AP 20 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
1
Q
Reabsorbs 65% of filtered water and electrolytes.
A
Proximal Tubule
2
Q
Reabsorbs 20% of initial filtered water.
A
Thin Descending Limb
3
Q
Reabsorbs 25% of electrolytes, impermeable to water.
A
Thick Ascending Limb
4
Q
Regulates final water balance influenced by ADH.
A
Distal Tubule
5
Q
Final site for water reabsorption and urea transport.
A
Collecting Duct
6
Q
Increases water reabsorption via aquaporin channels.
A
ADH (Vasopressin)
7
Q
Regulate electrolyte reabsorption and secretion.
A
Principal Cells
8
Q
Facilitates calcium reabsorption in distal tubule.
A
Sodium-Calcium Exchanger
9
Q
Increase calcium reabsorption, used for osteoporosis.
A
Thiazide Diuretics
10
Q
Regulates sodium retention and potassium excretion.
A
Aldosterone
11
Q
Aid in water reabsorption in collecting duct.
A
Urea Transporters
12
Q
Influenced by ADH, regulates water reabsorption.
A
Blood Osmolarity
13
Q
Increases until blood osmolarity balance is restored.
A
Urinary Flow Rate
14
Q
Sense blood osmolarity changes, influencing ADH release.
A
Osmoreceptors
15
Q
Kidney fails to respond to ADH.
A
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
16
Q
ADH release issues from the brain.
A
Central Diabetes Insipidus
17
Q
Secrete hydrogen ions for acid-base balance.
A
Type A Intercalated Cells
18
Q
Reabsorb bicarbonate to balance acid-base levels.
A
Type B Intercalated Cells
19
Q
Involved in proton secretion by Type A cells.
A
Hydrogen ATPase Pump
20
Q
Drives sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
A
Sodium-Potassium Pump
21
Q
Ideal value around 600 mOsmol/kg.
A
Urine Osmolarity
22
Q
Maintained by aldosterone and sodium-potassium dynamics.
A
Electrolyte Balance
23
Q
Regulated by aldosterone for potassium excretion.
A
Potassium Channels
24
Q
Body adjusts urinary flow based on fluid intake.
A
Hydration Response
25
Facilitate secretion of compounds in proximal tubule.
Organic Compound Transporters
26
Aid calcium reabsorption in distal tubule.
Calcium ATPase Pumps
27
Move to cell wall for potassium excretion.
ROM K Channels
28
Increases with low blood volume and pressure.
ADH Regulation
29
Hormone that fine-tunes water reabsorption.
ADH
30
Involves sodium-calcium exchanger in distal tubule.
Calcium Reabsorption
31
Maintains low intracellular sodium for calcium exchange.
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
32
Calcium crystallizes, thiazides may prevent formation.
Kidney Stones
33
High in proximal tubule due to reabsorption work.
Metabolic Rate
34
Process of retaining water and electrolytes in kidneys.
Reabsorption
35
Drives sodium-calcium exchanger function in cells.
Electrochemical Gradient
36
Fluid-filled space within nephron for filtration.
Tubular Lumen
37
Fluid surrounding tubule cells for substance exchange.
Interstitial Fluid
38
Reabsorbs sodium and chloride in distal tubule.
Sodium Chloride Transporter
39
Care needed with supplements on thiazide diuretics.
Calcium Intake
40
Aldosterone increases sodium retention to raise pressure.
Blood Pressure Regulation
41
Thiazides help reabsorb calcium to strengthen bones.
Osteoporosis Treatment
42
Occurs mainly in proximal tubule and collecting duct.
Water Reabsorption
43
Final adjustments made in distal tubule and collecting duct.
Solute Retention
44
Blocking sodium reabsorption reduces water retention.
Diuretic Effect
45
Determine final electrolyte balance in nephron.
Principal Cell Function
46
Transports sodium out and potassium into cells.
Sodium Potassium Pump
47
Facilitate sodium entry into cells from interstitium.
Sodium Channels
48
Process of moving substances into the tubule.
Secretion
49
Outer medullary potassium channel for potassium secretion.
ROMK Channel
50
Big potassium channel, opens for high potassium excretion.
BK Channel
51
Epithelial sodium channel sensitive to aldosterone.
EMAC Channel
52
Binds aldosterone, enhances sodium channel activity.
Aldosterone Receptor
53
Drugs that reduce potassium secretion in urine.
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
54
Aldosterone receptor antagonist, reduces sodium reabsorption.
Spironolactone
55
Medications that promote urine production.
Diuretics
56
Act on ascending loop of Henle to reduce sodium reabsorption.
Loop Diuretics
57
Increase water retention in tubules, reducing reabsorption.
Osmotic Diuretics
58
Process of potassium moving into the urine.
Potassium Secretion
59
Process of sodium being absorbed back into blood.
Sodium Reabsorption
60
Space between cells where sodium is pumped.
Interstitium
61
Part of nephron where secretion and reabsorption occur.
Tubule
62
Increases sodium channels and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone Effect
63
More channels increase ion transport rates.
Channel Density
64
ROMK channels sequestered when potassium is low.
Potassium Storage
65
BK channels open during high potassium demand.
Channel Opening
66
Essential for sodium potassium pump function.
Sodium Absorption
67
Movement through open channels, not pumps.
Potassium Flow
68
Channels respond to aldosterone levels in cells.
Aldosterone Sensitivity
69
Diuretic that leads to increased potassium excretion.
Potassium Wasting Diuretic
70
Diuretic acting on the loop of Henle.
Loop Diuretic
71
Diuretic that minimizes potassium loss.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretic
72
Outer layer of adrenal cortex producing aldosterone.
Zona Glomerulosa
73
Hormonal system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis
74
Peptide that stimulates aldosterone secretion.
Angiotensin II
75
Enzyme responsible for producing aldosterone.
Aldosterone Synthase
76
Glucocorticoid hormone managing stress and glucose levels.
Cortisol
77
Hormones influencing male traits and reproductive activity.
Androgens
78
Compounds derived from cholesterol, including hormones.
Cholesterol Derivatives
79
Cortisol can activate aldosterone receptors at high levels.
Cortisol Interaction
80
Condition of elevated blood pressure.
Hypertension
81
Hormone regulating electrolyte balance, e.g., aldosterone.
Mineralocorticoid
82
Hormone regulating glucose metabolism, e.g., cortisol.
Glucocorticoid
83
Enzyme degrading cortisol to prevent receptor activation.
11 Beta HSD
84
Hormones from the adrenal medulla, e.g., epinephrine.
Catecholamines
85
Hormone increasing heart rate and energy availability.
Epinephrine
86
Hormone involved in fight-or-flight response.
Norepinephrine
87
Inner part of adrenal glands producing catecholamines.
Adrenal Medulla
88
Outer part of adrenal glands producing steroid hormones.
Adrenal Cortex
89
Layer of adrenal cortex producing cortisol and androgens.
Zonula Fasciculata
90
Inner layer of adrenal cortex producing androgens.
Zonula Reticularis
91
Regulatory mechanism controlling hormone levels.
Hormonal Feedback
92
Amount of sodium reaching nephron's principal cells.
Sodium Delivery
93
Treatment using diuretics to manage fluid balance.
Diuretic Therapy
94
Enzyme that dehydrogenates steroids, specifically cortisol.
11 beta HSD
95
Hormone that stimulates cortisol production from adrenal glands.
ACTH
96
Condition of low potassium levels in the blood.
Hypokalemia
97
Natural inhibitor of 11 beta HSD enzyme.
Licorice
98
Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.
Blood Pressure
99
Process of eliminating excess potassium via urine.
Potassium Excretion
100
Kidney cells involved in acid-base balance regulation.
Intercalated Cells
101
Pump that exchanges hydrogen ions for potassium ions.
Hydrogen-Potassium ATPase
102
Condition characterized by increased acidity in blood.
Acidosis
103
Condition characterized by increased alkalinity in blood.
Alkalosis
104
Substance derived from cholesterol, like steroid hormones.
Cholesterol Derivative
105
Process of conserving sodium in the body.
Sodium Retention
106
Narrowing of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.
Vasoconstriction
107
Class of steroid hormones affecting glucose metabolism.
Glucocorticoids
108
Structures preventing unwanted substances from entering cells.
Renal Barriers
109
Long-term contact with substances affecting health.
Chronic Exposure
110
Receptors that mediate effects of epinephrine in the body.
Epinephrine Receptors
111
Mechanism controlling potassium levels in the body.
Potassium Regulation
112
Fluid within the nephron where filtration occurs.
Tubular Fluid
113
Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.
Vasopressin
114
Receptors in kidneys for vasopressin action.
V2 Receptors
115
Enzyme activated by ADH to phosphorylate proteins.
Protein Kinase
116
Water channels allowing water entry into cells.
Aquaporin Channels
117
ADH-dependent water channel on tubular cell side.
Aquaporin 2
118
Water channel on interstitial side, not ADH-dependent.
Aquaporin 3
119
Condition caused by lithium affecting kidney response.
Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes
120
Kidney segment reabsorbing electrolytes without water.
Diluting Segment
121
Reduces ADH release and kidney response to it.
Alcohol's Effect on ADH
122
Part of nephron where principal and intercalated cells are.
Distal Convoluted Tubule
123
Result of electrolyte reabsorption without water retention.
Urine Dilution
124
Regulated based on body's hydration status.
Vasopressin Levels
125
Principal and intercalated cells respond to vasopressin.
Kidney Sensitivity to ADH
126
Process of kidneys retaining water from urine.
Fluid Reabsorption
127
Kidneys reclaiming ions from filtrate to blood.
Electrolyte Reabsorption
128
Structure in kidneys where filtration and reabsorption occur.
Renal Tubule
129
Volume of urine produced, can increase with ADH issues.
Urine Output
130
Can disrupt ADH release, leading to increased urine output.
Head Injury Effects
131
Concentration of solutes in blood affecting water balance.
Osmolarity
132
Total amount of blood in the circulatory system.
Blood Volume
133
Brain region regulating ADH production.
Hypothalamus
134
Primary ADH production site in the hypothalamus.
Supraoptic Nucleus
135
Secondary site producing ADH in the hypothalamus.
Paraventricular Nucleus
136
Gland releasing ADH into the bloodstream.
Posterior Pituitary
137
Another name for the posterior pituitary gland.
Neurohypophysis
138
Another name for the anterior pituitary gland.
Adenohypophysis
139
Sensors detecting blood pressure changes.
Baroreceptors
140
Dilute solution causing cell swelling.
Hypotonic Solution
141
Concentrated solution causing cell shrinking.
Hypertonic Solution
142
Alteration in cell size due to osmotic pressure.
Cell Volume Change
143
Equilibrium of water and solutes in the body.
Fluid Balance
144
Osmolarity, blood pressure, and blood volume changes.
ADH Release Triggers
145
Abundant blood vessels around the pituitary gland.
Rich Blood Supply
146
Maintaining balance of solutes and water.
Osmolarity Regulation
147
Regulates water reabsorption in kidneys.
ADH Functions
148
Hypothalamus adjusts body temperature to fight infection.
Infection Response
149
Collections of cell bodies in the central nervous system.
Nuclei
150
Ions like sodium and chloride affecting osmolarity.
Electrolytes
151
Generated in hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary.
ADH Production
152
Water shifts between compartments based on osmolarity.
Fluid Movement
153
Cells adjust volume based on surrounding osmolarity.
Cellular Osmoregulation
154
Electrical impulses for neuronal communication.
Action Potentials
155
Nephron segment permeable to water, concentrating solutes.
Descending Limb
156
Nephron segment reabsorbing salts, impermeable to water.
Ascending Limb
157
Concentration of solutes in urine.
Urinary Osmolarity
158
Waste product aiding in water reabsorption.
Urea
159
Concentrated urine due to high ADH levels.
Hyperosmotic Urine
160
Dilute urine with low ADH levels.
Hypoosmotic Urine
161
Space between renal tubules, concentrated by urea.
Renal Interstitium
162
Process of removing waste from blood in kidneys.
Filtration
163
Nephron areas that increase osmolarity of tubular fluid.
Concentrating Segment
164
Difference in osmolarity driving water movement.
Osmotic Gradient
165
Urine with high solute concentration, indicating dehydration.
Concentrated Urine
166
Urine with low solute concentration, indicating hydration.
Dilute Urine
167
Functional unit of the kidney filtering blood.
Nephron
168
Water channels facilitating water reabsorption.
Aquaporins
169
Concentration of solutes in body fluids.
Osmolality
170
State of retaining fluids and electrolytes.
Antidiuresis
171
Measure of solute concentration in blood.
Plasma Osmolarity
172
Substance that can inhibit ADH function.
Caffeine
173
Control of fluid intake based on osmolarity.
Thirst Regulation
174
Stomach fullness impacting thirst sensation.
Gastric Distension
175
Condition increasing thirst due to dehydration.
Dry Mouth
176
Medication affecting ADH release in kidneys.
Lithium
177
Compound that stimulates ADH secretion.
Morphine
178
Substance that can elevate ADH levels.
Nicotine
179
Reduction of body fluids through various means.
Fluid Loss
180
Condition prompting increased ADH to retain fluids.
Nausea
181
Factors that decrease secretion of ADH.
ADH Release Inhibitors
182
Factors that increase secretion of ADH.
ADH Release Stimulators
183
Condition impairing kidney function and potassium control.
Renal Failure
184
Amount of sodium consumed affecting osmolarity.
Sodium Intake
185
Rate at which substances are eliminated in urine.
Excretion Rate
186
Water purified by distillation, no electrolytes.
Distilled Water
187
Amount of liquid consumed by an individual.
Fluid Intake
188
Kidney's management of electrolytes in the body.
Electrolyte Handling
189
Rate at which urine is formed by kidneys.
Urine Production Rate
190
Typically 1 mL per minute under normal conditions.
Normal Urine Output
191
Decrease in urine solute concentration with excess water.
Urinary Osmolarity Drop
192
Maintenance of stable internal conditions.
Homeostasis
193
Body's ability to retain water when needed.
Fluid Conservation
194
Balanced intake without excess fluid or electrolytes.
Ideal Diet
195
Normal range around 600 mOsm/L under ideal conditions.
Urine Osmolarity Value
196
Speed at which urine accumulates in the bladder.
Bladder Filling Rate
197
Consumption of more water than the body requires.
Excess Fluid Intake
198
Role of kidneys in filtering blood and producing urine.
Kidney Function
199
System responsible for urine production and excretion.
Urinary System
200
Changing class times to accommodate student needs.
Class Schedule Adjustment
201
Planning tests to minimize student stress.
Exam Scheduling
202
Tracking student presence in class sessions.
Attendance Monitoring
203
Instructor's planned timetable for classes.
Teaching Schedule
204
Instructor's effort to accommodate student schedules.
Student Consideration
205
Classes scheduled towards the end of the day.
Late Afternoon Classes
206
Length of time for instructional sessions.
Lecture Duration
207
Ability to adjust class times based on needs.
Classroom Flexibility
