AP 11 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
Blood pressure inside capillaries; 60 mmHg.
Capillary Pressure
Fluid pressure outside capillaries; 100 mmHg.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Regulates glomerular filtration rate (GFR) significantly.
Efferent Arteriole
Rate of filtration; 125 mls/min in healthy kidneys.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Kidney’s ability to maintain blood flow and GFR.
Autoregulation
Resistance in blood vessels; highest in efferent arteriole.
Vascular Resistance
Cells maintaining capillary structure and filterability.
Podocytes
Pressure due to proteins; initially 28 mmHg in glomeruli.
Oncotic Pressure
Calculated by subtracting oncotic and hydrostatic pressures.
Net Filtration Pressure
Process of reclaiming filtered substances; 99% reabsorbed.
Reabsorption
Removal of substances via urine; filtration minus reabsorption.
Excretion
Active transport of substances into the tubule.
Secretion
Space between tubules and blood vessels; facilitates reabsorption.
Renal Interstitium
Capillaries responsible for reabsorbing filtered fluid.
Peritubular Capillaries
GFR divided by renal plasma flow; about 0.19.
Filtration Fraction
Total blood flow to kidneys; about 1100 mls/min.
Renal Blood Flow
Normal output; about 1 mL/min, varies with blood pressure.
Urine Output
Adjusts blood flow to glomeruli; crucial for filtration.
Afferent Arteriole
Efferent arteriole constriction increases filtration rate.
Filtration Rate Adjustment
Pressure in renal interstitium; about 6 mmHg.
Physical Fluid Pressure
Protein osmotic pressure in tubule; initially zero.
Osmotic Pressure
Kidney adjusts fluid excretion for blood pressure control.
Long-term Blood Pressure Management
Effective between 50-150 mmHg in healthy kidneys.
Blood Pressure Range for Autoregulation
Compromised function in sick individuals; requires higher pressures.
Imperfect Autoregulation
Kidney adjusts urine output for maintaining fluid balance.
Fluid Balance
Plasma component of renal blood flow; about 660 mls/min.
Renal Plasma Flow
Low in peritubular capillaries; about 10 mmHg.
Net Reabsorption Pressure
Blood pressure in renal artery, approx. 100 mmHg.
Renal Artery Pressure
Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries, approx. 60 mmHg.
Glomerular Capillary Pressure
Pressure driving plasma filtration in kidneys.
Filtration Pressure
Typical value in systemic capillaries, 28 mmHg.
Plasma Oncotic Pressure
Pressure from proteins in tubule, typically zero.
Protein Osmotic Pressure
Process of filtering plasma through glomeruli.
Filtration Dynamics
Decrease in pressure due to vascular resistance.
Pressure Drop
Loss of fluid from glomerular capillaries during filtration.
Fluid Loss
Increase in protein concentration due to fluid loss.
Concentration of Proteins
Kidney’s role in regulating blood pressure over time.
Long-term Blood Pressure Control
Pressure opposing filtration from remaining proteins.
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Manipulation of resistance to regulate blood flow.
Vascular Resistance Control
Difference in pressure driving blood flow.
Blood Pressure Gradient
Process of plasma passing through glomeruli.
Fluid Filtration
Behavior of blood flow in capillaries.
Capillary Dynamics
Range of pressures for effective blood flow regulation.
Renal Autoregulation Limits
Variations in pressure affecting renal function.
Pressure Changes
Pressure exerted by fluid in renal tubules.
Fluid Pressure in Tubule
Volume of fluid filtered per minute, 125 mL.
Filtration Rate
Constant used to calculate filtration rate, 12.5.
Filtration Coefficient (KF)
Glomerular filtration rate, influenced by efferent arteriole.
GFR
Process of separating substances from blood in kidneys.
Filtration
Physical pressure in tubules, measured at 18 mmHg.
Fluid Pressure
Increases upstream pressure, enhancing filtration.
Constricting Efferent Arteriole
Decreases glomerular pressure, reducing filtration rate.
Relaxing Efferent Arteriole
Pressure decreases from 60 mmHg to 18 mmHg.
Blood Pressure Drop
Cells lining tubules, involved in reabsorption.
Tubule Cells
Mechanisms for reabsorption, vary by tubule segment.
Transport Systems
Specificity of pumps in distal convoluted tubule.
Furosemide Sensitivity
Segment of nephron involved in concentration of urine.
Henle’s Loop
Ions present in renal interstitium, crucial for function.
Electrolytes
Larger molecules in renal interstitium aiding reabsorption.
Energy Compounds
Rate of fluid filtration, typically 125 mL/min.
Fluid Filtration Rate
Process of choosing substances to retain or excrete.
Selective Reabsorption
Site of high-pressure filtration in kidneys.
Glomerular Capillaries
Pathways for reabsorbing substances through tubule walls.
Tubule Reabsorption Routes
Mechanism to adjust GFR via arteriole constriction.
Pressure Regulation
Space between tubules and capillaries.
Interstitium
Osmotic pressure in renal interstitium, typically 15 mmHg.
Renal Interstitium Protein Osmotic Pressure
Average pressure in capillaries, approximately 13 mmHg.
Blood Pressure in Peritubular Capillaries
Structure where reabsorption and secretion occur.
Renal Tubule
Indicates net reabsorption, measured at -10 mmHg.
Negative Net Filtration Pressure
System that circulates blood throughout the body.
Cardiovascular System
Forces that influence fluid movement across membranes.
Osmotic Forces
Pathway of fluid from blood to urine.
Fluid Movement Pathway
Removal of excess potassium via renal tubules.
Potassium Secretion
Harmful substances removed through secretion.
Toxins
Twisted structure of nephron involved in reabsorption.
Convoluted Tubule
Process of creating urine from filtered substances.
Urine Formation
Excretion equals filtration minus reabsorption plus secretion.
Filtration Equation
Pressure affecting filtration and reabsorption dynamics.
Fluid Pressure in Capillaries
Circulation of blood throughout the body.
Systemic Circulation
Vessel carrying reabsorbed substances back to circulation.
Renal Vein
Pressure within the renal interstitial space.
Interstitial Pressure
Tight capsule surrounding the kidney.
Renal Capsule
Fluid filtered from blood into renal tubules.
Filtrate
Process of moving substances into the tubule.
Active Secretion
Increase in pressure due to concentrated proteins.
Colloid Osmotic Pressure Change
Percentage of blood volume occupied by red cells.
Renal Hematocrit
Pressure opposing filtration in the kidney.
Fluid Pressure in Bowman’s Capsule
Kidney’s ability to maintain blood flow stability.
Auto-regulation
Hormones affecting kidney function and fluid balance.
Hormonal Influence
Process of filtering blood through glomeruli.
Fluid Filtering Mechanism
Approximately 20% in healthy kidney function.
Normal Filtration Fraction
Key pressures include hydrostatic and oncotic.
Pressure Measurements
Two networks in kidneys for filtration and reabsorption.
Capillary Beds
Narrowing of arterioles, affecting blood flow and pressure.
Constriction
Widening of arterioles, increasing blood flow to kidneys.
Dilation
Effective between 50 and 150 mmHg blood pressure.
Healthy Autoregulation Range
Impaired autoregulation in unhealthy individuals.
Low Blood Pressure Impact
Risk of excessive urine output without autoregulation.
High Blood Pressure Impact
Blood flow to kidneys, regulated by arterioles.
Renal Perfusion
Constriction raises upstream pressure, affecting GFR.
Pressure Increase
Dilation lowers upstream pressure, reducing GFR.
Pressure Decrease
Requires effective autoregulation and normal blood pressure.
Healthy Kidney Function
Influenced by afferent and efferent arteriole status.
GFR Regulation
Caused by constriction of either arteriole.
Renal Blood Flow Reduction
Caused by dilation of either arteriole.
Renal Blood Flow Increase
Damages blood vessels, impairs autoregulation.
Chronic Hypertension Effects
Long-term uncontrolled diabetes affects kidney autoregulation.
Diabetes Impact
Reduced urine output during low blood pressure.
Fluid Conservation
GFR and renal blood flow regulated without hormones.
Independent Regulation
1 mL/min in healthy individuals.
Normal Urine Output
Higher GFR typically results in increased urine output.
GFR and Urine Output Relation
Not perfect; influenced by systemic blood pressure.
Renal Autoregulation Limitations
Hormone affecting water retention, independent of autoregulation.
Vasopressin Role
Hormone affecting blood pressure, independent of autoregulation.
Angiotensin II Role
Hormone regulating sodium and water balance, independent of autoregulation.
Aldosterone Role
Blood vessel supplying glomerular capillaries.
Afferent arteriole
Capillaries surrounding renal tubules for reabsorption.
Peritubular capillary
Process where excess sodium is partially reabsorbed.
Sodium reabsorption
Typically 100% reabsorbed in non-diabetic patients.
Glucose reabsorption
Para-aminohippuric acid; used to estimate renal blood flow.
PAH
Blood flow to kidneys; affects PAH clearance.
Renal blood flow
Openings in glomerular capillaries for permeability.
Fenestrations
Connective tissue layer supporting glomerular capillaries.
Basement membrane
Openings between podocyte foot processes.
Slit pores
Additional removal of substances from blood.
Tubular secretion
Filtered sodium not fully reabsorbed by kidneys.
Excessive sodium
Volume of urine produced; equals filtered minus reabsorbed.
Renal output
Necessary for effective kidney function and waste removal.
High filtration rate
Mechanisms for reabsorbing or secreting compounds.
Transport systems
Glucose in urine indicates high blood sugar levels.
Diabetic glucose presence
Volume of plasma flowing through kidneys.
Renal plasma flow
Capillary network where filtration occurs.
Glomerular capillaries
Process of removing excess fluid from body.
Fluid excretion
Filtered substances not reabsorbed or secreted.
Compounds in urine
Increased pressure influences filtration and fluid balance.
Blood pressure effect
Structure where filtration, secretion, and reabsorption occur.
Renal tubule
Substances used to assess kidney function.
Diagnostic compounds
Repel similarly charged proteins from filtration.
Negative Charges
Inner lining of blood vessels, negatively charged.
Endothelium
Barrier preventing protein filtration in kidneys.
Basement Membrane
High pressure can damage kidney filtration units.
Glomerular Pressure
Synthetic sugars used to study filtration properties.
Dextrans
Charge affects filterability of compounds in kidneys.
Charge Influence
Ability of substances to pass through membranes.
Filterability
Synthetic compound for measuring glomerular filtration rate.
Inulin
Commonly used to estimate kidney function.
Creatinine
Large protein, filterable but not typically in blood.
Myoglobin
Large blood protein, low filterability to retain in blood.
Albumin
Easily filtered; includes water and sodium.
Small Particles
Prolonged pressure can damage glomerular capillaries.
High Blood Pressure
Negatively charged dextran, less filterable.
Polyionic Dextran
Small sugar, easily filtered by kidneys.
Glucose
Podocytes help maintain glomerular capillary surface area.
Surface Area Regulation
Chemically modified sugar for filtration studies.
Synthetic Sugar
Size and charge affect substance filterability.
Filterability Factors
Typically negatively charged, less filterable.
Blood Proteins
Study of blood vessels and structures in kidneys.
Kidney Anatomy
Assess kidney performance using various compounds.
Renal Function Tests
Larger compounds are less likely to filter.
Compounds Size
Analyzing blood samples to assess kidney function.
Blood Work
Determining how well kidneys filter substances.
Clearance Measurement
