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A&P Fall 24' > AP 13 Nov Quizlet > Flashcards

AP 13 Nov Quizlet Flashcards

1
Q

Volume of plasma cleared of a substance per time.

A

Renal Clearance

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2
Q

Kidneys manage long-term blood pressure levels.

A

Blood Pressure Regulation

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3
Q

Kidneys regulate pH by managing bicarbonate levels.

A

Acid-Base Balance

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4
Q

Kidneys release erythropoietin to increase red blood cells.

A

Hematocrit Regulation

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5
Q

Kidneys manage sodium and calcium levels.

A

Electrolyte Balance

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6
Q

Kidneys produce bicarbonate to neutralize excess protons.

A

Bicarbonate Production

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7
Q

Hormone released by kidneys in response to low oxygen.

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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8
Q

Kidneys convert vitamin D for calcium management.

A

Vitamin D Activation

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9
Q

Kidneys reabsorb glucose unless levels are excessively high.

A

Blood Glucose Regulation

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10
Q

Normal GFR is approximately 125 mL/min.

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

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11
Q

Gold standard for accurately measuring GFR.

A

Inulin

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12
Q

Commonly used to estimate GFR but can overestimate.

A

Creatinine

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13
Q

Includes cortical and medullary nephrons.

A

Nephron Structure

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14
Q

Facilitate reabsorption and secretion in nephrons.

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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15
Q

First segment of nephron for reabsorption.

A

Proximal Tubule

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16
Q

Part of nephron involved in urine concentration.

A

Loop of Henle

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17
Q

Segment of nephron for further reabsorption.

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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18
Q

Final segment of nephron for urine concentration.

A

Collecting Ducts

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19
Q

Kidneys concentrate urine by reabsorbing water.

A

Urinary Concentration

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20
Q

Kidneys clear drugs activated or deactivated by liver.

A

Drug Clearance

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21
Q

Kidneys eliminate nitrogenous waste like urea.

A

Metabolic Waste Management

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22
Q

Rate of urine production measured in mL/min.

A

Urinary Flow Rate

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23
Q

Amount of substance secreted into urine.

A

Secretion Rate

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24
Q

Amount of substance reabsorbed back into blood.

A

Reabsorption Rate

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25
Q

Volume of plasma flowing through kidneys per time.

A

Renal Plasma Flow

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26
Q

Mineral deposits that can block urine flow.

A

Kidney Stones

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27
Q

Controls bladder and bowel emptying.

A

Pudendal Nerve

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28
Q

Surrounds urethra; can cause urinary issues.

A

Prostate Gland

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29
Q

Hormone released by kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.

A

EPO (Erythropoietin)

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30
Q

Condition of low oxygen levels in kidney tissue.

A

Hypoxic

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31
Q

Process of absorbing substances back into the bloodstream.

A

Reabsorption

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32
Q

Kidney’s management of sodium levels in the body.

A

Sodium Regulation

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33
Q

Kidney’s ability to reabsorb calcium from filtered fluid.

A

Calcium Reabsorption

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34
Q

Threshold beyond which glucose cannot be reabsorbed.

A

Transport Maximum

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35
Q

Presence of glucose in urine due to high blood sugar.

A

Glucosuria

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36
Q

Liver enzymes involved in drug metabolism.

A

Cytochrome P450

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37
Q

Toxic compounds like urea eliminated by kidneys.

A

Nitrogenous Waste

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38
Q

Kidney’s role in regulating blood osmolarity.

A

Osmolarity Management

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39
Q

Kidney’s selective absorption of water from filtrate.

A

Water Reabsorption

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40
Q

Brain sensors that regulate kidney water reabsorption.

A

Osmoreceptors

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41
Q

Rate at which blood is filtered by kidneys.

A

GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)

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42
Q

Kidney’s ability to maintain stable GFR levels.

A

Autoregulation of GFR

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43
Q

Major arteries supplying blood to the kidney.

A

Segmental Arteries

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44
Q

Arteries that branch from segmental arteries in kidneys.

A

Interlobar Arteries

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45
Q

Arteries that arch over the renal pyramids.

A

Arcuate Arteries

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46
Q

Small arteries branching from arcuate arteries.

A

Interlobular Arteries

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47
Q

Tissue space within the kidney surrounding nephrons.

A

Renal Interstitium

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48
Q

Physiological reaction to increase red blood cell count.

A

Colitis Response

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49
Q

Kidney’s function in maintaining homeostasis over time.

A

Long-term Regulator

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50
Q

Kidney’s process of reclaiming electrolytes from filtrate.

A

Electrolyte Reabsorption

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51
Q

Condition of elevated sodium levels in the blood.

A

Hypernatremia

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52
Q

Substances produced by metabolism, excreted by kidneys.

A

Metabolic Waste Products

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53
Q

Arterioles supplying blood to glomeruli.

A

Afferent Arterioles

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54
Q

Arterioles draining blood from glomeruli.

A

Efferent Arterioles

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55
Q

Veins formed from peritubular capillaries.

A

Interlobular Veins

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56
Q

Veins formed from interlobular veins.

A

Arcuate Veins

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57
Q

Veins formed from arcuate veins.

A

Interlobar Veins

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58
Q

Veins formed from interlobar veins.

A

Segmental Veins

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59
Q

Final veins draining blood from kidneys.

A

Renal Veins

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60
Q

Basic functional unit of the kidney.

A

Nephron

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61
Q

Nephrons located in the outer cortex.

A

Cortical Nephrons

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62
Q

Nephrons extending deep into the medulla.

A

Medullary Nephrons

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63
Q

Special capillaries in deep medullary nephrons.

A

Basorecta Capillaries

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64
Q

Capillaries forming the glomerulus.

A

Glomerular Capillaries

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65
Q

Network responsible for reabsorption and secretion.

A

Tubular System

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66
Q

Process of adding substances to urine.

A

Secretion

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67
Q

Speed of blood flow in capillaries.

A

Fluid Velocity

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68
Q

Capillaries moving deeper into the medulla.

A

Descending Capillaries

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69
Q

Capillaries returning towards the cortex.

A

Ascending Capillaries

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70
Q

Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons.

A

Nephron Count

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71
Q

Minimal loss until around age 40.

A

Nephron Loss

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72
Q

90-95% of nephrons are cortical.

A

Cortical Nephron Percentage

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73
Q

5-10% of nephrons are medullary.

A

Medullary Nephron Percentage

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74
Q

Interconnected capillaries facilitating blood flow.

A

Capillary Network

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75
Q

Difference in solute concentration across regions.

A

Concentration Gradient

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76
Q

Nephrons with limited blood supply, sensitive to hypotension.

A

Deep Medullary Nephrons

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77
Q

Insufficient blood flow causing tissue damage.

A

Ischemia

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78
Q

Descending vaso recta, a type of capillary.

A

DVR

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79
Q

Capillaries supplying blood to kidney’s inner regions.

A

Ascending Vaso Recta

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80
Q

Artery supplying blood to the kidneys.

A

Renal Artery

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81
Q

Tubes transporting urine from kidneys to bladder.

A

Ureters

82
Q

Organ storing urine until excretion.

A

Bladder

83
Q

Glands producing hormones affecting kidney function.

A

Adrenal Glands

84
Q

Area collecting urine before it enters ureters.

A

Renal Pelvis

85
Q

Structure collecting urine from renal papillae.

A

Major Calyx

86
Q

Tip of renal pyramids where urine exits.

A

Renal Papilla

87
Q

Kidney surface in contact with the stomach.

A

Gastric Surface

88
Q

Organ adjacent to the left kidney.

A

Pancreas

89
Q

Intestinal structure in contact with both kidneys.

A

Colon

90
Q

Rare cancer, often due to infiltration from others.

A

Kidney Cancer

91
Q

Low blood pressure affecting kidney perfusion.

A

Hypotension

92
Q

System for collecting and disposing of urine.

A

Urinary Collection System

93
Q

Kidneys located in upper abdominal quadrants.

A

Renal Quadrants

94
Q

Primarily involved in filtration and reabsorption.

A

Cortical Nephron Function

95
Q

Space between kidney structures, important for function.

A

Renal Interstitial

96
Q

Muscle allowing kidney mobility during breathing.

A

Diaphragm Position

97
Q

Blood flow ensuring nutrient delivery to tissues.

A

Fluid Perfusion

98
Q

Complex arrangement of nephrons and blood vessels.

A

Kidney Structure

99
Q

Process involving filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

A

Urine Formation

100
Q

Blood flow critical for kidney function and health.

A

Renal Blood Supply

101
Q

Increased pressure upstream causes kidney pain.

A

Ureter Blockage

102
Q

Kidney issues can manifest as lower back pain.

A

Referred Pain

103
Q

Increased size obstructs urethra, complicating bladder emptying.

A

Prostate Enlargement

104
Q

Controls fight or flight responses, affects bladder control.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

105
Q

Promotes rest and digest functions, aids bladder emptying.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

106
Q

Essential for bladder and bowel control.

A

Spinal Nerves S2-S4

107
Q

Removal may damage pudendal nerve, causing complications.

A

Prostate Surgery Risks

108
Q

Pudendal nerve also responsible for male erectile function.

A

Erections

109
Q

Initial site of fluid filtration in nephron.

A

Bowman’s Capsule

110
Q

Curvy part of proximal tubule for reabsorption.

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

111
Q

Straight segment following PCT in nephron.

A

Proximal Straight Tubule (PST)

112
Q

Part of Loop of Henle, permeable to water.

A

Thin Descending Limb

113
Q

Part of Loop of Henle, impermeable to water.

A

Thin Ascending Limb

114
Q

Active transport of ions, part of Loop of Henle.

A

Thick Ascending Limb

115
Q

Monitors filtration rate in the kidney.

A

Macula Densa

116
Q

Final urine concentration site before excretion.

A

Collecting Duct

117
Q

Maintains stable GFR despite blood pressure changes.

A

Auto Regulation System

118
Q

Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

A

Urinary Tract Anatomy

119
Q

Filters blood, regulates fluids, and electrolytes.

A

Kidney Function

120
Q

Superficial part of the collecting duct.

A

Cortical Collecting Duct

121
Q

Deeper section of the collecting duct.

A

Medullary Collecting Duct

122
Q

Duct where collecting ducts empty into ureters.

A

Papillary Duct

123
Q

More superficial than the inner medullary duct.

A

Outer Medullary Collecting Duct

124
Q

Deepest part of the medullary collecting duct.

A

Inner Medullary Collecting Duct

125
Q

Blood vessels associated with medullary nephrons.

A

Vasa Recta

126
Q

Arteriole supplying blood to glomerulus.

A

Afferent Arteriole

127
Q

Arteriole draining blood from glomerulus.

A

Efferent Arteriole

128
Q

Hormone released when nephron flow is low.

A

Renin

129
Q

Hormone that constricts efferent arterioles.

A

Angiotensin II

130
Q

Structure regulating blood flow in kidneys.

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

131
Q

Calculates renal clearance in mL/min.

A

Clearance Formula

132
Q

Indicates low reabsorption of a substance.

A

High Renal Clearance

133
Q

Indicates high reabsorption of a substance.

A

Low Renal Clearance

134
Q

Typically about 1 mL/min after filtration.

A

Normal Urine Output

135
Q

Fluid filtered and mostly reabsorbed by nephrons.

A

Filtration Process

136
Q

Antioxidant studied for its effects on cancer.

A

Vitamin C and Cancer

137
Q

Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants.

A

Oxidative Stress

138
Q

Unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage.

A

Free Radicals

139
Q

Substances that reduce oxidative stress effects.

A

Antioxidants

140
Q

Chemist known for advocating vitamin C use.

A

Linus Pauling

141
Q

Normal urine output is 1 ml per minute.

A

Urine Output

142
Q

Uppercase V with a dot indicates volume per time.

A

Volume Symbol

143
Q

Uppercase U with a dot indicates urine volume per time.

A

Urine Volume Symbol

144
Q

Glucose is freely filtered and fully reabsorbed.

A

Glucose Filtration

145
Q

Clearance of glucose is zero when fully reabsorbed.

A

Glucose Clearance

146
Q

A hypothetical substance not reabsorbed in the nephron.

A

Compound X

147
Q

Concentration of X increases as fluid is reabsorbed.

A

Concentration Increase

148
Q

Filtered fluid composition resembles plasma initially.

A

Fluid Filtration

149
Q

Transport systems in proximal tubule reabsorb substances.

A

Reabsorption Mechanism

150
Q

Initial concentration of substances matches plasma levels.

A

Plasma Concentration

151
Q

Final urine contains concentrated waste products.

A

Urine Composition

152
Q

Reabsorption reduces fluid volume from 125 mls to 1 ml.

A

Fluid Volume Reduction

153
Q

Easily filterable compounds are small and uncharged.

A

Small Filterable Compounds

154
Q

Efficiency varies; glucose is highly reabsorbed.

A

Reabsorption Efficiency

155
Q

High levels can limit glucose reabsorption.

A

Blood Glucose Levels

156
Q

Nephrons filter blood and regulate urine composition.

A

Nephron Function

157
Q

Reabsorption creates concentration gradients in nephron.

A

Fluid Dynamics

158
Q

Glomerular capillaries filter based on size and charge.

A

Filtration Barrier

159
Q

Fluid within nephron that undergoes filtration and reabsorption.

A

Tubular Fluid

160
Q

Final urine excretion contains unabsorbed substances.

A

Excretion Process

161
Q

Composition changes as fluid moves through nephron.

A

Fluid Composition Change

162
Q

Volume of plasma cleared per minute.

A

Clearance Rate

163
Q

Amount of substance eliminated per minute.

A

Excretion Rate

164
Q

Process of separating substances from plasma.

A

Filtration

165
Q

Decrease in concentration due to added fluid.

A

Dilution

166
Q

Vessel carrying blood away from kidney.

A

Effluent Arteriole

167
Q

Small blood vessels in the peritoneum.

A

Peritoneal Capillaries

168
Q

Unit of concentration for substances in blood.

A

Milligram per Deciliter

169
Q

Unit of volume, 1 mL = 1 cc.

A

Milliliters

170
Q

Substance that passes through filtration barrier.

A

Freely Filterable

171
Q

Inverse of a fraction used in calculations.

A

Reciprocal

172
Q

Concentration of compound X in urine.

A

1.25 mg/mL

173
Q

Volume of plasma filtered in example.

A

1.25 mL

174
Q

Excretion rate of compound X in example.

A

1.25 mg/min

175
Q

Total volume of plasma filtered by kidneys.

A

Plasma Volume

176
Q

Alteration in substance levels during filtration.

A

Concentration Change

177
Q

Process of reclaiming water from urine.

A

Fluid Reabsorption

178
Q

Equivalent to 1 deciliter in volume.

A

100 cc

179
Q

Rate of substance removal from the body.

A

Milligrams per Minute

180
Q

Collected urine for analysis of substances.

A

Urinary Sample

181
Q

Glomerular filtration rate; kidney function measure.

A

GFR

182
Q

Estimates GFR; affected by kidney secretion.

A

Creatinine Clearance

183
Q

Substance not produced by the body.

A

Exogenous Compound

184
Q

Para-aminohippuric acid; used to estimate renal plasma flow.

A

PAH

185
Q

Ratio of blood volume occupied by red cells.

A

Hematocrit

186
Q

Total blood flow through the kidneys.

A

Renal Blood Flow

187
Q

Amount of substance filtered by the kidneys.

A

Filtered Load

188
Q

Clearance = (Urinary concentration x Urinary flow rate) / Plasma concentration.

A

Clearance Equation

189
Q

Factors affecting accuracy of GFR estimates.

A

Variability in GFR Measurement

190
Q

Influences creatinine production and GFR estimation.

A

Skeletal Muscle Mass

191
Q

Method to deliver inulin for GFR measurement.

A

IV Administration

192
Q

Excretion = Filtration + Secretion - Reabsorption.

A

Excretion Formula

193
Q

Accounts for incomplete PAH clearance by kidneys.

A

Adjustment for PAH

194
Q

Substance extensively secreted, affecting clearance rates.

A

High Secretion Compound

195
Q

Duration for which urine is collected.

A

Urine Collection Time

196
Q

Example of a substance with high renal clearance.

A

Compound Y

197
Q

Rate at which a compound is removed from plasma.

A

Compound Clearance

198
Q

Vessel carrying blood away from the kidneys.

A

Renal Vein

199
Q

Process of moving substances from blood to urine.

A

Kidney Secretion Mechanism

200
Q

Differences in results due to various influencing factors.

A

Measurement Variability

A&P Fall 24' (27 decks)

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