AP 20 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
Reabsorbs 65% of filtered water and electrolytes.
Proximal Tubule
Reabsorbs 20% of initial filtered water.
Thin Descending Limb
Reabsorbs 25% of electrolytes, impermeable to water.
Thick Ascending Limb
Regulates final water balance influenced by ADH.
Distal Tubule
Final site for water reabsorption and urea transport.
Collecting Duct
Increases water reabsorption via aquaporin channels.
ADH (Vasopressin)
Regulate electrolyte reabsorption and secretion.
Principal Cells
Facilitates calcium reabsorption in distal tubule.
Sodium-Calcium Exchanger
Increase calcium reabsorption, used for osteoporosis.
Thiazide Diuretics
Regulates sodium retention and potassium excretion.
Aldosterone
Aid in water reabsorption in collecting duct.
Urea Transporters
Influenced by ADH, regulates water reabsorption.
Blood Osmolarity
Increases until blood osmolarity balance is restored.
Urinary Flow Rate
Sense blood osmolarity changes, influencing ADH release.
Osmoreceptors
Kidney fails to respond to ADH.
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
ADH release issues from the brain.
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Secrete hydrogen ions for acid-base balance.
Type A Intercalated Cells
Reabsorb bicarbonate to balance acid-base levels.
Type B Intercalated Cells
Involved in proton secretion by Type A cells.
Hydrogen ATPase Pump
Drives sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Ideal value around 600 mOsmol/kg.
Urine Osmolarity
Maintained by aldosterone and sodium-potassium dynamics.
Electrolyte Balance
Regulated by aldosterone for potassium excretion.
Potassium Channels
Body adjusts urinary flow based on fluid intake.
Hydration Response
Facilitate secretion of compounds in proximal tubule.
Organic Compound Transporters
Aid calcium reabsorption in distal tubule.
Calcium ATPase Pumps
Move to cell wall for potassium excretion.
ROM K Channels
Increases with low blood volume and pressure.
ADH Regulation
Hormone that fine-tunes water reabsorption.
ADH
Involves sodium-calcium exchanger in distal tubule.
Calcium Reabsorption
Maintains low intracellular sodium for calcium exchange.
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
Calcium crystallizes, thiazides may prevent formation.
Kidney Stones
High in proximal tubule due to reabsorption work.
Metabolic Rate
Process of retaining water and electrolytes in kidneys.
Reabsorption
Drives sodium-calcium exchanger function in cells.
Electrochemical Gradient
Fluid-filled space within nephron for filtration.
Tubular Lumen
Fluid surrounding tubule cells for substance exchange.
Interstitial Fluid
Reabsorbs sodium and chloride in distal tubule.
Sodium Chloride Transporter
Care needed with supplements on thiazide diuretics.
Calcium Intake
Aldosterone increases sodium retention to raise pressure.
Blood Pressure Regulation
Thiazides help reabsorb calcium to strengthen bones.
Osteoporosis Treatment
Occurs mainly in proximal tubule and collecting duct.
Water Reabsorption
Final adjustments made in distal tubule and collecting duct.
Solute Retention
Blocking sodium reabsorption reduces water retention.
Diuretic Effect
Determine final electrolyte balance in nephron.
Principal Cell Function
Transports sodium out and potassium into cells.
Sodium Potassium Pump
Facilitate sodium entry into cells from interstitium.
Sodium Channels
Process of moving substances into the tubule.
Secretion
Outer medullary potassium channel for potassium secretion.
ROMK Channel
Big potassium channel, opens for high potassium excretion.
BK Channel
Epithelial sodium channel sensitive to aldosterone.
EMAC Channel
Binds aldosterone, enhances sodium channel activity.
Aldosterone Receptor
Drugs that reduce potassium secretion in urine.
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Aldosterone receptor antagonist, reduces sodium reabsorption.
Spironolactone
Medications that promote urine production.
Diuretics
Act on ascending loop of Henle to reduce sodium reabsorption.
Loop Diuretics
Increase water retention in tubules, reducing reabsorption.
Osmotic Diuretics
Process of potassium moving into the urine.
Potassium Secretion
Process of sodium being absorbed back into blood.
Sodium Reabsorption
Space between cells where sodium is pumped.
Interstitium
Part of nephron where secretion and reabsorption occur.
Tubule
Increases sodium channels and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone Effect
More channels increase ion transport rates.
Channel Density
ROMK channels sequestered when potassium is low.
Potassium Storage
BK channels open during high potassium demand.
Channel Opening
Essential for sodium potassium pump function.
Sodium Absorption
Movement through open channels, not pumps.
Potassium Flow
Channels respond to aldosterone levels in cells.
Aldosterone Sensitivity
Diuretic that leads to increased potassium excretion.
Potassium Wasting Diuretic
Diuretic acting on the loop of Henle.
Loop Diuretic
Diuretic that minimizes potassium loss.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretic
Outer layer of adrenal cortex producing aldosterone.
Zona Glomerulosa
Hormonal system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis
Peptide that stimulates aldosterone secretion.
Angiotensin II
Enzyme responsible for producing aldosterone.
Aldosterone Synthase
Glucocorticoid hormone managing stress and glucose levels.
Cortisol
Hormones influencing male traits and reproductive activity.
Androgens
Compounds derived from cholesterol, including hormones.
Cholesterol Derivatives
Cortisol can activate aldosterone receptors at high levels.
Cortisol Interaction
Condition of elevated blood pressure.
Hypertension
Hormone regulating electrolyte balance, e.g., aldosterone.
Mineralocorticoid
Hormone regulating glucose metabolism, e.g., cortisol.
Glucocorticoid
Enzyme degrading cortisol to prevent receptor activation.
11 Beta HSD
Hormones from the adrenal medulla, e.g., epinephrine.
Catecholamines
Hormone increasing heart rate and energy availability.
Epinephrine
Hormone involved in fight-or-flight response.
Norepinephrine
Inner part of adrenal glands producing catecholamines.
Adrenal Medulla
Outer part of adrenal glands producing steroid hormones.
Adrenal Cortex
Layer of adrenal cortex producing cortisol and androgens.
Zonula Fasciculata
Inner layer of adrenal cortex producing androgens.
Zonula Reticularis
Regulatory mechanism controlling hormone levels.
Hormonal Feedback
Amount of sodium reaching nephron’s principal cells.
Sodium Delivery
Treatment using diuretics to manage fluid balance.
Diuretic Therapy
Enzyme that dehydrogenates steroids, specifically cortisol.
11 beta HSD
Hormone that stimulates cortisol production from adrenal glands.
ACTH
Condition of low potassium levels in the blood.
Hypokalemia
Natural inhibitor of 11 beta HSD enzyme.
Licorice
Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.
Blood Pressure
Process of eliminating excess potassium via urine.
Potassium Excretion
Kidney cells involved in acid-base balance regulation.
Intercalated Cells
Pump that exchanges hydrogen ions for potassium ions.
Hydrogen-Potassium ATPase
Condition characterized by increased acidity in blood.
Acidosis
Condition characterized by increased alkalinity in blood.
Alkalosis
Substance derived from cholesterol, like steroid hormones.
Cholesterol Derivative
Process of conserving sodium in the body.
Sodium Retention
Narrowing of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.
Vasoconstriction
Class of steroid hormones affecting glucose metabolism.
Glucocorticoids
Structures preventing unwanted substances from entering cells.
Renal Barriers
Long-term contact with substances affecting health.
Chronic Exposure
Receptors that mediate effects of epinephrine in the body.
Epinephrine Receptors
Mechanism controlling potassium levels in the body.
Potassium Regulation
Fluid within the nephron where filtration occurs.
Tubular Fluid
Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.
Vasopressin
Receptors in kidneys for vasopressin action.
V2 Receptors
Enzyme activated by ADH to phosphorylate proteins.
Protein Kinase
Water channels allowing water entry into cells.
Aquaporin Channels
ADH-dependent water channel on tubular cell side.
Aquaporin 2
Water channel on interstitial side, not ADH-dependent.
Aquaporin 3
Condition caused by lithium affecting kidney response.
Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes
Kidney segment reabsorbing electrolytes without water.
Diluting Segment
Reduces ADH release and kidney response to it.
Alcohol’s Effect on ADH
Part of nephron where principal and intercalated cells are.
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Result of electrolyte reabsorption without water retention.
Urine Dilution
Regulated based on body’s hydration status.
Vasopressin Levels
Principal and intercalated cells respond to vasopressin.
Kidney Sensitivity to ADH
Process of kidneys retaining water from urine.
Fluid Reabsorption
Kidneys reclaiming ions from filtrate to blood.
Electrolyte Reabsorption
Structure in kidneys where filtration and reabsorption occur.
Renal Tubule
Volume of urine produced, can increase with ADH issues.
Urine Output
Can disrupt ADH release, leading to increased urine output.
Head Injury Effects
Concentration of solutes in blood affecting water balance.
Osmolarity
Total amount of blood in the circulatory system.
Blood Volume
Brain region regulating ADH production.
Hypothalamus
Primary ADH production site in the hypothalamus.
Supraoptic Nucleus
Secondary site producing ADH in the hypothalamus.
Paraventricular Nucleus
Gland releasing ADH into the bloodstream.
Posterior Pituitary
Another name for the posterior pituitary gland.
Neurohypophysis
Another name for the anterior pituitary gland.
Adenohypophysis
Sensors detecting blood pressure changes.
Baroreceptors
Dilute solution causing cell swelling.
Hypotonic Solution
Concentrated solution causing cell shrinking.
Hypertonic Solution
Alteration in cell size due to osmotic pressure.
Cell Volume Change
Equilibrium of water and solutes in the body.
Fluid Balance
Osmolarity, blood pressure, and blood volume changes.
ADH Release Triggers
Abundant blood vessels around the pituitary gland.
Rich Blood Supply
Maintaining balance of solutes and water.
Osmolarity Regulation
Regulates water reabsorption in kidneys.
ADH Functions
Hypothalamus adjusts body temperature to fight infection.
Infection Response
Collections of cell bodies in the central nervous system.
Nuclei
Ions like sodium and chloride affecting osmolarity.
Electrolytes
Generated in hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary.
ADH Production
Water shifts between compartments based on osmolarity.
Fluid Movement
Cells adjust volume based on surrounding osmolarity.
Cellular Osmoregulation
Electrical impulses for neuronal communication.
Action Potentials
Nephron segment permeable to water, concentrating solutes.
Descending Limb
Nephron segment reabsorbing salts, impermeable to water.
Ascending Limb
Concentration of solutes in urine.
Urinary Osmolarity
Waste product aiding in water reabsorption.
Urea
Concentrated urine due to high ADH levels.
Hyperosmotic Urine
Dilute urine with low ADH levels.
Hypoosmotic Urine
Space between renal tubules, concentrated by urea.
Renal Interstitium
Process of removing waste from blood in kidneys.
Filtration
Nephron areas that increase osmolarity of tubular fluid.
Concentrating Segment
Difference in osmolarity driving water movement.
Osmotic Gradient
Urine with high solute concentration, indicating dehydration.
Concentrated Urine
Urine with low solute concentration, indicating hydration.
Dilute Urine
Functional unit of the kidney filtering blood.
Nephron
Water channels facilitating water reabsorption.
Aquaporins
Concentration of solutes in body fluids.
Osmolality
State of retaining fluids and electrolytes.
Antidiuresis
Measure of solute concentration in blood.
Plasma Osmolarity
Substance that can inhibit ADH function.
Caffeine
Control of fluid intake based on osmolarity.
Thirst Regulation
Stomach fullness impacting thirst sensation.
Gastric Distension
Condition increasing thirst due to dehydration.
Dry Mouth
Medication affecting ADH release in kidneys.
Lithium
Compound that stimulates ADH secretion.
Morphine
Substance that can elevate ADH levels.
Nicotine
Reduction of body fluids through various means.
Fluid Loss
Condition prompting increased ADH to retain fluids.
Nausea
Factors that decrease secretion of ADH.
ADH Release Inhibitors
Factors that increase secretion of ADH.
ADH Release Stimulators
Condition impairing kidney function and potassium control.
Renal Failure
Amount of sodium consumed affecting osmolarity.
Sodium Intake
Rate at which substances are eliminated in urine.
Excretion Rate
Water purified by distillation, no electrolytes.
Distilled Water
Amount of liquid consumed by an individual.
Fluid Intake
Kidney’s management of electrolytes in the body.
Electrolyte Handling
Rate at which urine is formed by kidneys.
Urine Production Rate
Typically 1 mL per minute under normal conditions.
Normal Urine Output
Decrease in urine solute concentration with excess water.
Urinary Osmolarity Drop
Maintenance of stable internal conditions.
Homeostasis
Body’s ability to retain water when needed.
Fluid Conservation
Balanced intake without excess fluid or electrolytes.
Ideal Diet
Normal range around 600 mOsm/L under ideal conditions.
Urine Osmolarity Value
Speed at which urine accumulates in the bladder.
Bladder Filling Rate
Consumption of more water than the body requires.
Excess Fluid Intake
Role of kidneys in filtering blood and producing urine.
Kidney Function
System responsible for urine production and excretion.
Urinary System
Changing class times to accommodate student needs.
Class Schedule Adjustment
Planning tests to minimize student stress.
Exam Scheduling
Tracking student presence in class sessions.
Attendance Monitoring
Instructor’s planned timetable for classes.
Teaching Schedule
Instructor’s effort to accommodate student schedules.
Student Consideration
Classes scheduled towards the end of the day.
Late Afternoon Classes
Length of time for instructional sessions.
Lecture Duration
Ability to adjust class times based on needs.
Classroom Flexibility
