AP 8 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
Movement of fluid out of capillaries.
Capillary Filtration
Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.
Blood Pressure
Opposition to blood flow in blood vessels.
Vascular Resistance
Specialized capillaries for filtration in kidneys.
Kidney Capillaries
Movement of blood through the circulatory system.
Blood Flow
Voltage difference across a cell membrane.
Membrane Potential
Proteins allowing ions to pass through membranes.
Ion Channels
Transfer of nutrients between blood and tissues.
Nutrient Exchange
Muscle type regulating blood vessel diameter.
Smooth Muscle
Fluid surrounding tissue cells.
Interstitial Fluid
Pressure exerted by proteins in plasma.
Plasma Osmotic Pressure
Network removing excess fluid from tissues.
Lymphatic System
Capillaries in kidneys with high filtration pressure.
Glomerular Capillaries
Blood vessels supplying blood to glomeruli.
Afferent Arterioles
Process of filtering blood in kidneys.
Glomerular Filtration
Pressure exerted by fluid in a confined space.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Forces determining fluid movement across capillaries.
Starling Forces
Difference between hydrostatic and osmotic pressures.
Net Filtration Pressure
Volume of fluid filtered per minute.
Filtration Rate
Ability of capillaries to allow substances to pass.
Capillary Permeability
Process of fluid being absorbed back into capillaries.
Reabsorption
Sum of all capillary surfaces for exchange.
Total Surface Area
Speed of blood flow through vessels.
Blood Flow Velocity
Pressure needed to prevent fluid movement.
Osmotic Pressure
Pressure exerted by fluid in interstitial spaces.
Interstitial Fluid Pressure
Movement of lymph fluid through lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic Flow
Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Cardiac Output
Network of blood vessels throughout the body.
Vascular Tree
125 mL/min in glomerular capillaries.
Filtration Rate in Kidneys
Small blood vessels with high vascular resistance.
Arterioles
Primary site for nutrient and waste exchange.
Capillaries
Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
Ohm’s Law
Pressure difference driving blood flow.
Delta P
Removal of metabolic waste from tissues.
Waste Collection
Total area available for blood flow in vessels.
Cross Sectional Area
Speed at which blood moves through vessels.
Velocity of Blood Flow
Width of blood vessels affecting flow resistance.
Internal Diameter
Phase of heart contraction pumping blood.
Systole
Large veins returning blood to the heart.
Vena Cava
Rate of energy expenditure in tissues.
Metabolic Rate
Total area of capillaries facilitating exchange.
Surface Area
Part of circulation where blood is distributed.
Arterial Side
Narrowing of vessels increasing blood pressure.
Blood Vessel Constriction
Widening of vessels decreasing blood pressure.
Blood Vessel Relaxation
Concentration of capillaries in a tissue area.
Capillary Density
Release of oxygen from blood to tissues.
Oxygen Offloading
Absorption of carbon dioxide from tissues to blood.
CO2 Pickup
Resistance in arteries affecting blood pressure.
Arterial Resistance
Muscle controlling diameter of blood vessels.
Vascular Smooth Muscle
Sum of cross-sectional areas of all vessels.
Total Cross Sectional Area
Approximately 500-700 square meters in the body.
Capillary Surface Area
Largest artery distributing blood from heart.
Aorta
Systemic vascular resistance regulating blood flow.
SPR
High ratio in arterioles; affects blood flow.
Wall Thickness to Diameter Ratio
Inner layer of heart, veins, arteries, capillaries.
Endothelial Cells
Hormone causing arterioles to constrict.
Norepinephrine
Approximately 30 mmHg in capillaries.
Blood Pressure at Arterial End
Drops to about 10 mmHg in capillaries.
Blood Pressure at Venous End
Mean arterial pressure; average is 100 mmHg.
MAP
Fluid moving out of capillaries into tissues.
Filtration
Higher blood pressure; favors filtration.
Arterial End
Lower blood pressure; favors reabsorption.
Venous End
Large due to numerous capillaries present.
Cross Sectional Area in Capillaries
Maintains tissue hydration; prevents excess or deficit.
Fluid Balance
Nutrients move from capillaries to tissues.
Oxygen Delivery
Essential nutrient transported from capillaries to cells.
Glucose Delivery
Drives fluid movement across capillary walls.
Pressure Gradient
Facilitates nutrient and waste exchange in tissues.
Capillary Function
Larger than arteries; affects blood flow dynamics.
Cross Sectional Area in Veins
Varies from 30 mmHg to 10 mmHg across length.
Capillary Blood Pressure
30 mmHg, pressure at capillary’s arterial end.
Arterial End Pressure
10 mmHg, pressure at capillary’s venular end.
Venular End Pressure
Opposes filtration, may promote reabsorption.
Positive Interstitial Pressure
Typically -3 mmHg, promotes fluid movement into capillaries.
Negative Interstitial Pressure
Pressure holding fluid inside capillaries due to proteins.
Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure
28 mmHg, keeps fluid within cardiovascular system.
Normal Plasma Oncotic Pressure
Influences protein movement and osmotic pressure.
Capillary Wall Permeability
Process of fluid moving out of capillaries.
Fluid Filtration
Process of fluid moving back into capillaries.
Fluid Reabsorption
Pull excess fluid from interstitial spaces.
Lymphatics Function
Typically negative, aids fluid balance.
Healthy Interstitial Pressure
Increased capillary permeability affects protein osmotic pressure.
Sepsis Effect
Maintains plasma oncotic pressure in blood.
Albumin Role
Contributes to blood osmotic pressure.
Fibrinogen Function
Help maintain blood osmotic pressure.
Immunoglobulins Contribution
Physical fluid pressure in a given area.
Hydraulic Pressure
Network of capillaries facilitating exchange.
Capillary Beds
Movement of fluid influenced by pressure differences.
Fluid Dynamics
One cell layer thick, facilitates exchange.
Capillary Structure
Determined by pressures inside and outside capillaries.
Filtration-Absorption Balance
Affects fluid movement into or out of capillaries.
Hydraulic Pressure Outside Capillary
Loss of proteins from capillary affects osmotic pressure.
Colloid Escape
Major protein in blood plasma affecting osmotic pressure.
Albumin
Large protein strings in interstitial space providing structure.
Proteoglycan Filaments
Large compound that retains water in tissues.
Hyaluronic Acid
Proteins in blood that create osmotic pressure.
Vascular Colloids
Process of keeping fluid within the cardiovascular system.
Fluid Retention
Severe infection causing increased capillary permeability.
Sepsis
Swelling due to excess fluid in interstitial space.
Edema
Vessels that transport excess fluid and proteins.
Lymphatics
Difference in osmotic pressure across capillary walls.
Osmotic Gradient
Process of fluid shifting between compartments.
Fluid Movement
Injury causing release of intracellular proteins.
Cellular Damage
Physical injury leading to tissue damage and swelling.
Trauma
Term for capillaries with excessive permeability.
Swiss Cheese Capillaries
Process of lymphatics removing excess fluid.
Lymphatic Absorption
Removal of excess fluid by lymphatic system.
Fluid Scavenging
Escape of proteins from capillaries into interstitial fluid.
Protein Leakage
Normal values: 28 mmHg inside, 8 mmHg outside.
Osmotic Pressure Measurement
Long-term swelling due to persistent fluid retention.
Chronic Edema
Cell death releasing contents into interstitial space.
Cell Implosion
Maintains fluid balance and immune response.
Lymphatic System Function
Importance of lymphatic knowledge during procedures.
Surgical Considerations
Higher pressure inside capillaries compared to interstitial.
Capillary Osmotic Pressure
Lymphatics can increase absorption by 20-40 times.
Fluid Absorption Capacity
Capillary pressure at arteriole end, 30 mmHg.
P cap
Difference in capillary pressure, 20 mmHg.
Delta P cap
Measure of capillary permeability to water.
Capillary Filtration Coefficient
Pressure exerted by proteins in plasma.
Oncotic Pressure
Second most important proteins in oncotic pressure.
Globulins
Coagulation factor affecting plasma oncotic pressure.
Fibrinogen
Combined pressure from plasma proteins, 28 mmHg.
Total Oncotic Pressure
Prevent backflow in lymphatic and venous systems.
One-Way Valves
Muscle contractions aid venous and lymphatic return.
Skeletal Muscle Pump
Connect lymphatic system to large veins in thorax.
Lymphatic Ducts
Factors pushing fluid out of capillaries.
Filtration Favoring Forces
Pressure outside capillary, affects fluid movement.
Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure
Opposes filtration, 28 mmHg in capillaries.
Plasma Oncotic Pressure
Increases surface area, enhancing fluid exchange.
Capillary Expansion
Occurs when movement is restricted, like bed rest.
Fluid Stasis
Simulate muscle contractions to promote fluid movement.
Sequential Compression Devices
Flow of blood back to the heart.
Venous Return
Forces determining fluid exchange across capillaries.
Capillary Starling Forces
Capillary end where reabsorption occurs.
Venular End
Typically 17.3 mmHg throughout systemic capillaries.
Average Capillary Blood Pressure
Fluid filtered beyond reabsorption capacity.
Excess Filtration
Influences blood pressure and filtration rates.
Capillary Diameter
Indicates reabsorption at the venular end.
Negative Filtration Pressure
Pressure from blood within capillaries.
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Osmotic pressure from proteins outside capillaries.
Interstitial Protein Osmotic Pressure
Forces promoting fluid movement out of capillaries.
Filtration Favoring Factors
Forces preventing fluid movement out of capillaries.
Filtration Opposing Factors
Sum of favoring pressures minus opposing pressures.
Net Filtration Calculation
Difference in pressure from arterial to venous ends.
Capillary Pressure Gradient
Occurs at venular end due to negative pressure.
Reabsorption Dominance
Blood flow throughout the body excluding lungs.
Systemic Circulation
Measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Pressure Units
Influences pressure and filtration characteristics.
Capillary Length
High permeability of sodium through capillary openings.
Sodium Permeability
Chloride easily crosses capillary walls due to size.
Chloride Permeability
Specialized capillaries limiting permeability in the brain.
Blood-Brain Barrier
Proteins facilitating glucose movement across barriers.
Glucose Transporters
Rate of fluid filtering from capillaries into compartments.
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Average blood pressure entering the kidney, ~100 mmHg.
Renal Artery Pressure
Decrease in pressure as blood flows through resistance.
Blood Pressure Drop
Movement of substances from capillaries into kidney compartments.
Filtration Process
Low blood pressure exiting the kidney.
Renal Vein Pressure
Reabsorption and secretion of filtered substances.
Fluid Processing
Total filtration rate of glomerular capillaries.
125 mL/min
Typically not filtered unless capillaries are damaged.
Red Blood Cell Filtration
Large proteins filtered minimally under normal conditions.
Protein Filtration
Condition affecting filtration efficiency in kidneys.
Capillary Health
Space where filtered substances are processed.
Compartment for Processing
Afferent arterioles create significant resistance.
High Resistance Arterioles
Average pressure in systemic capillaries, ~30 mmHg.
Typical Systemic Capillary Pressure
Unique mechanisms for substance transport in specific areas.
Specialized Systems
Larger compounds less likely to pass through capillaries.
Compounds Size Effect
Increased resistance leads to lower blood pressure.
Resistance Impact on Pressure
Spaces between endothelial cells allowing substance passage.
Capillary Openings
Certain substances not filtered due to size.
Filtration Limitations
