amount of glucose a transporter can handle.
Transporter Capacity
148
Filtered load = concentration × GFR.
Glucose Filtration Calculation
149
Typically around 100 mg/dL.
Normal Plasma Glucose
150
90% in S1, 10% in S2/S3 segments.
Glucose Reabsorption Percentage
151
SGLT2 is more efficient than SGLT1.
Transporter Efficiency
152
Involves both active and passive transport.
Glucose Transport Mechanism
153
Normal is approximately 125 mg/min.
Glucose Filtration Rate
154
Kidneys efficiently reclaim glucose from urine.
Renal Glucose Handling
155
Different versions of transporters for glucose.
Transporter Isoforms
156
Influenced by plasma glucose and GFR.
Glucose Transport Dynamics
157
Blood glucose level where glucose appears in urine.
Threshold
158
Maximum glucose reabsorption capacity of renal tubules.
Transport Maximum
159
Amount of glucose in blood, measured in mg/dL.
Plasma Glucose Concentration
160
Rate of glucose lost in urine, in mg/min.
Excretion Rate
161
Excess glucose in urine when transport maximum is exceeded.
Glucose Spillage
162
Enzyme released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys.
Renin
163
Cells that monitor blood pressure and sodium levels.
Juxtaglomerular Cells
164
Precursor protein produced by the liver.
Angiotensinogen
165
First product of angiotensinogen conversion by renin.
Angiotensin I
166
Macula densa's greater response to sodium than chloride.
Sodium Sensitivity
167
Normal range is about 70-100 mg/dL.
Blood Glucose Level
168
Structural change in proteins during glucose transport.
Conformational Change
169
Hormonal system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.
Renin-Angiotensin System
170
Process of eliminating substances from the body.
Excretion
171
Study of how substances are transported in the body.
Transport Kinetics
172
Function of macula densa in regulating kidney function.
Sodium and Chloride Monitoring
173
Initial small amounts increase with rising blood glucose.
Glucose Appearance in Urine
174
Converting enzyme abundant in lungs.
ACE
175
Pressure exerted by fluid in the glomerulus.
Hydrostatic Pressure
176
Vasodilator released to relax afferent arterioles.
Nitric Oxide
177
Drug that prevents glucose reabsorption.
SGLT Inhibitor
178
Total amount of blood in circulation.
Blood Volume
179
Reduces outflow to increase glomerular pressure.
Efferent Constriction
180
Increases inflow to enhance glomerular pressure.
Afferent Dilation
181
Reabsorption of essential ions by kidneys.
Electrolyte Conservation
182
Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.
Proximal Tubule Function
183
Presence of glucose in urine indicates issues.
Urinary Glucose
184
Excess glucose in urine can promote infections.
Bacterial Growth
185
Amount of nutrients consumed affects kidney function.
Dietary Intake
186
Body's adaptation to limited resource availability.
Conservation Mode
187
Intake of more nutrients than needed.
Excess Consumption
188
Medications that affect glucose reabsorption.
Weight Loss Drugs
189
Kidneys adjust to changes in blood flow.
Renal Adaptation
