AP 22 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
State where kidneys retain water to maintain osmolarity.
Water Conservation
Concentration of solutes in a solution, measured in mOsm.
Osmolarity
Nephron segment where osmolarity matches plasma (300 mOsm).
Proximal Tubule
Nephron segment that dilutes urine to 100 mOsm.
Thick Ascending Limb
Part of nephron that reduces tubular fluid osmolarity.
Diluting Segment
Hormone that increases water reabsorption in kidneys.
ADH
Concentration of solutes in kidney interstitial fluid.
Interstitial Osmolarity
Treatment that increases urine output and reduces fluid volume.
Diuretic Therapy
Fluid outside cells, important for fluid balance.
Extracellular Fluid
Hormone that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
Angiotensin II
Narrowing of renal artery affecting blood flow and pressure.
Renal Artery Stenosis
Test to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Creatinine Clearance
Reduction in functional nephron units affecting kidney function.
Nephron Loss
Compensatory increase in size of remaining nephrons.
Physiologic Hypertrophy
Rate at which blood is filtered by the kidneys.
Filtration Rate
Limiting sodium intake to reduce kidney workload.
Sodium Restriction
Limiting potassium intake to maintain balance in kidneys.
Potassium Restriction
Dietary protein affecting kidney function and workload.
Protein Intake
Different areas in the body where fluids are distributed.
Body Fluid Compartments
Saline solution with lower osmolarity than blood plasma.
Hypotonic Saline
Saline solution with higher osmolarity than blood plasma.
Hypertonic Saline
Movement of fluids between body compartments.
Fluid Distribution
High blood pressure influenced by salt intake.
Salt-Sensitive Hypertension
Surgical removal of one kidney affecting overall function.
Unilateral Nephrectomy
Diuretics that help retain potassium in the body.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Diuretics that increase potassium excretion in urine.
Potassium-Wasting Diuretics
Homeostasis of fluids and electrolytes in the body.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Mechanisms controlling blood pressure via renal function.
Blood Pressure Regulation
Enlargement of remaining nephrons after loss.
Nephron Hypertrophy
Glomerular Filtration Rate per nephron increases.
Single Nephron GFR
Abnormal enlargement due to increased nephron workload.
Pathologic Hypertrophy
Progressive decline in kidney function over time.
Nephron Loss Impact
Kidneys fail to perform normal functions.
Renal Failure
Limit sodium and potassium to ease kidney burden.
Dietary Restrictions
Two-thirds of total body water volume.
Intracellular Fluid
Isotonic solution used to maintain osmolarity.
0.9% Saline
Occurs from extracellular to intracellular fluid.
Water Movement
Increases as water is reabsorbed in nephron.
Tubular Fluid Concentration
Nephron cells that reabsorb water and salts.
Principal Cells
Final nephron segment for water reabsorption.
Collecting Duct
Osmolarity in kidney tissue surrounding nephrons.
Renal Interstitial Concentration
Concentration of solutes in urine.
Urine Osmolarity
Homeostasis of body fluids and electrolytes.
Fluid Balance
Kidneys manage levels of ions in body.
Electrolyte Regulation
Intracellular and extracellular spaces in the body.
Fluid Compartments
Equilibrium of solute concentration across compartments.
Osmolarity Balance
Process of reclaiming substances from tubular fluid.
Reabsorption Mechanism
Fluid surrounding renal tubules, influences osmolarity.
Renal Interstitium
Proteins facilitating water reabsorption in kidneys.
Water Channels
Movement of water across membranes due to concentration gradients.
Osmosis
Fluid within nephron, undergoes filtration and reabsorption.
Tubular Fluid
Waste product filtered by kidneys, concentration varies with water reabsorption.
Creatinine
Nephron section concentrating urine through countercurrent multiplication.
Loop of Henle
Transporter reabsorbing Na+, K+, and Cl- in nephron.
Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Transporter
Para-aminohippuric acid, used to measure renal plasma flow.
PAH
Medications increasing urine production, often for hypertension.
Diuretics
Process where urea is reabsorbed, influenced by ADH.
Urea Reabsorption
Condition of reduced osmolarity, often due to excess water.
Hypoosmolarity
Process of reclaiming ions from tubular fluid back into blood.
Electrolyte Reabsorption
Difference in solute concentration across a membrane.
Concentration Gradient
Process of eliminating excess fluid from the body.
Fluid Excretion
Condition often treated with diuretics to reduce fluid volume.
High Blood Pressure
Network of nephron segments involved in urine formation.
Tubular System
Inner kidney region, crucial for urine concentration.
Renal Medulla
Kidney state focused on retaining water during dehydration.
Water Conservation Mode
Variations in solute concentration throughout nephron segments.
Osmolarity Changes
Distinct body areas where fluids are contained.
Fluid Compartment
Mechanism enhancing urine concentration in the Loop of Henle.
Countercurrent Multiplication
Medication that promotes fluid excretion via urine.
Diuretic
Increased urine production due to fluid loss.
Diuresis
Fluid outside cells, includes plasma and interstitial fluid.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
One-fifth of the extracellular fluid volume.
Plasma Portion
Fluid between cells, makes up four-fifths of ECF.
Interstitial Fluid
Removal of sodium from the body via urine.
Sodium Excretion
Maintaining proper levels of ions in body fluids.
Electrolyte Balance
Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.
Blood Pressure
Resistance blood vessels offer against blood flow.
Vascular Resistance
Volume of urine produced by kidneys.
Urine Output
Regulates fluid balance and electrolyte levels.
Kidney Function
Decreasing total body fluid to lower blood pressure.
Fluid Volume Reduction
Sustained treatment to manage chronic conditions.
Long-term Therapy
Hormone that promotes water reabsorption in kidneys.
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Diet rich in sodium, often leading to increased thirst.
High Sodium Diet
System responsible for blood circulation in the body.
Cardiovascular System
First-time administration of a medication.
Initial Drug Exposure
Fluid lost through urination, affecting body fluid levels.
Urinary Loss
Amount of sodium consumed through diet.
Sodium Intake
Excess fluid accumulation in the body.
Fluid Retention
Modifications made to medication dosage or type.
Therapeutic Adjustments
Kidneys’ role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
Kidney Regulation
Immediate physiological responses to medication.
Short-term Effects
Long-term high blood pressure condition.
Chronic Hypertension
Total volume of fluids consumed by an individual.
Fluid Intake
Loss of essential ions through urine.
Electrolyte Loss
Long-term kidney performance in salt and fluid management.
Chronic Kidney Function
Volume of fluids expelled from the body.
Fluid Output
Hormone promoting sodium retention in kidneys.
Aldosterone
Abnormally low blood pressure condition.
Hypotension
Rate of blood filtration by kidneys.
GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)
Cell group sensing sodium levels in kidneys.
Macula Densa
Kidney’s ability to hold onto sodium.
Salt Retention
Associated with increased blood pressure and salt retention.
High Angiotensin II Levels
Release of renin to increase blood pressure.
Kidney Response to Low Pressure
Immediate strategies to stabilize blood pressure.
Short-term Blood Pressure Management
Sustained approaches to regulate blood pressure.
Long-term Blood Pressure Management
Essential electrolyte filtered by kidneys.
Sodium Chloride
Medications blocking angiotensin II production.
ACE Inhibitors
Low blood pressure due to significant blood loss.
Blood Loss Hypotension
Reduced nervous system activity affecting blood pressure.
Nervous System Suppression
Kidney adjustments to maintain homeostasis.
Kidney Adaptation Mechanism
Process of kidneys reclaiming sodium from filtrate.
Sodium Reabsorption
Overall blood pressure throughout the body.
Systemic Blood Pressure
System response reducing initial stimulus effects.
Negative Feedback Loop
Influence of salt consumption on kidney function.
Dietary Salt Impact
Inhibition of angiotensin II effects on kidneys.
Angiotensin II Blockade
Reduced blood flow leading to kidney dysfunction.
Kidney Stenosis Effects
Enzyme released by kidneys to increase blood pressure.
Renin
Condition of abnormally high blood pressure.
Hypertension
Narrowing of blood vessels affecting blood flow.
Stenosis
Tiny blood vessels in kidneys for filtration.
Glomerular Capillaries
Glomerular filtration rate; kidney’s filtering efficiency.
GFR
Mean arterial pressure; average blood pressure in arteries.
MAP
Medication that lowers blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin II.
ACE Inhibitor
Blood vessel supplying blood to glomerulus.
Afferent Arteriole
Blood vessel draining blood from glomerulus.
Efferent Arteriole
Functional units of kidneys responsible for filtration.
Nephrons
Minerals in body fluids essential for function.
Electrolytes
Kidney’s ability to adjust function to maintain balance.
Kidney Compensation
Long-term elevated blood pressure causing organ damage.
Chronic High Blood Pressure
Sensory organs for taste perception.
Taste Buds
Membrane proteins allowing sodium ion flow.
Sodium Channels
Membrane proteins allowing potassium ion flow.
Potassium Channels
Process by which cells respond to stimuli.
Signal Transduction
Voltage difference across a cell’s membrane.
Cell Membrane Potential
Membrane proteins allowing chloride ion flow.
Chloride Channels
Cells capable of generating action potentials.
Excitable Cells
Interaction between two systems affecting function.
Cross Talk
Diet rich in sodium, affecting blood pressure.
High Salt Diet
Improvement of flavor perception through sodium.
Taste Enhancement
Irreversible harm to organs or tissues.
Permanent Damage
Vessel supplying blood to the kidneys.
Renal Artery
Reduction of fluid volume in the body.
Fluid Loss
Using salt to intensify food taste.
Flavor Enhancement
Non-sodium alternatives to enhance flavor.
Potassium Salt Substitutes
Hormone secretion regulating blood pressure.
Renin Release
Total amount of blood circulating in the body.
Blood Volume
High blood pressure due to renal artery issues.
Renal Vascular Hypertension
Fluid filtered from blood in kidneys.
Glomerular Filtrate
Amount of sodium present in blood or filtrate.
Sodium Concentration
Increased pressure in blood vessels.
Elevated Blood Pressure
Long-term health issues affecting bodily functions.
Chronic Conditions
Dietary recommendations to limit sodium intake.
Salt Prescription
High blood pressure with no identifiable cause.
Essential Hypertension
Effect of sodium consumption on blood pressure.
Salt Intake Impact
Higher prevalence of salt-sensitive hypertension in this group.
African American Hypertension
Influence of sodium on health and blood pressure.
Dietary Sodium Effects
Hypertension influenced by sodium intake, common in African Americans.
Salt Sensitive Hypertension
Hypertension characterized by low renin activity.
Low Renin Hypertension
Diuretics that increase urine output by osmosis.
Osmotic Diuretics
An osmotic diuretic filtered but not reabsorbed.
Mannitol
Amount of substance filtered into the tubule per minute.
Filtered Load
Diuretics that prevent potassium loss in urine.
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Diuretics that lead to loss of potassium.
Potassium Wasting Diuretics
Normal production rate is approximately 1.4 mg/min.
Creatinine Production Rate
Normal concentration is about 1 mg/dL.
Blood Creatinine Level
Process where substances are secreted into the tubule.
Tubular Secretion
Total amount of substance excreted in urine.
Excretion Rate
Excess vitamin C acts as an osmotic diuretic.
Vitamin C as Diuretic
Drugs that block effects of angiotensin II.
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Small amount of creatinine secreted into the tubule.
Creatinine Secretion
Filtered and secreted amounts equal total excretion.
Filtration vs. Excretion
Narrowing of blood vessels increases blood pressure.
Blood Vessel Constriction
Increases urine production to reduce blood volume.
Diuretic Mechanism
Normal level is 1 mg/dL in plasma.
Blood Creatinine Concentration
Functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration.
Nephron
Concentration of a substance in blood plasma.
Plasma Concentration
Process of removing waste from the body via kidneys.
Renal Excretion
Time taken to reduce filtration by 50%.
Half-life of Filtration
Amount of fluid filtered by kidneys per minute.
Fluid Volume Filtering
Equal rates of creatinine production and removal.
Balance of Production and Excretion
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease affecting gas exchange.
COPD
Occurs when excretion is halved but production remains constant.
Doubling of Creatinine Level
Loss of nephrons leading to reduced filtration capacity.
Renal Function Decline
Typically matches daily creatinine production of 2 grams.
Normal Creatinine Excretion
Rapid adjustment in filtration after nephron loss.
Immediate Filtration Change
Results from decreased excretion relative to production.
Increased Blood Creatinine
Aging, diabetes, and hypertension contribute to nephron loss.
Nephron Loss Causes
Measured in milligrams per minute of creatinine.
Renal Excretion Rate
Rises when excretion is less than production.
Creatinine in Blood
Primary mechanism for creatinine removal in kidneys.
Filtration without Reabsorption
Body adjusts creatinine levels to restore balance.
Physiological Compensation
Directly affects filtration and waste removal efficiency.
Nephron Functionality
Indicates significant reduction in kidney function.
Plasma Creatinine Doubling
Rises due to imbalance in excretion and production.
Creatinine Concentration
Measure of kidney’s filtering ability.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Remaining kidney increases workload after nephrectomy.
Compensatory Mechanism
Narrowing of renal arteries affecting blood flow.
Renal Stenosis
Normal output is about 1 mL per minute.
Urinary Output
Each nephron filters approximately 62.5 nL per minute.
Nephron Workload
Heart enlarges due to increased workload.
Hypertrophy in Heart
Higher levels correlate with kidney damage.
Blood Sugar Levels
Remaining adrenal gland may increase hormone production.
Adrenal Gland Compensation
Healthy remaining kidney compensates post-donation.
Kidney Donation
Maintained by balanced workload and function.
Long-term Kidney Health
Kidneys maintain normal pressures despite nephron loss.
Pressure Regulation
Potential treatment to enhance nephron function.
Drug Induction
Leads to increased creatinine and reduced filtration.
Imbalance Consequences
Dependent on normal blood pressure and filtration.
Healthy Kidney Function
Multiple nephrons share workload for efficiency.
Nephron Sharing
Two kidneys provide redundancy for function.
Kidney Backup System
May be necessary for damaged kidneys.
Surgical Intervention
Regular assessment of GFR and creatinine levels.
Kidney Health Monitoring
Rate at which substances are removed from blood.
Clearance Rate
Increase in nephron size due to increased workload.
Hypertrophy
Breakdown of protein into amino acids requiring nephron function.
Protein Metabolism
Condition of increased acidity in body fluids.
Acidosis
Movement of water between body fluid compartments.
Fluid Shifts
Excess fluid in the body due to kidney dysfunction.
Volume Overload
Increased workload on remaining nephrons after loss.
Filtration Stress
Kidneys manage acid-base balance over time.
Long-term Regulation
Delivery of fluids directly into the bloodstream.
IV Fluid Administration
Essential for maintaining normal kidney function.
Sodium and Potassium Balance
Condition resulting from inability to excrete acids.
Metabolic Acidosis
Adjustments in electrolyte levels in body fluids.
Fluid Composition Changes
Duration kidneys function effectively before failure.
Kidney Life Expectancy
