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A&P Fall 24' > AP 22 Nov Quizlet > Flashcards

AP 22 Nov Quizlet Flashcards

1
Q

State where kidneys retain water to maintain osmolarity.

A

Water Conservation

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2
Q

Concentration of solutes in a solution, measured in mOsm.

A

Osmolarity

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3
Q

Nephron segment where osmolarity matches plasma (300 mOsm).

A

Proximal Tubule

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4
Q

Nephron segment that dilutes urine to 100 mOsm.

A

Thick Ascending Limb

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5
Q

Part of nephron that reduces tubular fluid osmolarity.

A

Diluting Segment

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6
Q

Hormone that increases water reabsorption in kidneys.

A

ADH

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7
Q

Concentration of solutes in kidney interstitial fluid.

A

Interstitial Osmolarity

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8
Q

Treatment that increases urine output and reduces fluid volume.

A

Diuretic Therapy

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9
Q

Fluid outside cells, important for fluid balance.

A

Extracellular Fluid

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10
Q

Hormone that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

A

Angiotensin II

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11
Q

Narrowing of renal artery affecting blood flow and pressure.

A

Renal Artery Stenosis

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12
Q

Test to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

A

Creatinine Clearance

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13
Q

Reduction in functional nephron units affecting kidney function.

A

Nephron Loss

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14
Q

Compensatory increase in size of remaining nephrons.

A

Physiologic Hypertrophy

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15
Q

Rate at which blood is filtered by the kidneys.

A

Filtration Rate

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16
Q

Limiting sodium intake to reduce kidney workload.

A

Sodium Restriction

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17
Q

Limiting potassium intake to maintain balance in kidneys.

A

Potassium Restriction

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18
Q

Dietary protein affecting kidney function and workload.

A

Protein Intake

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19
Q

Different areas in the body where fluids are distributed.

A

Body Fluid Compartments

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20
Q

Saline solution with lower osmolarity than blood plasma.

A

Hypotonic Saline

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21
Q

Saline solution with higher osmolarity than blood plasma.

A

Hypertonic Saline

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22
Q

Movement of fluids between body compartments.

A

Fluid Distribution

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23
Q

High blood pressure influenced by salt intake.

A

Salt-Sensitive Hypertension

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24
Q

Surgical removal of one kidney affecting overall function.

A

Unilateral Nephrectomy

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25
Q

Diuretics that help retain potassium in the body.

A

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

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26
Q

Diuretics that increase potassium excretion in urine.

A

Potassium-Wasting Diuretics

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27
Q

Homeostasis of fluids and electrolytes in the body.

A

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

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28
Q

Mechanisms controlling blood pressure via renal function.

A

Blood Pressure Regulation

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29
Q

Enlargement of remaining nephrons after loss.

A

Nephron Hypertrophy

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30
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate per nephron increases.

A

Single Nephron GFR

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31
Q

Abnormal enlargement due to increased nephron workload.

A

Pathologic Hypertrophy

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32
Q

Progressive decline in kidney function over time.

A

Nephron Loss Impact

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33
Q

Kidneys fail to perform normal functions.

A

Renal Failure

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34
Q

Limit sodium and potassium to ease kidney burden.

A

Dietary Restrictions

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35
Q

Two-thirds of total body water volume.

A

Intracellular Fluid

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36
Q

Isotonic solution used to maintain osmolarity.

A

0.9% Saline

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37
Q

Occurs from extracellular to intracellular fluid.

A

Water Movement

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38
Q

Increases as water is reabsorbed in nephron.

A

Tubular Fluid Concentration

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39
Q

Nephron cells that reabsorb water and salts.

A

Principal Cells

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40
Q

Final nephron segment for water reabsorption.

A

Collecting Duct

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41
Q

Osmolarity in kidney tissue surrounding nephrons.

A

Renal Interstitial Concentration

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42
Q

Concentration of solutes in urine.

A

Urine Osmolarity

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43
Q

Homeostasis of body fluids and electrolytes.

A

Fluid Balance

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44
Q

Kidneys manage levels of ions in body.

A

Electrolyte Regulation

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45
Q

Intracellular and extracellular spaces in the body.

A

Fluid Compartments

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46
Q

Equilibrium of solute concentration across compartments.

A

Osmolarity Balance

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47
Q

Process of reclaiming substances from tubular fluid.

A

Reabsorption Mechanism

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48
Q

Fluid surrounding renal tubules, influences osmolarity.

A

Renal Interstitium

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49
Q

Proteins facilitating water reabsorption in kidneys.

A

Water Channels

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50
Q

Movement of water across membranes due to concentration gradients.

A

Osmosis

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51
Q

Fluid within nephron, undergoes filtration and reabsorption.

A

Tubular Fluid

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52
Q

Waste product filtered by kidneys, concentration varies with water reabsorption.

A

Creatinine

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53
Q

Nephron section concentrating urine through countercurrent multiplication.

A

Loop of Henle

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54
Q

Transporter reabsorbing Na+, K+, and Cl- in nephron.

A

Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Transporter

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55
Q

Para-aminohippuric acid, used to measure renal plasma flow.

A

PAH

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56
Q

Medications increasing urine production, often for hypertension.

A

Diuretics

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57
Q

Process where urea is reabsorbed, influenced by ADH.

A

Urea Reabsorption

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58
Q

Condition of reduced osmolarity, often due to excess water.

A

Hypoosmolarity

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59
Q

Process of reclaiming ions from tubular fluid back into blood.

A

Electrolyte Reabsorption

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60
Q

Difference in solute concentration across a membrane.

A

Concentration Gradient

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61
Q

Process of eliminating excess fluid from the body.

A

Fluid Excretion

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62
Q

Condition often treated with diuretics to reduce fluid volume.

A

High Blood Pressure

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63
Q

Network of nephron segments involved in urine formation.

A

Tubular System

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64
Q

Inner kidney region, crucial for urine concentration.

A

Renal Medulla

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65
Q

Kidney state focused on retaining water during dehydration.

A

Water Conservation Mode

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66
Q

Variations in solute concentration throughout nephron segments.

A

Osmolarity Changes

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67
Q

Distinct body areas where fluids are contained.

A

Fluid Compartment

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68
Q

Mechanism enhancing urine concentration in the Loop of Henle.

A

Countercurrent Multiplication

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69
Q

Medication that promotes fluid excretion via urine.

A

Diuretic

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70
Q

Increased urine production due to fluid loss.

A

Diuresis

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71
Q

Fluid outside cells, includes plasma and interstitial fluid.

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

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72
Q

One-fifth of the extracellular fluid volume.

A

Plasma Portion

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73
Q

Fluid between cells, makes up four-fifths of ECF.

A

Interstitial Fluid

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74
Q

Removal of sodium from the body via urine.

A

Sodium Excretion

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75
Q

Maintaining proper levels of ions in body fluids.

A

Electrolyte Balance

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76
Q

Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.

A

Blood Pressure

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77
Q

Resistance blood vessels offer against blood flow.

A

Vascular Resistance

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78
Q

Volume of urine produced by kidneys.

A

Urine Output

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79
Q

Regulates fluid balance and electrolyte levels.

A

Kidney Function

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80
Q

Decreasing total body fluid to lower blood pressure.

A

Fluid Volume Reduction

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81
Q

Sustained treatment to manage chronic conditions.

A

Long-term Therapy

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82
Q

Hormone that promotes water reabsorption in kidneys.

A

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

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83
Q

Diet rich in sodium, often leading to increased thirst.

A

High Sodium Diet

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84
Q

System responsible for blood circulation in the body.

A

Cardiovascular System

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85
Q

First-time administration of a medication.

A

Initial Drug Exposure

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86
Q

Fluid lost through urination, affecting body fluid levels.

A

Urinary Loss

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87
Q

Amount of sodium consumed through diet.

A

Sodium Intake

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88
Q

Excess fluid accumulation in the body.

A

Fluid Retention

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89
Q

Modifications made to medication dosage or type.

A

Therapeutic Adjustments

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90
Q

Kidneys’ role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.

A

Kidney Regulation

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91
Q

Immediate physiological responses to medication.

A

Short-term Effects

92
Q

Long-term high blood pressure condition.

A

Chronic Hypertension

93
Q

Total volume of fluids consumed by an individual.

A

Fluid Intake

94
Q

Loss of essential ions through urine.

A

Electrolyte Loss

95
Q

Long-term kidney performance in salt and fluid management.

A

Chronic Kidney Function

96
Q

Volume of fluids expelled from the body.

A

Fluid Output

97
Q

Hormone promoting sodium retention in kidneys.

A

Aldosterone

98
Q

Abnormally low blood pressure condition.

A

Hypotension

99
Q

Rate of blood filtration by kidneys.

A

GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)

100
Q

Cell group sensing sodium levels in kidneys.

A

Macula Densa

101
Q

Kidney’s ability to hold onto sodium.

A

Salt Retention

102
Q

Associated with increased blood pressure and salt retention.

A

High Angiotensin II Levels

103
Q

Release of renin to increase blood pressure.

A

Kidney Response to Low Pressure

104
Q

Immediate strategies to stabilize blood pressure.

A

Short-term Blood Pressure Management

105
Q

Sustained approaches to regulate blood pressure.

A

Long-term Blood Pressure Management

106
Q

Essential electrolyte filtered by kidneys.

A

Sodium Chloride

107
Q

Medications blocking angiotensin II production.

A

ACE Inhibitors

108
Q

Low blood pressure due to significant blood loss.

A

Blood Loss Hypotension

109
Q

Reduced nervous system activity affecting blood pressure.

A

Nervous System Suppression

110
Q

Kidney adjustments to maintain homeostasis.

A

Kidney Adaptation Mechanism

111
Q

Process of kidneys reclaiming sodium from filtrate.

A

Sodium Reabsorption

112
Q

Overall blood pressure throughout the body.

A

Systemic Blood Pressure

113
Q

System response reducing initial stimulus effects.

A

Negative Feedback Loop

114
Q

Influence of salt consumption on kidney function.

A

Dietary Salt Impact

115
Q

Inhibition of angiotensin II effects on kidneys.

A

Angiotensin II Blockade

116
Q

Reduced blood flow leading to kidney dysfunction.

A

Kidney Stenosis Effects

117
Q

Enzyme released by kidneys to increase blood pressure.

A

Renin

118
Q

Condition of abnormally high blood pressure.

A

Hypertension

119
Q

Narrowing of blood vessels affecting blood flow.

A

Stenosis

120
Q

Tiny blood vessels in kidneys for filtration.

A

Glomerular Capillaries

121
Q

Glomerular filtration rate; kidney’s filtering efficiency.

A

GFR

122
Q

Mean arterial pressure; average blood pressure in arteries.

A

MAP

123
Q

Medication that lowers blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin II.

A

ACE Inhibitor

124
Q

Blood vessel supplying blood to glomerulus.

A

Afferent Arteriole

125
Q

Blood vessel draining blood from glomerulus.

A

Efferent Arteriole

126
Q

Functional units of kidneys responsible for filtration.

A

Nephrons

127
Q

Minerals in body fluids essential for function.

A

Electrolytes

128
Q

Kidney’s ability to adjust function to maintain balance.

A

Kidney Compensation

129
Q

Long-term elevated blood pressure causing organ damage.

A

Chronic High Blood Pressure

130
Q

Sensory organs for taste perception.

A

Taste Buds

131
Q

Membrane proteins allowing sodium ion flow.

A

Sodium Channels

132
Q

Membrane proteins allowing potassium ion flow.

A

Potassium Channels

133
Q

Process by which cells respond to stimuli.

A

Signal Transduction

134
Q

Voltage difference across a cell’s membrane.

A

Cell Membrane Potential

135
Q

Membrane proteins allowing chloride ion flow.

A

Chloride Channels

136
Q

Cells capable of generating action potentials.

A

Excitable Cells

137
Q

Interaction between two systems affecting function.

A

Cross Talk

138
Q

Diet rich in sodium, affecting blood pressure.

A

High Salt Diet

139
Q

Improvement of flavor perception through sodium.

A

Taste Enhancement

140
Q

Irreversible harm to organs or tissues.

A

Permanent Damage

141
Q

Vessel supplying blood to the kidneys.

A

Renal Artery

142
Q

Reduction of fluid volume in the body.

A

Fluid Loss

143
Q

Using salt to intensify food taste.

A

Flavor Enhancement

144
Q

Non-sodium alternatives to enhance flavor.

A

Potassium Salt Substitutes

145
Q

Hormone secretion regulating blood pressure.

A

Renin Release

146
Q

Total amount of blood circulating in the body.

A

Blood Volume

147
Q

High blood pressure due to renal artery issues.

A

Renal Vascular Hypertension

148
Q

Fluid filtered from blood in kidneys.

A

Glomerular Filtrate

149
Q

Amount of sodium present in blood or filtrate.

A

Sodium Concentration

150
Q

Increased pressure in blood vessels.

A

Elevated Blood Pressure

151
Q

Long-term health issues affecting bodily functions.

A

Chronic Conditions

152
Q

Dietary recommendations to limit sodium intake.

A

Salt Prescription

153
Q

High blood pressure with no identifiable cause.

A

Essential Hypertension

154
Q

Effect of sodium consumption on blood pressure.

A

Salt Intake Impact

155
Q

Higher prevalence of salt-sensitive hypertension in this group.

A

African American Hypertension

156
Q

Influence of sodium on health and blood pressure.

A

Dietary Sodium Effects

157
Q

Hypertension influenced by sodium intake, common in African Americans.

A

Salt Sensitive Hypertension

158
Q

Hypertension characterized by low renin activity.

A

Low Renin Hypertension

159
Q

Diuretics that increase urine output by osmosis.

A

Osmotic Diuretics

160
Q

An osmotic diuretic filtered but not reabsorbed.

A

Mannitol

161
Q

Amount of substance filtered into the tubule per minute.

A

Filtered Load

162
Q

Diuretics that prevent potassium loss in urine.

A

Potassium Sparing Diuretics

163
Q

Diuretics that lead to loss of potassium.

A

Potassium Wasting Diuretics

164
Q

Normal production rate is approximately 1.4 mg/min.

A

Creatinine Production Rate

165
Q

Normal concentration is about 1 mg/dL.

A

Blood Creatinine Level

166
Q

Process where substances are secreted into the tubule.

A

Tubular Secretion

167
Q

Total amount of substance excreted in urine.

A

Excretion Rate

168
Q

Excess vitamin C acts as an osmotic diuretic.

A

Vitamin C as Diuretic

169
Q

Drugs that block effects of angiotensin II.

A

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers

170
Q

Small amount of creatinine secreted into the tubule.

A

Creatinine Secretion

171
Q

Filtered and secreted amounts equal total excretion.

A

Filtration vs. Excretion

172
Q

Narrowing of blood vessels increases blood pressure.

A

Blood Vessel Constriction

173
Q

Increases urine production to reduce blood volume.

A

Diuretic Mechanism

174
Q

Normal level is 1 mg/dL in plasma.

A

Blood Creatinine Concentration

175
Q

Functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration.

A

Nephron

176
Q

Concentration of a substance in blood plasma.

A

Plasma Concentration

177
Q

Process of removing waste from the body via kidneys.

A

Renal Excretion

178
Q

Time taken to reduce filtration by 50%.

A

Half-life of Filtration

179
Q

Amount of fluid filtered by kidneys per minute.

A

Fluid Volume Filtering

180
Q

Equal rates of creatinine production and removal.

A

Balance of Production and Excretion

181
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease affecting gas exchange.

A

COPD

182
Q

Occurs when excretion is halved but production remains constant.

A

Doubling of Creatinine Level

183
Q

Loss of nephrons leading to reduced filtration capacity.

A

Renal Function Decline

184
Q

Typically matches daily creatinine production of 2 grams.

A

Normal Creatinine Excretion

185
Q

Rapid adjustment in filtration after nephron loss.

A

Immediate Filtration Change

186
Q

Results from decreased excretion relative to production.

A

Increased Blood Creatinine

187
Q

Aging, diabetes, and hypertension contribute to nephron loss.

A

Nephron Loss Causes

188
Q

Measured in milligrams per minute of creatinine.

A

Renal Excretion Rate

189
Q

Rises when excretion is less than production.

A

Creatinine in Blood

190
Q

Primary mechanism for creatinine removal in kidneys.

A

Filtration without Reabsorption

191
Q

Body adjusts creatinine levels to restore balance.

A

Physiological Compensation

192
Q

Directly affects filtration and waste removal efficiency.

A

Nephron Functionality

193
Q

Indicates significant reduction in kidney function.

A

Plasma Creatinine Doubling

194
Q

Rises due to imbalance in excretion and production.

A

Creatinine Concentration

195
Q

Measure of kidney’s filtering ability.

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

196
Q

Remaining kidney increases workload after nephrectomy.

A

Compensatory Mechanism

197
Q

Narrowing of renal arteries affecting blood flow.

A

Renal Stenosis

198
Q

Normal output is about 1 mL per minute.

A

Urinary Output

199
Q

Each nephron filters approximately 62.5 nL per minute.

A

Nephron Workload

200
Q

Heart enlarges due to increased workload.

A

Hypertrophy in Heart

201
Q

Higher levels correlate with kidney damage.

A

Blood Sugar Levels

202
Q

Remaining adrenal gland may increase hormone production.

A

Adrenal Gland Compensation

203
Q

Healthy remaining kidney compensates post-donation.

A

Kidney Donation

204
Q

Maintained by balanced workload and function.

A

Long-term Kidney Health

205
Q

Kidneys maintain normal pressures despite nephron loss.

A

Pressure Regulation

206
Q

Potential treatment to enhance nephron function.

A

Drug Induction

207
Q

Leads to increased creatinine and reduced filtration.

A

Imbalance Consequences

208
Q

Dependent on normal blood pressure and filtration.

A

Healthy Kidney Function

209
Q

Multiple nephrons share workload for efficiency.

A

Nephron Sharing

210
Q

Two kidneys provide redundancy for function.

A

Kidney Backup System

211
Q

May be necessary for damaged kidneys.

A

Surgical Intervention

212
Q

Regular assessment of GFR and creatinine levels.

A

Kidney Health Monitoring

213
Q

Rate at which substances are removed from blood.

A

Clearance Rate

214
Q

Increase in nephron size due to increased workload.

A

Hypertrophy

215
Q

Breakdown of protein into amino acids requiring nephron function.

A

Protein Metabolism

216
Q

Condition of increased acidity in body fluids.

A

Acidosis

217
Q

Movement of water between body fluid compartments.

A

Fluid Shifts

218
Q

Excess fluid in the body due to kidney dysfunction.

A

Volume Overload

219
Q

Increased workload on remaining nephrons after loss.

A

Filtration Stress

220
Q

Kidneys manage acid-base balance over time.

A

Long-term Regulation

221
Q

Delivery of fluids directly into the bloodstream.

A

IV Fluid Administration

222
Q

Essential for maintaining normal kidney function.

A

Sodium and Potassium Balance

223
Q

Condition resulting from inability to excrete acids.

A

Metabolic Acidosis

224
Q

Adjustments in electrolyte levels in body fluids.

A

Fluid Composition Changes

225
Q

Duration kidneys function effectively before failure.

A

Kidney Life Expectancy

A&P Fall 24' (27 decks)

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