AP 13 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
1
Q
Volume of plasma cleared of a substance per time.
A
Renal Clearance
2
Q
Kidneys manage long-term blood pressure levels.
A
Blood Pressure Regulation
3
Q
Kidneys regulate pH by managing bicarbonate levels.
A
Acid-Base Balance
4
Q
Kidneys release erythropoietin to increase red blood cells.
A
Hematocrit Regulation
5
Q
Kidneys manage sodium and calcium levels.
A
Electrolyte Balance
6
Q
Kidneys produce bicarbonate to neutralize excess protons.
A
Bicarbonate Production
7
Q
Hormone released by kidneys in response to low oxygen.
A
Erythropoietin (EPO)
8
Q
Kidneys convert vitamin D for calcium management.
A
Vitamin D Activation
9
Q
Kidneys reabsorb glucose unless levels are excessively high.
A
Blood Glucose Regulation
10
Q
Normal GFR is approximately 125 mL/min.
A
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
11
Q
Gold standard for accurately measuring GFR.
A
Inulin
12
Q
Commonly used to estimate GFR but can overestimate.
A
Creatinine
13
Q
Includes cortical and medullary nephrons.
A
Nephron Structure
14
Q
Facilitate reabsorption and secretion in nephrons.
A
Peritubular Capillaries
15
Q
First segment of nephron for reabsorption.
A
Proximal Tubule
16
Q
Part of nephron involved in urine concentration.
A
Loop of Henle
17
Q
Segment of nephron for further reabsorption.
A
Distal Convoluted Tubule
18
Q
Final segment of nephron for urine concentration.
A
Collecting Ducts
19
Q
Kidneys concentrate urine by reabsorbing water.
A
Urinary Concentration
20
Q
Kidneys clear drugs activated or deactivated by liver.
A
Drug Clearance
21
Q
Kidneys eliminate nitrogenous waste like urea.
A
Metabolic Waste Management
22
Q
Rate of urine production measured in mL/min.
A
Urinary Flow Rate
23
Q
Amount of substance secreted into urine.
A
Secretion Rate
24
Q
Amount of substance reabsorbed back into blood.
A
Reabsorption Rate
25
Volume of plasma flowing through kidneys per time.
Renal Plasma Flow
26
Mineral deposits that can block urine flow.
Kidney Stones
27
Controls bladder and bowel emptying.
Pudendal Nerve
28
Surrounds urethra; can cause urinary issues.
Prostate Gland
29
Hormone released by kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.
EPO (Erythropoietin)
30
Condition of low oxygen levels in kidney tissue.
Hypoxic
31
Process of absorbing substances back into the bloodstream.
Reabsorption
32
Kidney's management of sodium levels in the body.
Sodium Regulation
33
Kidney's ability to reabsorb calcium from filtered fluid.
Calcium Reabsorption
34
Threshold beyond which glucose cannot be reabsorbed.
Transport Maximum
35
Presence of glucose in urine due to high blood sugar.
Glucosuria
36
Liver enzymes involved in drug metabolism.
Cytochrome P450
37
Toxic compounds like urea eliminated by kidneys.
Nitrogenous Waste
38
Kidney's role in regulating blood osmolarity.
Osmolarity Management
39
Kidney's selective absorption of water from filtrate.
Water Reabsorption
40
Brain sensors that regulate kidney water reabsorption.
Osmoreceptors
41
Rate at which blood is filtered by kidneys.
GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)
42
Kidney's ability to maintain stable GFR levels.
Autoregulation of GFR
43
Major arteries supplying blood to the kidney.
Segmental Arteries
44
Arteries that branch from segmental arteries in kidneys.
Interlobar Arteries
45
Arteries that arch over the renal pyramids.
Arcuate Arteries
46
Small arteries branching from arcuate arteries.
Interlobular Arteries
47
Tissue space within the kidney surrounding nephrons.
Renal Interstitium
48
Physiological reaction to increase red blood cell count.
Colitis Response
49
Kidney's function in maintaining homeostasis over time.
Long-term Regulator
50
Kidney's process of reclaiming electrolytes from filtrate.
Electrolyte Reabsorption
51
Condition of elevated sodium levels in the blood.
Hypernatremia
52
Substances produced by metabolism, excreted by kidneys.
Metabolic Waste Products
53
Arterioles supplying blood to glomeruli.
Afferent Arterioles
54
Arterioles draining blood from glomeruli.
Efferent Arterioles
55
Veins formed from peritubular capillaries.
Interlobular Veins
56
Veins formed from interlobular veins.
Arcuate Veins
57
Veins formed from arcuate veins.
Interlobar Veins
58
Veins formed from interlobar veins.
Segmental Veins
59
Final veins draining blood from kidneys.
Renal Veins
60
Basic functional unit of the kidney.
Nephron
61
Nephrons located in the outer cortex.
Cortical Nephrons
62
Nephrons extending deep into the medulla.
Medullary Nephrons
63
Special capillaries in deep medullary nephrons.
Basorecta Capillaries
64
Capillaries forming the glomerulus.
Glomerular Capillaries
65
Network responsible for reabsorption and secretion.
Tubular System
66
Process of adding substances to urine.
Secretion
67
Speed of blood flow in capillaries.
Fluid Velocity
68
Capillaries moving deeper into the medulla.
Descending Capillaries
69
Capillaries returning towards the cortex.
Ascending Capillaries
70
Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons.
Nephron Count
71
Minimal loss until around age 40.
Nephron Loss
72
90-95% of nephrons are cortical.
Cortical Nephron Percentage
73
5-10% of nephrons are medullary.
Medullary Nephron Percentage
74
Interconnected capillaries facilitating blood flow.
Capillary Network
75
Difference in solute concentration across regions.
Concentration Gradient
76
Nephrons with limited blood supply, sensitive to hypotension.
Deep Medullary Nephrons
77
Insufficient blood flow causing tissue damage.
Ischemia
78
Descending vaso recta, a type of capillary.
DVR
79
Capillaries supplying blood to kidney's inner regions.
Ascending Vaso Recta
80
Artery supplying blood to the kidneys.
Renal Artery
81
Tubes transporting urine from kidneys to bladder.
Ureters
82
Organ storing urine until excretion.
Bladder
83
Glands producing hormones affecting kidney function.
Adrenal Glands
84
Area collecting urine before it enters ureters.
Renal Pelvis
85
Structure collecting urine from renal papillae.
Major Calyx
86
Tip of renal pyramids where urine exits.
Renal Papilla
87
Kidney surface in contact with the stomach.
Gastric Surface
88
Organ adjacent to the left kidney.
Pancreas
89
Intestinal structure in contact with both kidneys.
Colon
90
Rare cancer, often due to infiltration from others.
Kidney Cancer
91
Low blood pressure affecting kidney perfusion.
Hypotension
92
System for collecting and disposing of urine.
Urinary Collection System
93
Kidneys located in upper abdominal quadrants.
Renal Quadrants
94
Primarily involved in filtration and reabsorption.
Cortical Nephron Function
95
Space between kidney structures, important for function.
Renal Interstitial
96
Muscle allowing kidney mobility during breathing.
Diaphragm Position
97
Blood flow ensuring nutrient delivery to tissues.
Fluid Perfusion
98
Complex arrangement of nephrons and blood vessels.
Kidney Structure
99
Process involving filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Urine Formation
100
Blood flow critical for kidney function and health.
Renal Blood Supply
101
Increased pressure upstream causes kidney pain.
Ureter Blockage
102
Kidney issues can manifest as lower back pain.
Referred Pain
103
Increased size obstructs urethra, complicating bladder emptying.
Prostate Enlargement
104
Controls fight or flight responses, affects bladder control.
Sympathetic Nervous System
105
Promotes rest and digest functions, aids bladder emptying.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
106
Essential for bladder and bowel control.
Spinal Nerves S2-S4
107
Removal may damage pudendal nerve, causing complications.
Prostate Surgery Risks
108
Pudendal nerve also responsible for male erectile function.
Erections
109
Initial site of fluid filtration in nephron.
Bowman's Capsule
110
Curvy part of proximal tubule for reabsorption.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
111
Straight segment following PCT in nephron.
Proximal Straight Tubule (PST)
112
Part of Loop of Henle, permeable to water.
Thin Descending Limb
113
Part of Loop of Henle, impermeable to water.
Thin Ascending Limb
114
Active transport of ions, part of Loop of Henle.
Thick Ascending Limb
115
Monitors filtration rate in the kidney.
Macula Densa
116
Final urine concentration site before excretion.
Collecting Duct
117
Maintains stable GFR despite blood pressure changes.
Auto Regulation System
118
Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Urinary Tract Anatomy
119
Filters blood, regulates fluids, and electrolytes.
Kidney Function
120
Superficial part of the collecting duct.
Cortical Collecting Duct
121
Deeper section of the collecting duct.
Medullary Collecting Duct
122
Duct where collecting ducts empty into ureters.
Papillary Duct
123
More superficial than the inner medullary duct.
Outer Medullary Collecting Duct
124
Deepest part of the medullary collecting duct.
Inner Medullary Collecting Duct
125
Blood vessels associated with medullary nephrons.
Vasa Recta
126
Arteriole supplying blood to glomerulus.
Afferent Arteriole
127
Arteriole draining blood from glomerulus.
Efferent Arteriole
128
Hormone released when nephron flow is low.
Renin
129
Hormone that constricts efferent arterioles.
Angiotensin II
130
Structure regulating blood flow in kidneys.
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
131
Calculates renal clearance in mL/min.
Clearance Formula
132
Indicates low reabsorption of a substance.
High Renal Clearance
133
Indicates high reabsorption of a substance.
Low Renal Clearance
134
Typically about 1 mL/min after filtration.
Normal Urine Output
135
Fluid filtered and mostly reabsorbed by nephrons.
Filtration Process
136
Antioxidant studied for its effects on cancer.
Vitamin C and Cancer
137
Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants.
Oxidative Stress
138
Unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage.
Free Radicals
139
Substances that reduce oxidative stress effects.
Antioxidants
140
Chemist known for advocating vitamin C use.
Linus Pauling
141
Normal urine output is 1 ml per minute.
Urine Output
142
Uppercase V with a dot indicates volume per time.
Volume Symbol
143
Uppercase U with a dot indicates urine volume per time.
Urine Volume Symbol
144
Glucose is freely filtered and fully reabsorbed.
Glucose Filtration
145
Clearance of glucose is zero when fully reabsorbed.
Glucose Clearance
146
A hypothetical substance not reabsorbed in the nephron.
Compound X
147
Concentration of X increases as fluid is reabsorbed.
Concentration Increase
148
Filtered fluid composition resembles plasma initially.
Fluid Filtration
149
Transport systems in proximal tubule reabsorb substances.
Reabsorption Mechanism
150
Initial concentration of substances matches plasma levels.
Plasma Concentration
151
Final urine contains concentrated waste products.
Urine Composition
152
Reabsorption reduces fluid volume from 125 mls to 1 ml.
Fluid Volume Reduction
153
Easily filterable compounds are small and uncharged.
Small Filterable Compounds
154
Efficiency varies; glucose is highly reabsorbed.
Reabsorption Efficiency
155
High levels can limit glucose reabsorption.
Blood Glucose Levels
156
Nephrons filter blood and regulate urine composition.
Nephron Function
157
Reabsorption creates concentration gradients in nephron.
Fluid Dynamics
158
Glomerular capillaries filter based on size and charge.
Filtration Barrier
159
Fluid within nephron that undergoes filtration and reabsorption.
Tubular Fluid
160
Final urine excretion contains unabsorbed substances.
Excretion Process
161
Composition changes as fluid moves through nephron.
Fluid Composition Change
162
Volume of plasma cleared per minute.
Clearance Rate
163
Amount of substance eliminated per minute.
Excretion Rate
164
Process of separating substances from plasma.
Filtration
165
Decrease in concentration due to added fluid.
Dilution
166
Vessel carrying blood away from kidney.
Effluent Arteriole
167
Small blood vessels in the peritoneum.
Peritoneal Capillaries
168
Unit of concentration for substances in blood.
Milligram per Deciliter
169
Unit of volume, 1 mL = 1 cc.
Milliliters
170
Substance that passes through filtration barrier.
Freely Filterable
171
Inverse of a fraction used in calculations.
Reciprocal
172
Concentration of compound X in urine.
1.25 mg/mL
173
Volume of plasma filtered in example.
1.25 mL
174
Excretion rate of compound X in example.
1.25 mg/min
175
Total volume of plasma filtered by kidneys.
Plasma Volume
176
Alteration in substance levels during filtration.
Concentration Change
177
Process of reclaiming water from urine.
Fluid Reabsorption
178
Equivalent to 1 deciliter in volume.
100 cc
179
Rate of substance removal from the body.
Milligrams per Minute
180
Collected urine for analysis of substances.
Urinary Sample
181
Glomerular filtration rate; kidney function measure.
GFR
182
Estimates GFR; affected by kidney secretion.
Creatinine Clearance
183
Substance not produced by the body.
Exogenous Compound
184
Para-aminohippuric acid; used to estimate renal plasma flow.
PAH
185
Ratio of blood volume occupied by red cells.
Hematocrit
186
Total blood flow through the kidneys.
Renal Blood Flow
187
Amount of substance filtered by the kidneys.
Filtered Load
188
Clearance = (Urinary concentration x Urinary flow rate) / Plasma concentration.
Clearance Equation
189
Factors affecting accuracy of GFR estimates.
Variability in GFR Measurement
190
Influences creatinine production and GFR estimation.
Skeletal Muscle Mass
191
Method to deliver inulin for GFR measurement.
IV Administration
192
Excretion = Filtration + Secretion - Reabsorption.
Excretion Formula
193
Accounts for incomplete PAH clearance by kidneys.
Adjustment for PAH
194
Substance extensively secreted, affecting clearance rates.
High Secretion Compound
195
Duration for which urine is collected.
Urine Collection Time
196
Example of a substance with high renal clearance.
Compound Y
197
Rate at which a compound is removed from plasma.
Compound Clearance
198
Vessel carrying blood away from the kidneys.
Renal Vein
199
Process of moving substances from blood to urine.
Kidney Secretion Mechanism
200
Differences in results due to various influencing factors.
Measurement Variability
