AP 11 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
1
Q
Blood pressure inside capillaries; 60 mmHg.
A
Capillary Pressure
2
Q
Fluid pressure outside capillaries; 100 mmHg.
A
Hydrostatic Pressure
3
Q
Regulates glomerular filtration rate (GFR) significantly.
A
Efferent Arteriole
4
Q
Rate of filtration; 125 mls/min in healthy kidneys.
A
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
5
Q
Kidney’s ability to maintain blood flow and GFR.
A
Autoregulation
6
Q
Resistance in blood vessels; highest in efferent arteriole.
A
Vascular Resistance
7
Q
Cells maintaining capillary structure and filterability.
A
Podocytes
8
Q
Pressure due to proteins; initially 28 mmHg in glomeruli.
A
Oncotic Pressure
9
Q
Calculated by subtracting oncotic and hydrostatic pressures.
A
Net Filtration Pressure
10
Q
Process of reclaiming filtered substances; 99% reabsorbed.
A
Reabsorption
11
Q
Removal of substances via urine; filtration minus reabsorption.
A
Excretion
12
Q
Active transport of substances into the tubule.
A
Secretion
13
Q
Space between tubules and blood vessels; facilitates reabsorption.
A
Renal Interstitium
14
Q
Capillaries responsible for reabsorbing filtered fluid.
A
Peritubular Capillaries
15
Q
GFR divided by renal plasma flow; about 0.19.
A
Filtration Fraction
16
Q
Total blood flow to kidneys; about 1100 mls/min.
A
Renal Blood Flow
17
Q
Normal output; about 1 mL/min, varies with blood pressure.
A
Urine Output
18
Q
Adjusts blood flow to glomeruli; crucial for filtration.
A
Afferent Arteriole
19
Q
Efferent arteriole constriction increases filtration rate.
A
Filtration Rate Adjustment
20
Q
Pressure in renal interstitium; about 6 mmHg.
A
Physical Fluid Pressure
21
Q
Protein osmotic pressure in tubule; initially zero.
A
Osmotic Pressure
22
Q
Kidney adjusts fluid excretion for blood pressure control.
A
Long-term Blood Pressure Management
23
Q
Effective between 50-150 mmHg in healthy kidneys.
A
Blood Pressure Range for Autoregulation
24
Q
Compromised function in sick individuals; requires higher pressures.
A
Imperfect Autoregulation
25
Kidney adjusts urine output for maintaining fluid balance.
Fluid Balance
26
Plasma component of renal blood flow; about 660 mls/min.
Renal Plasma Flow
27
Low in peritubular capillaries; about 10 mmHg.
Net Reabsorption Pressure
28
Blood pressure in renal artery, approx. 100 mmHg.
Renal Artery Pressure
29
Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries, approx. 60 mmHg.
Glomerular Capillary Pressure
30
Pressure driving plasma filtration in kidneys.
Filtration Pressure
31
Typical value in systemic capillaries, 28 mmHg.
Plasma Oncotic Pressure
32
Pressure from proteins in tubule, typically zero.
Protein Osmotic Pressure
33
Process of filtering plasma through glomeruli.
Filtration Dynamics
34
Decrease in pressure due to vascular resistance.
Pressure Drop
35
Loss of fluid from glomerular capillaries during filtration.
Fluid Loss
36
Increase in protein concentration due to fluid loss.
Concentration of Proteins
37
Kidney's role in regulating blood pressure over time.
Long-term Blood Pressure Control
38
Pressure opposing filtration from remaining proteins.
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
39
Manipulation of resistance to regulate blood flow.
Vascular Resistance Control
40
Difference in pressure driving blood flow.
Blood Pressure Gradient
41
Process of plasma passing through glomeruli.
Fluid Filtration
42
Behavior of blood flow in capillaries.
Capillary Dynamics
43
Range of pressures for effective blood flow regulation.
Renal Autoregulation Limits
44
Variations in pressure affecting renal function.
Pressure Changes
45
Pressure exerted by fluid in renal tubules.
Fluid Pressure in Tubule
46
Volume of fluid filtered per minute, 125 mL.
Filtration Rate
47
Constant used to calculate filtration rate, 12.5.
Filtration Coefficient (KF)
48
Glomerular filtration rate, influenced by efferent arteriole.
GFR
49
Process of separating substances from blood in kidneys.
Filtration
50
Physical pressure in tubules, measured at 18 mmHg.
Fluid Pressure
51
Increases upstream pressure, enhancing filtration.
Constricting Efferent Arteriole
52
Decreases glomerular pressure, reducing filtration rate.
Relaxing Efferent Arteriole
53
Pressure decreases from 60 mmHg to 18 mmHg.
Blood Pressure Drop
54
Cells lining tubules, involved in reabsorption.
Tubule Cells
55
Mechanisms for reabsorption, vary by tubule segment.
Transport Systems
56
Specificity of pumps in distal convoluted tubule.
Furosemide Sensitivity
57
Segment of nephron involved in concentration of urine.
Henle's Loop
58
Ions present in renal interstitium, crucial for function.
Electrolytes
59
Larger molecules in renal interstitium aiding reabsorption.
Energy Compounds
60
Rate of fluid filtration, typically 125 mL/min.
Fluid Filtration Rate
61
Process of choosing substances to retain or excrete.
Selective Reabsorption
62
Site of high-pressure filtration in kidneys.
Glomerular Capillaries
63
Pathways for reabsorbing substances through tubule walls.
Tubule Reabsorption Routes
64
Mechanism to adjust GFR via arteriole constriction.
Pressure Regulation
65
Space between tubules and capillaries.
Interstitium
66
Osmotic pressure in renal interstitium, typically 15 mmHg.
Renal Interstitium Protein Osmotic Pressure
67
Average pressure in capillaries, approximately 13 mmHg.
Blood Pressure in Peritubular Capillaries
68
Structure where reabsorption and secretion occur.
Renal Tubule
69
Indicates net reabsorption, measured at -10 mmHg.
Negative Net Filtration Pressure
70
System that circulates blood throughout the body.
Cardiovascular System
71
Forces that influence fluid movement across membranes.
Osmotic Forces
72
Pathway of fluid from blood to urine.
Fluid Movement Pathway
73
Removal of excess potassium via renal tubules.
Potassium Secretion
74
Harmful substances removed through secretion.
Toxins
75
Twisted structure of nephron involved in reabsorption.
Convoluted Tubule
76
Process of creating urine from filtered substances.
Urine Formation
77
Excretion equals filtration minus reabsorption plus secretion.
Filtration Equation
78
Pressure affecting filtration and reabsorption dynamics.
Fluid Pressure in Capillaries
79
Circulation of blood throughout the body.
Systemic Circulation
80
Vessel carrying reabsorbed substances back to circulation.
Renal Vein
81
Pressure within the renal interstitial space.
Interstitial Pressure
82
Tight capsule surrounding the kidney.
Renal Capsule
83
Fluid filtered from blood into renal tubules.
Filtrate
84
Process of moving substances into the tubule.
Active Secretion
85
Increase in pressure due to concentrated proteins.
Colloid Osmotic Pressure Change
86
Percentage of blood volume occupied by red cells.
Renal Hematocrit
87
Pressure opposing filtration in the kidney.
Fluid Pressure in Bowman's Capsule
88
Kidney's ability to maintain blood flow stability.
Auto-regulation
89
Hormones affecting kidney function and fluid balance.
Hormonal Influence
90
Process of filtering blood through glomeruli.
Fluid Filtering Mechanism
91
Approximately 20% in healthy kidney function.
Normal Filtration Fraction
92
Key pressures include hydrostatic and oncotic.
Pressure Measurements
93
Two networks in kidneys for filtration and reabsorption.
Capillary Beds
94
Narrowing of arterioles, affecting blood flow and pressure.
Constriction
95
Widening of arterioles, increasing blood flow to kidneys.
Dilation
96
Effective between 50 and 150 mmHg blood pressure.
Healthy Autoregulation Range
97
Impaired autoregulation in unhealthy individuals.
Low Blood Pressure Impact
98
Risk of excessive urine output without autoregulation.
High Blood Pressure Impact
99
Blood flow to kidneys, regulated by arterioles.
Renal Perfusion
100
Constriction raises upstream pressure, affecting GFR.
Pressure Increase
101
Dilation lowers upstream pressure, reducing GFR.
Pressure Decrease
102
Requires effective autoregulation and normal blood pressure.
Healthy Kidney Function
103
Influenced by afferent and efferent arteriole status.
GFR Regulation
104
Caused by constriction of either arteriole.
Renal Blood Flow Reduction
105
Caused by dilation of either arteriole.
Renal Blood Flow Increase
106
Damages blood vessels, impairs autoregulation.
Chronic Hypertension Effects
107
Long-term uncontrolled diabetes affects kidney autoregulation.
Diabetes Impact
108
Reduced urine output during low blood pressure.
Fluid Conservation
109
GFR and renal blood flow regulated without hormones.
Independent Regulation
110
1 mL/min in healthy individuals.
Normal Urine Output
111
Higher GFR typically results in increased urine output.
GFR and Urine Output Relation
112
Not perfect; influenced by systemic blood pressure.
Renal Autoregulation Limitations
113
Hormone affecting water retention, independent of autoregulation.
Vasopressin Role
114
Hormone affecting blood pressure, independent of autoregulation.
Angiotensin II Role
115
Hormone regulating sodium and water balance, independent of autoregulation.
Aldosterone Role
116
Blood vessel supplying glomerular capillaries.
Afferent arteriole
117
Capillaries surrounding renal tubules for reabsorption.
Peritubular capillary
118
Process where excess sodium is partially reabsorbed.
Sodium reabsorption
119
Typically 100% reabsorbed in non-diabetic patients.
Glucose reabsorption
120
Para-aminohippuric acid; used to estimate renal blood flow.
PAH
121
Blood flow to kidneys; affects PAH clearance.
Renal blood flow
122
Openings in glomerular capillaries for permeability.
Fenestrations
123
Connective tissue layer supporting glomerular capillaries.
Basement membrane
124
Openings between podocyte foot processes.
Slit pores
125
Additional removal of substances from blood.
Tubular secretion
126
Filtered sodium not fully reabsorbed by kidneys.
Excessive sodium
127
Volume of urine produced; equals filtered minus reabsorbed.
Renal output
128
Necessary for effective kidney function and waste removal.
High filtration rate
129
Mechanisms for reabsorbing or secreting compounds.
Transport systems
130
Glucose in urine indicates high blood sugar levels.
Diabetic glucose presence
131
Volume of plasma flowing through kidneys.
Renal plasma flow
132
Capillary network where filtration occurs.
Glomerular capillaries
133
Process of removing excess fluid from body.
Fluid excretion
134
Filtered substances not reabsorbed or secreted.
Compounds in urine
135
Increased pressure influences filtration and fluid balance.
Blood pressure effect
136
Structure where filtration, secretion, and reabsorption occur.
Renal tubule
137
Substances used to assess kidney function.
Diagnostic compounds
138
Repel similarly charged proteins from filtration.
Negative Charges
139
Inner lining of blood vessels, negatively charged.
Endothelium
140
Barrier preventing protein filtration in kidneys.
Basement Membrane
141
High pressure can damage kidney filtration units.
Glomerular Pressure
142
Synthetic sugars used to study filtration properties.
Dextrans
143
Charge affects filterability of compounds in kidneys.
Charge Influence
144
Ability of substances to pass through membranes.
Filterability
145
Synthetic compound for measuring glomerular filtration rate.
Inulin
146
Commonly used to estimate kidney function.
Creatinine
147
Large protein, filterable but not typically in blood.
Myoglobin
148
Large blood protein, low filterability to retain in blood.
Albumin
149
Easily filtered; includes water and sodium.
Small Particles
150
Prolonged pressure can damage glomerular capillaries.
High Blood Pressure
151
Negatively charged dextran, less filterable.
Polyionic Dextran
152
Small sugar, easily filtered by kidneys.
Glucose
153
Podocytes help maintain glomerular capillary surface area.
Surface Area Regulation
154
Chemically modified sugar for filtration studies.
Synthetic Sugar
155
Size and charge affect substance filterability.
Filterability Factors
156
Typically negatively charged, less filterable.
Blood Proteins
157
Study of blood vessels and structures in kidneys.
Kidney Anatomy
158
Assess kidney performance using various compounds.
Renal Function Tests
159
Larger compounds are less likely to filter.
Compounds Size
160
Analyzing blood samples to assess kidney function.
Blood Work
161
Determining how well kidneys filter substances.
Clearance Measurement
