AP 22 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
1
Q
State where kidneys retain water to maintain osmolarity.
A
Water Conservation
2
Q
Concentration of solutes in a solution, measured in mOsm.
A
Osmolarity
3
Q
Nephron segment where osmolarity matches plasma (300 mOsm).
A
Proximal Tubule
4
Q
Nephron segment that dilutes urine to 100 mOsm.
A
Thick Ascending Limb
5
Q
Part of nephron that reduces tubular fluid osmolarity.
A
Diluting Segment
6
Q
Hormone that increases water reabsorption in kidneys.
A
ADH
7
Q
Concentration of solutes in kidney interstitial fluid.
A
Interstitial Osmolarity
8
Q
Treatment that increases urine output and reduces fluid volume.
A
Diuretic Therapy
9
Q
Fluid outside cells, important for fluid balance.
A
Extracellular Fluid
10
Q
Hormone that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
A
Angiotensin II
11
Q
Narrowing of renal artery affecting blood flow and pressure.
A
Renal Artery Stenosis
12
Q
Test to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
A
Creatinine Clearance
13
Q
Reduction in functional nephron units affecting kidney function.
A
Nephron Loss
14
Q
Compensatory increase in size of remaining nephrons.
A
Physiologic Hypertrophy
15
Q
Rate at which blood is filtered by the kidneys.
A
Filtration Rate
16
Q
Limiting sodium intake to reduce kidney workload.
A
Sodium Restriction
17
Q
Limiting potassium intake to maintain balance in kidneys.
A
Potassium Restriction
18
Q
Dietary protein affecting kidney function and workload.
A
Protein Intake
19
Q
Different areas in the body where fluids are distributed.
A
Body Fluid Compartments
20
Q
Saline solution with lower osmolarity than blood plasma.
A
Hypotonic Saline
21
Q
Saline solution with higher osmolarity than blood plasma.
A
Hypertonic Saline
22
Q
Movement of fluids between body compartments.
A
Fluid Distribution
23
Q
High blood pressure influenced by salt intake.
A
Salt-Sensitive Hypertension
24
Q
Surgical removal of one kidney affecting overall function.
A
Unilateral Nephrectomy
25
Diuretics that help retain potassium in the body.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
26
Diuretics that increase potassium excretion in urine.
Potassium-Wasting Diuretics
27
Homeostasis of fluids and electrolytes in the body.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
28
Mechanisms controlling blood pressure via renal function.
Blood Pressure Regulation
29
Enlargement of remaining nephrons after loss.
Nephron Hypertrophy
30
Glomerular Filtration Rate per nephron increases.
Single Nephron GFR
31
Abnormal enlargement due to increased nephron workload.
Pathologic Hypertrophy
32
Progressive decline in kidney function over time.
Nephron Loss Impact
33
Kidneys fail to perform normal functions.
Renal Failure
34
Limit sodium and potassium to ease kidney burden.
Dietary Restrictions
35
Two-thirds of total body water volume.
Intracellular Fluid
36
Isotonic solution used to maintain osmolarity.
0.9% Saline
37
Occurs from extracellular to intracellular fluid.
Water Movement
38
Increases as water is reabsorbed in nephron.
Tubular Fluid Concentration
39
Nephron cells that reabsorb water and salts.
Principal Cells
40
Final nephron segment for water reabsorption.
Collecting Duct
41
Osmolarity in kidney tissue surrounding nephrons.
Renal Interstitial Concentration
42
Concentration of solutes in urine.
Urine Osmolarity
43
Homeostasis of body fluids and electrolytes.
Fluid Balance
44
Kidneys manage levels of ions in body.
Electrolyte Regulation
45
Intracellular and extracellular spaces in the body.
Fluid Compartments
46
Equilibrium of solute concentration across compartments.
Osmolarity Balance
47
Process of reclaiming substances from tubular fluid.
Reabsorption Mechanism
48
Fluid surrounding renal tubules, influences osmolarity.
Renal Interstitium
49
Proteins facilitating water reabsorption in kidneys.
Water Channels
50
Movement of water across membranes due to concentration gradients.
Osmosis
51
Fluid within nephron, undergoes filtration and reabsorption.
Tubular Fluid
52
Waste product filtered by kidneys, concentration varies with water reabsorption.
Creatinine
53
Nephron section concentrating urine through countercurrent multiplication.
Loop of Henle
54
Transporter reabsorbing Na+, K+, and Cl- in nephron.
Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Transporter
55
Para-aminohippuric acid, used to measure renal plasma flow.
PAH
56
Medications increasing urine production, often for hypertension.
Diuretics
57
Process where urea is reabsorbed, influenced by ADH.
Urea Reabsorption
58
Condition of reduced osmolarity, often due to excess water.
Hypoosmolarity
59
Process of reclaiming ions from tubular fluid back into blood.
Electrolyte Reabsorption
60
Difference in solute concentration across a membrane.
Concentration Gradient
61
Process of eliminating excess fluid from the body.
Fluid Excretion
62
Condition often treated with diuretics to reduce fluid volume.
High Blood Pressure
63
Network of nephron segments involved in urine formation.
Tubular System
64
Inner kidney region, crucial for urine concentration.
Renal Medulla
65
Kidney state focused on retaining water during dehydration.
Water Conservation Mode
66
Variations in solute concentration throughout nephron segments.
Osmolarity Changes
67
Distinct body areas where fluids are contained.
Fluid Compartment
68
Mechanism enhancing urine concentration in the Loop of Henle.
Countercurrent Multiplication
69
Medication that promotes fluid excretion via urine.
Diuretic
70
Increased urine production due to fluid loss.
Diuresis
71
Fluid outside cells, includes plasma and interstitial fluid.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
72
One-fifth of the extracellular fluid volume.
Plasma Portion
73
Fluid between cells, makes up four-fifths of ECF.
Interstitial Fluid
74
Removal of sodium from the body via urine.
Sodium Excretion
75
Maintaining proper levels of ions in body fluids.
Electrolyte Balance
76
Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.
Blood Pressure
77
Resistance blood vessels offer against blood flow.
Vascular Resistance
78
Volume of urine produced by kidneys.
Urine Output
79
Regulates fluid balance and electrolyte levels.
Kidney Function
80
Decreasing total body fluid to lower blood pressure.
Fluid Volume Reduction
81
Sustained treatment to manage chronic conditions.
Long-term Therapy
82
Hormone that promotes water reabsorption in kidneys.
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
83
Diet rich in sodium, often leading to increased thirst.
High Sodium Diet
84
System responsible for blood circulation in the body.
Cardiovascular System
85
First-time administration of a medication.
Initial Drug Exposure
86
Fluid lost through urination, affecting body fluid levels.
Urinary Loss
87
Amount of sodium consumed through diet.
Sodium Intake
88
Excess fluid accumulation in the body.
Fluid Retention
89
Modifications made to medication dosage or type.
Therapeutic Adjustments
90
Kidneys' role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
Kidney Regulation
91
Immediate physiological responses to medication.
Short-term Effects
92
Long-term high blood pressure condition.
Chronic Hypertension
93
Total volume of fluids consumed by an individual.
Fluid Intake
94
Loss of essential ions through urine.
Electrolyte Loss
95
Long-term kidney performance in salt and fluid management.
Chronic Kidney Function
96
Volume of fluids expelled from the body.
Fluid Output
97
Hormone promoting sodium retention in kidneys.
Aldosterone
98
Abnormally low blood pressure condition.
Hypotension
99
Rate of blood filtration by kidneys.
GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)
100
Cell group sensing sodium levels in kidneys.
Macula Densa
101
Kidney's ability to hold onto sodium.
Salt Retention
102
Associated with increased blood pressure and salt retention.
High Angiotensin II Levels
103
Release of renin to increase blood pressure.
Kidney Response to Low Pressure
104
Immediate strategies to stabilize blood pressure.
Short-term Blood Pressure Management
105
Sustained approaches to regulate blood pressure.
Long-term Blood Pressure Management
106
Essential electrolyte filtered by kidneys.
Sodium Chloride
107
Medications blocking angiotensin II production.
ACE Inhibitors
108
Low blood pressure due to significant blood loss.
Blood Loss Hypotension
109
Reduced nervous system activity affecting blood pressure.
Nervous System Suppression
110
Kidney adjustments to maintain homeostasis.
Kidney Adaptation Mechanism
111
Process of kidneys reclaiming sodium from filtrate.
Sodium Reabsorption
112
Overall blood pressure throughout the body.
Systemic Blood Pressure
113
System response reducing initial stimulus effects.
Negative Feedback Loop
114
Influence of salt consumption on kidney function.
Dietary Salt Impact
115
Inhibition of angiotensin II effects on kidneys.
Angiotensin II Blockade
116
Reduced blood flow leading to kidney dysfunction.
Kidney Stenosis Effects
117
Enzyme released by kidneys to increase blood pressure.
Renin
118
Condition of abnormally high blood pressure.
Hypertension
119
Narrowing of blood vessels affecting blood flow.
Stenosis
120
Tiny blood vessels in kidneys for filtration.
Glomerular Capillaries
121
Glomerular filtration rate; kidney's filtering efficiency.
GFR
122
Mean arterial pressure; average blood pressure in arteries.
MAP
123
Medication that lowers blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin II.
ACE Inhibitor
124
Blood vessel supplying blood to glomerulus.
Afferent Arteriole
125
Blood vessel draining blood from glomerulus.
Efferent Arteriole
126
Functional units of kidneys responsible for filtration.
Nephrons
127
Minerals in body fluids essential for function.
Electrolytes
128
Kidney's ability to adjust function to maintain balance.
Kidney Compensation
129
Long-term elevated blood pressure causing organ damage.
Chronic High Blood Pressure
130
Sensory organs for taste perception.
Taste Buds
131
Membrane proteins allowing sodium ion flow.
Sodium Channels
132
Membrane proteins allowing potassium ion flow.
Potassium Channels
133
Process by which cells respond to stimuli.
Signal Transduction
134
Voltage difference across a cell's membrane.
Cell Membrane Potential
135
Membrane proteins allowing chloride ion flow.
Chloride Channels
136
Cells capable of generating action potentials.
Excitable Cells
137
Interaction between two systems affecting function.
Cross Talk
138
Diet rich in sodium, affecting blood pressure.
High Salt Diet
139
Improvement of flavor perception through sodium.
Taste Enhancement
140
Irreversible harm to organs or tissues.
Permanent Damage
141
Vessel supplying blood to the kidneys.
Renal Artery
142
Reduction of fluid volume in the body.
Fluid Loss
143
Using salt to intensify food taste.
Flavor Enhancement
144
Non-sodium alternatives to enhance flavor.
Potassium Salt Substitutes
145
Hormone secretion regulating blood pressure.
Renin Release
146
Total amount of blood circulating in the body.
Blood Volume
147
High blood pressure due to renal artery issues.
Renal Vascular Hypertension
148
Fluid filtered from blood in kidneys.
Glomerular Filtrate
149
Amount of sodium present in blood or filtrate.
Sodium Concentration
150
Increased pressure in blood vessels.
Elevated Blood Pressure
151
Long-term health issues affecting bodily functions.
Chronic Conditions
152
Dietary recommendations to limit sodium intake.
Salt Prescription
153
High blood pressure with no identifiable cause.
Essential Hypertension
154
Effect of sodium consumption on blood pressure.
Salt Intake Impact
155
Higher prevalence of salt-sensitive hypertension in this group.
African American Hypertension
156
Influence of sodium on health and blood pressure.
Dietary Sodium Effects
157
Hypertension influenced by sodium intake, common in African Americans.
Salt Sensitive Hypertension
158
Hypertension characterized by low renin activity.
Low Renin Hypertension
159
Diuretics that increase urine output by osmosis.
Osmotic Diuretics
160
An osmotic diuretic filtered but not reabsorbed.
Mannitol
161
Amount of substance filtered into the tubule per minute.
Filtered Load
162
Diuretics that prevent potassium loss in urine.
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
163
Diuretics that lead to loss of potassium.
Potassium Wasting Diuretics
164
Normal production rate is approximately 1.4 mg/min.
Creatinine Production Rate
165
Normal concentration is about 1 mg/dL.
Blood Creatinine Level
166
Process where substances are secreted into the tubule.
Tubular Secretion
167
Total amount of substance excreted in urine.
Excretion Rate
168
Excess vitamin C acts as an osmotic diuretic.
Vitamin C as Diuretic
169
Drugs that block effects of angiotensin II.
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
170
Small amount of creatinine secreted into the tubule.
Creatinine Secretion
171
Filtered and secreted amounts equal total excretion.
Filtration vs. Excretion
172
Narrowing of blood vessels increases blood pressure.
Blood Vessel Constriction
173
Increases urine production to reduce blood volume.
Diuretic Mechanism
174
Normal level is 1 mg/dL in plasma.
Blood Creatinine Concentration
175
Functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration.
Nephron
176
Concentration of a substance in blood plasma.
Plasma Concentration
177
Process of removing waste from the body via kidneys.
Renal Excretion
178
Time taken to reduce filtration by 50%.
Half-life of Filtration
179
Amount of fluid filtered by kidneys per minute.
Fluid Volume Filtering
180
Equal rates of creatinine production and removal.
Balance of Production and Excretion
181
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease affecting gas exchange.
COPD
182
Occurs when excretion is halved but production remains constant.
Doubling of Creatinine Level
183
Loss of nephrons leading to reduced filtration capacity.
Renal Function Decline
184
Typically matches daily creatinine production of 2 grams.
Normal Creatinine Excretion
185
Rapid adjustment in filtration after nephron loss.
Immediate Filtration Change
186
Results from decreased excretion relative to production.
Increased Blood Creatinine
187
Aging, diabetes, and hypertension contribute to nephron loss.
Nephron Loss Causes
188
Measured in milligrams per minute of creatinine.
Renal Excretion Rate
189
Rises when excretion is less than production.
Creatinine in Blood
190
Primary mechanism for creatinine removal in kidneys.
Filtration without Reabsorption
191
Body adjusts creatinine levels to restore balance.
Physiological Compensation
192
Directly affects filtration and waste removal efficiency.
Nephron Functionality
193
Indicates significant reduction in kidney function.
Plasma Creatinine Doubling
194
Rises due to imbalance in excretion and production.
Creatinine Concentration
195
Measure of kidney's filtering ability.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
196
Remaining kidney increases workload after nephrectomy.
Compensatory Mechanism
197
Narrowing of renal arteries affecting blood flow.
Renal Stenosis
198
Normal output is about 1 mL per minute.
Urinary Output
199
Each nephron filters approximately 62.5 nL per minute.
Nephron Workload
200
Heart enlarges due to increased workload.
Hypertrophy in Heart
201
Higher levels correlate with kidney damage.
Blood Sugar Levels
202
Remaining adrenal gland may increase hormone production.
Adrenal Gland Compensation
203
Healthy remaining kidney compensates post-donation.
Kidney Donation
204
Maintained by balanced workload and function.
Long-term Kidney Health
205
Kidneys maintain normal pressures despite nephron loss.
Pressure Regulation
206
Potential treatment to enhance nephron function.
Drug Induction
207
Leads to increased creatinine and reduced filtration.
Imbalance Consequences
208
Dependent on normal blood pressure and filtration.
Healthy Kidney Function
209
Multiple nephrons share workload for efficiency.
Nephron Sharing
210
Two kidneys provide redundancy for function.
Kidney Backup System
211
May be necessary for damaged kidneys.
Surgical Intervention
212
Regular assessment of GFR and creatinine levels.
Kidney Health Monitoring
213
Rate at which substances are removed from blood.
Clearance Rate
214
Increase in nephron size due to increased workload.
Hypertrophy
215
Breakdown of protein into amino acids requiring nephron function.
Protein Metabolism
216
Condition of increased acidity in body fluids.
Acidosis
217
Movement of water between body fluid compartments.
Fluid Shifts
218
Excess fluid in the body due to kidney dysfunction.
Volume Overload
219
Increased workload on remaining nephrons after loss.
Filtration Stress
220
Kidneys manage acid-base balance over time.
Long-term Regulation
221
Delivery of fluids directly into the bloodstream.
IV Fluid Administration
222
Essential for maintaining normal kidney function.
Sodium and Potassium Balance
223
Condition resulting from inability to excrete acids.
Metabolic Acidosis
224
Adjustments in electrolyte levels in body fluids.
Fluid Composition Changes
225
Duration kidneys function effectively before failure.
Kidney Life Expectancy
