AP 13 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
Volume of plasma cleared of a substance per time.
Renal Clearance
Kidneys manage long-term blood pressure levels.
Blood Pressure Regulation
Kidneys regulate pH by managing bicarbonate levels.
Acid-Base Balance
Kidneys release erythropoietin to increase red blood cells.
Hematocrit Regulation
Kidneys manage sodium and calcium levels.
Electrolyte Balance
Kidneys produce bicarbonate to neutralize excess protons.
Bicarbonate Production
Hormone released by kidneys in response to low oxygen.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Kidneys convert vitamin D for calcium management.
Vitamin D Activation
Kidneys reabsorb glucose unless levels are excessively high.
Blood Glucose Regulation
Normal GFR is approximately 125 mL/min.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Gold standard for accurately measuring GFR.
Inulin
Commonly used to estimate GFR but can overestimate.
Creatinine
Includes cortical and medullary nephrons.
Nephron Structure
Facilitate reabsorption and secretion in nephrons.
Peritubular Capillaries
First segment of nephron for reabsorption.
Proximal Tubule
Part of nephron involved in urine concentration.
Loop of Henle
Segment of nephron for further reabsorption.
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Final segment of nephron for urine concentration.
Collecting Ducts
Kidneys concentrate urine by reabsorbing water.
Urinary Concentration
Kidneys clear drugs activated or deactivated by liver.
Drug Clearance
Kidneys eliminate nitrogenous waste like urea.
Metabolic Waste Management
Rate of urine production measured in mL/min.
Urinary Flow Rate
Amount of substance secreted into urine.
Secretion Rate
Amount of substance reabsorbed back into blood.
Reabsorption Rate
Volume of plasma flowing through kidneys per time.
Renal Plasma Flow
Mineral deposits that can block urine flow.
Kidney Stones
Controls bladder and bowel emptying.
Pudendal Nerve
Surrounds urethra; can cause urinary issues.
Prostate Gland
Hormone released by kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.
EPO (Erythropoietin)
Condition of low oxygen levels in kidney tissue.
Hypoxic
Process of absorbing substances back into the bloodstream.
Reabsorption
Kidney’s management of sodium levels in the body.
Sodium Regulation
Kidney’s ability to reabsorb calcium from filtered fluid.
Calcium Reabsorption
Threshold beyond which glucose cannot be reabsorbed.
Transport Maximum
Presence of glucose in urine due to high blood sugar.
Glucosuria
Liver enzymes involved in drug metabolism.
Cytochrome P450
Toxic compounds like urea eliminated by kidneys.
Nitrogenous Waste
Kidney’s role in regulating blood osmolarity.
Osmolarity Management
Kidney’s selective absorption of water from filtrate.
Water Reabsorption
Brain sensors that regulate kidney water reabsorption.
Osmoreceptors
Rate at which blood is filtered by kidneys.
GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)
Kidney’s ability to maintain stable GFR levels.
Autoregulation of GFR
Major arteries supplying blood to the kidney.
Segmental Arteries
Arteries that branch from segmental arteries in kidneys.
Interlobar Arteries
Arteries that arch over the renal pyramids.
Arcuate Arteries
Small arteries branching from arcuate arteries.
Interlobular Arteries
Tissue space within the kidney surrounding nephrons.
Renal Interstitium
Physiological reaction to increase red blood cell count.
Colitis Response
Kidney’s function in maintaining homeostasis over time.
Long-term Regulator
Kidney’s process of reclaiming electrolytes from filtrate.
Electrolyte Reabsorption
Condition of elevated sodium levels in the blood.
Hypernatremia
Substances produced by metabolism, excreted by kidneys.
Metabolic Waste Products
Arterioles supplying blood to glomeruli.
Afferent Arterioles
Arterioles draining blood from glomeruli.
Efferent Arterioles
Veins formed from peritubular capillaries.
Interlobular Veins
Veins formed from interlobular veins.
Arcuate Veins
Veins formed from arcuate veins.
Interlobar Veins
Veins formed from interlobar veins.
Segmental Veins
Final veins draining blood from kidneys.
Renal Veins
Basic functional unit of the kidney.
Nephron
Nephrons located in the outer cortex.
Cortical Nephrons
Nephrons extending deep into the medulla.
Medullary Nephrons
Special capillaries in deep medullary nephrons.
Basorecta Capillaries
Capillaries forming the glomerulus.
Glomerular Capillaries
Network responsible for reabsorption and secretion.
Tubular System
Process of adding substances to urine.
Secretion
Speed of blood flow in capillaries.
Fluid Velocity
Capillaries moving deeper into the medulla.
Descending Capillaries
Capillaries returning towards the cortex.
Ascending Capillaries
Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons.
Nephron Count
Minimal loss until around age 40.
Nephron Loss
90-95% of nephrons are cortical.
Cortical Nephron Percentage
5-10% of nephrons are medullary.
Medullary Nephron Percentage
Interconnected capillaries facilitating blood flow.
Capillary Network
Difference in solute concentration across regions.
Concentration Gradient
Nephrons with limited blood supply, sensitive to hypotension.
Deep Medullary Nephrons
Insufficient blood flow causing tissue damage.
Ischemia
Descending vaso recta, a type of capillary.
DVR
Capillaries supplying blood to kidney’s inner regions.
Ascending Vaso Recta
Artery supplying blood to the kidneys.
Renal Artery
Tubes transporting urine from kidneys to bladder.
Ureters
Organ storing urine until excretion.
Bladder
Glands producing hormones affecting kidney function.
Adrenal Glands
Area collecting urine before it enters ureters.
Renal Pelvis
Structure collecting urine from renal papillae.
Major Calyx
Tip of renal pyramids where urine exits.
Renal Papilla
Kidney surface in contact with the stomach.
Gastric Surface
Organ adjacent to the left kidney.
Pancreas
Intestinal structure in contact with both kidneys.
Colon
Rare cancer, often due to infiltration from others.
Kidney Cancer
Low blood pressure affecting kidney perfusion.
Hypotension
System for collecting and disposing of urine.
Urinary Collection System
Kidneys located in upper abdominal quadrants.
Renal Quadrants
Primarily involved in filtration and reabsorption.
Cortical Nephron Function
Space between kidney structures, important for function.
Renal Interstitial
Muscle allowing kidney mobility during breathing.
Diaphragm Position
Blood flow ensuring nutrient delivery to tissues.
Fluid Perfusion
Complex arrangement of nephrons and blood vessels.
Kidney Structure
Process involving filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Urine Formation
Blood flow critical for kidney function and health.
Renal Blood Supply
Increased pressure upstream causes kidney pain.
Ureter Blockage
Kidney issues can manifest as lower back pain.
Referred Pain
Increased size obstructs urethra, complicating bladder emptying.
Prostate Enlargement
Controls fight or flight responses, affects bladder control.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Promotes rest and digest functions, aids bladder emptying.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Essential for bladder and bowel control.
Spinal Nerves S2-S4
Removal may damage pudendal nerve, causing complications.
Prostate Surgery Risks
Pudendal nerve also responsible for male erectile function.
Erections
Initial site of fluid filtration in nephron.
Bowman’s Capsule
Curvy part of proximal tubule for reabsorption.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Straight segment following PCT in nephron.
Proximal Straight Tubule (PST)
Part of Loop of Henle, permeable to water.
Thin Descending Limb
Part of Loop of Henle, impermeable to water.
Thin Ascending Limb
Active transport of ions, part of Loop of Henle.
Thick Ascending Limb
Monitors filtration rate in the kidney.
Macula Densa
Final urine concentration site before excretion.
Collecting Duct
Maintains stable GFR despite blood pressure changes.
Auto Regulation System
Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Urinary Tract Anatomy
Filters blood, regulates fluids, and electrolytes.
Kidney Function
Superficial part of the collecting duct.
Cortical Collecting Duct
Deeper section of the collecting duct.
Medullary Collecting Duct
Duct where collecting ducts empty into ureters.
Papillary Duct
More superficial than the inner medullary duct.
Outer Medullary Collecting Duct
Deepest part of the medullary collecting duct.
Inner Medullary Collecting Duct
Blood vessels associated with medullary nephrons.
Vasa Recta
Arteriole supplying blood to glomerulus.
Afferent Arteriole
Arteriole draining blood from glomerulus.
Efferent Arteriole
Hormone released when nephron flow is low.
Renin
Hormone that constricts efferent arterioles.
Angiotensin II
Structure regulating blood flow in kidneys.
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Calculates renal clearance in mL/min.
Clearance Formula
Indicates low reabsorption of a substance.
High Renal Clearance
Indicates high reabsorption of a substance.
Low Renal Clearance
Typically about 1 mL/min after filtration.
Normal Urine Output
Fluid filtered and mostly reabsorbed by nephrons.
Filtration Process
Antioxidant studied for its effects on cancer.
Vitamin C and Cancer
Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants.
Oxidative Stress
Unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage.
Free Radicals
Substances that reduce oxidative stress effects.
Antioxidants
Chemist known for advocating vitamin C use.
Linus Pauling
Normal urine output is 1 ml per minute.
Urine Output
Uppercase V with a dot indicates volume per time.
Volume Symbol
Uppercase U with a dot indicates urine volume per time.
Urine Volume Symbol
Glucose is freely filtered and fully reabsorbed.
Glucose Filtration
Clearance of glucose is zero when fully reabsorbed.
Glucose Clearance
A hypothetical substance not reabsorbed in the nephron.
Compound X
Concentration of X increases as fluid is reabsorbed.
Concentration Increase
Filtered fluid composition resembles plasma initially.
Fluid Filtration
Transport systems in proximal tubule reabsorb substances.
Reabsorption Mechanism
Initial concentration of substances matches plasma levels.
Plasma Concentration
Final urine contains concentrated waste products.
Urine Composition
Reabsorption reduces fluid volume from 125 mls to 1 ml.
Fluid Volume Reduction
Easily filterable compounds are small and uncharged.
Small Filterable Compounds
Efficiency varies; glucose is highly reabsorbed.
Reabsorption Efficiency
High levels can limit glucose reabsorption.
Blood Glucose Levels
Nephrons filter blood and regulate urine composition.
Nephron Function
Reabsorption creates concentration gradients in nephron.
Fluid Dynamics
Glomerular capillaries filter based on size and charge.
Filtration Barrier
Fluid within nephron that undergoes filtration and reabsorption.
Tubular Fluid
Final urine excretion contains unabsorbed substances.
Excretion Process
Composition changes as fluid moves through nephron.
Fluid Composition Change
Volume of plasma cleared per minute.
Clearance Rate
Amount of substance eliminated per minute.
Excretion Rate
Process of separating substances from plasma.
Filtration
Decrease in concentration due to added fluid.
Dilution
Vessel carrying blood away from kidney.
Effluent Arteriole
Small blood vessels in the peritoneum.
Peritoneal Capillaries
Unit of concentration for substances in blood.
Milligram per Deciliter
Unit of volume, 1 mL = 1 cc.
Milliliters
Substance that passes through filtration barrier.
Freely Filterable
Inverse of a fraction used in calculations.
Reciprocal
Concentration of compound X in urine.
1.25 mg/mL
Volume of plasma filtered in example.
1.25 mL
Excretion rate of compound X in example.
1.25 mg/min
Total volume of plasma filtered by kidneys.
Plasma Volume
Alteration in substance levels during filtration.
Concentration Change
Process of reclaiming water from urine.
Fluid Reabsorption
Equivalent to 1 deciliter in volume.
100 cc
Rate of substance removal from the body.
Milligrams per Minute
Collected urine for analysis of substances.
Urinary Sample
Glomerular filtration rate; kidney function measure.
GFR
Estimates GFR; affected by kidney secretion.
Creatinine Clearance
Substance not produced by the body.
Exogenous Compound
Para-aminohippuric acid; used to estimate renal plasma flow.
PAH
Ratio of blood volume occupied by red cells.
Hematocrit
Total blood flow through the kidneys.
Renal Blood Flow
Amount of substance filtered by the kidneys.
Filtered Load
Clearance = (Urinary concentration x Urinary flow rate) / Plasma concentration.
Clearance Equation
Factors affecting accuracy of GFR estimates.
Variability in GFR Measurement
Influences creatinine production and GFR estimation.
Skeletal Muscle Mass
Method to deliver inulin for GFR measurement.
IV Administration
Excretion = Filtration + Secretion - Reabsorption.
Excretion Formula
Accounts for incomplete PAH clearance by kidneys.
Adjustment for PAH
Substance extensively secreted, affecting clearance rates.
High Secretion Compound
Duration for which urine is collected.
Urine Collection Time
Example of a substance with high renal clearance.
Compound Y
Rate at which a compound is removed from plasma.
Compound Clearance
Vessel carrying blood away from the kidneys.
Renal Vein
Process of moving substances from blood to urine.
Kidney Secretion Mechanism
Differences in results due to various influencing factors.
Measurement Variability
