AP 20 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
Reabsorbs 65% of filtered water and electrolytes.
Proximal Tubule
Reabsorbs 20% of initial filtered water.
Thin Descending Limb
Reabsorbs 25% of electrolytes, impermeable to water.
Thick Ascending Limb
Regulates final water balance influenced by ADH.
Distal Tubule
Final site for water reabsorption and urea transport.
Collecting Duct
Increases water reabsorption via aquaporin channels.
ADH (Vasopressin)
Regulate electrolyte reabsorption and secretion.
Principal Cells
Facilitates calcium reabsorption in distal tubule.
Sodium-Calcium Exchanger
Increase calcium reabsorption, used for osteoporosis.
Thiazide Diuretics
Regulates sodium retention and potassium excretion.
Aldosterone
Aid in water reabsorption in collecting duct.
Urea Transporters
Influenced by ADH, regulates water reabsorption.
Blood Osmolarity
Increases until blood osmolarity balance is restored.
Urinary Flow Rate
Sense blood osmolarity changes, influencing ADH release.
Osmoreceptors
Kidney fails to respond to ADH.
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
ADH release issues from the brain.
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Secrete hydrogen ions for acid-base balance.
Type A Intercalated Cells
Reabsorb bicarbonate to balance acid-base levels.
Type B Intercalated Cells
Involved in proton secretion by Type A cells.
Hydrogen ATPase Pump
Drives sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Ideal value around 600 mOsmol/kg.
Urine Osmolarity
Maintained by aldosterone and sodium-potassium dynamics.
Electrolyte Balance
Regulated by aldosterone for potassium excretion.
Potassium Channels
Body adjusts urinary flow based on fluid intake.
Hydration Response
Facilitate secretion of compounds in proximal tubule.
Organic Compound Transporters
Aid calcium reabsorption in distal tubule.
Calcium ATPase Pumps
Move to cell wall for potassium excretion.
ROM K Channels
Increases with low blood volume and pressure.
ADH Regulation
Hormone that fine-tunes water reabsorption.
ADH
Involves sodium-calcium exchanger in distal tubule.
Calcium Reabsorption
Maintains low intracellular sodium for calcium exchange.
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
Calcium crystallizes, thiazides may prevent formation.
Kidney Stones
High in proximal tubule due to reabsorption work.
Metabolic Rate
Process of retaining water and electrolytes in kidneys.
Reabsorption
Drives sodium-calcium exchanger function in cells.
Electrochemical Gradient
Fluid-filled space within nephron for filtration.
Tubular Lumen
Fluid surrounding tubule cells for substance exchange.
Interstitial Fluid
Reabsorbs sodium and chloride in distal tubule.
Sodium Chloride Transporter
Care needed with supplements on thiazide diuretics.
Calcium Intake
Aldosterone increases sodium retention to raise pressure.
Blood Pressure Regulation
Thiazides help reabsorb calcium to strengthen bones.
Osteoporosis Treatment
Occurs mainly in proximal tubule and collecting duct.
Water Reabsorption
Final adjustments made in distal tubule and collecting duct.
Solute Retention
Blocking sodium reabsorption reduces water retention.
Diuretic Effect
Determine final electrolyte balance in nephron.
Principal Cell Function
Transports sodium out and potassium into cells.
Sodium Potassium Pump
Facilitate sodium entry into cells from interstitium.
Sodium Channels
Process of moving substances into the tubule.
Secretion
Outer medullary potassium channel for potassium secretion.
ROMK Channel
Big potassium channel, opens for high potassium excretion.
BK Channel
Epithelial sodium channel sensitive to aldosterone.
EMAC Channel
Binds aldosterone, enhances sodium channel activity.
Aldosterone Receptor
Drugs that reduce potassium secretion in urine.
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Aldosterone receptor antagonist, reduces sodium reabsorption.
Spironolactone
Medications that promote urine production.
Diuretics
Act on ascending loop of Henle to reduce sodium reabsorption.
Loop Diuretics
Increase water retention in tubules, reducing reabsorption.
Osmotic Diuretics
Process of potassium moving into the urine.
Potassium Secretion
Process of sodium being absorbed back into blood.
Sodium Reabsorption
Space between cells where sodium is pumped.
Interstitium
Part of nephron where secretion and reabsorption occur.
Tubule
Increases sodium channels and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone Effect
More channels increase ion transport rates.
Channel Density
ROMK channels sequestered when potassium is low.
Potassium Storage
BK channels open during high potassium demand.
Channel Opening
Essential for sodium potassium pump function.
Sodium Absorption
Movement through open channels, not pumps.
Potassium Flow
Channels respond to aldosterone levels in cells.
Aldosterone Sensitivity
Diuretic that leads to increased potassium excretion.
Potassium Wasting Diuretic
Diuretic acting on the loop of Henle.
Loop Diuretic
Diuretic that minimizes potassium loss.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretic
Outer layer of adrenal cortex producing aldosterone.
Zona Glomerulosa
Hormonal system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis
Peptide that stimulates aldosterone secretion.
Angiotensin II
Enzyme responsible for producing aldosterone.
Aldosterone Synthase
Glucocorticoid hormone managing stress and glucose levels.
Cortisol
Hormones influencing male traits and reproductive activity.
Androgens
Compounds derived from cholesterol, including hormones.
Cholesterol Derivatives
Cortisol can activate aldosterone receptors at high levels.
Cortisol Interaction
Condition of elevated blood pressure.
Hypertension
Hormone regulating electrolyte balance, e.g., aldosterone.
Mineralocorticoid
Hormone regulating glucose metabolism, e.g., cortisol.
Glucocorticoid
