AP 18 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
Measurement of blood flow through kidneys using PAH.
Renal Plasma Flow
Method to quantify renal plasma flow efficiency.
PAH Clearance
Regulates GFR via angiotensin II and nitric oxide.
Macula Densa
Glomerular filtration rate controlled by arteriole constriction.
GFR Regulation
Hormone that constricts afferent arterioles, affecting GFR.
Angiotensin II
Pump that facilitates sodium reabsorption in proximal tubule.
Sodium Potassium ATPase
Site for sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption.
Proximal Tubule
Process enhanced by sodium bicarbonate symporter.
Bicarbonate Reabsorption
Reabsorbs water and ions, crucial for concentration.
Loop of Henle
Reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions.
Thick Ascending Limb
Medications that inhibit sodium potassium ATPase in nephron.
Loop Diuretics
Tissue that aids in concentrating tubular fluid.
Renal Interstitium
Process where kidneys reclaim water from filtrate.
Water Reabsorption
Enhanced by parathyroid hormone in distal tubule.
Calcium Reabsorption
Site for calcium and sodium reabsorption influenced by PTH.
Distal Tubule
Inhibit sodium-chloride reabsorption in distal tubule.
Thiazide Diuretics
Distal tubule responds to antidiuretic hormone.
ADH Sensitivity
Enhance potassium secretion and sodium reabsorption.
Aldosterone Receptors
Renal interstitium’s concentration affects urine concentration.
Osmolarity Effect
Enzyme aiding bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal tubule.
Carbonic Anhydrase
Facilitates sodium reabsorption and acid-base balance.
Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger
Movement of water and solutes into renal interstitium.
Bulk Flow
Facilitate water reabsorption in proximal tubule.
Aquaporins
Allow calcium entry in proximal tubular cells.
Calcium Channels
Regulates calcium levels and stimulates reabsorption.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Secretion of compounds like creatinine in proximal tubule.
Organic Compound Handling
Pump aiding calcium reabsorption in distal tubule.
Sodium-Calcium Exchanger
Cells in distal tubule responsive to ADH.
Principal Cells
Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.
ADH
Hormone increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone’s structure allowing cell membrane passage.
Cholesterol Derivative
Enzyme facilitating sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
Actual renal plasma flow adjusted for PAH clearance.
Effective Renal Plasma Flow
Molecule mediating afferent arteriole relaxation.
Nitric Oxide
Blood vessel supplying blood to glomerulus.
Afferent Arteriole
Blood vessel draining blood from glomerulus.
Efferent Arteriole
Rate of filtration in the kidneys.
GFR
Drugs relaxing blood vessels, increasing renal blood flow.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Receptors in proximal tubule responding to angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II Receptors
Transporter increasing sodium reabsorption in proximal tubule.
Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger
Transporter moving sodium and bicarbonate simultaneously.
Sodium-Bicarbonate Symporter
Blood vessels reabsorbing substances from renal interstitium.
Peritubular Capillaries
Volume of blood passing through kidneys per minute.
Renal Blood Flow
Increases sodium reabsorption and constricts arterioles.
Angiotensin II Effects
Difference in sodium concentration across cell membrane.
Sodium Gradient
Proteins facilitating movement of substances across membranes.
Transporters
Pressure affecting filtration rate in glomerulus.
Glomerular Capillary Pressure
Mechanisms controlling kidney filtration and reabsorption.
Renal Function Regulation
Transports sodium out, potassium into cells.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Process of reclaiming substances from filtrate.
Reabsorption
Substances reabsorbed between adjacent cells.
Paracellular Pathway
Substances pass through cell membranes.
Transcellular Pathway
Cellular connections regulating permeability.
Tight Junctions
Pressure driving fluid reabsorption, 10 mmHg.
Net Reabsorption Pressure
Water movement following solute concentration.
Osmosis
Waste product aiding water reabsorption.
Urea
Chloride follows sodium during reabsorption.
Chloride Reabsorption
Transport driven by sodium gradient.
Secondary Active Transport
Pressure at glomerular capillaries for filtration.
Filtration Pressure
Forces aiding fluid movement in capillaries.
Capillary Forces
Microvilli on proximal tubule cells enhancing absorption.
Brush Border
Process of reclaiming water from filtrate.
Fluid Reabsorption
Proteins facilitating substance movement across cells.
Transcellular Transporters
Concentration of solutes in renal interstitium.
Interstitial Concentration
Amount of solute affecting osmotic balance.
Solute Concentration
Movement of fluid influenced by pressure and concentration.
Fluid Dynamics
Segments of nephron involved in filtration and reabsorption.
Renal Tubules
Body’s water balance affecting renal function.
Hydration Status
Energy-dependent movement of substances against gradient.
Active Transport
Movement of substances down concentration gradient.
Passive Diffusion
Brush border increases surface area by 20-fold.
Surface Area Increase
Typical value of -70 mV in renal cells.
Membrane Potential
Driving force for sodium movement into proximal tubule cells.
Electrochemical Gradient
Typically negative, influenced by remaining ions.
Tubular Lumen Charge
Remains relatively constant along proximal tubule.
Sodium Concentration
Increases as sodium is reabsorbed in proximal tubule.
Chloride Concentration
Small amount of albumin filtered at glomeruli.
Protein Filtration
Approximately 1.8 grams per day in healthy kidneys.
Filtered Protein Amount
Proximal tubule reabsorbs about 1.7 grams daily.
Reabsorbed Protein Amount
Process of proximal tubular cells absorbing proteins.
Endocytosis
Alternative term for endocytosis in proximal tubular cells.
Pinocytosis
Products of protein breakdown reabsorbed in proximal tubule.
Amino Acid Reabsorption
Difference in concentration driving substance movement.
Concentration Gradient
Typically around -3 mV in proximal tubule.
Negative Charge in Lumen
Cells capable of generating membrane potential changes.
Electrically Excitable Cells
Minimal amounts filtered, typically not significant.
Filtered Albumin
Increased chloride reabsorption in second half of tubule.
Reabsorption Uptick
Contains ions influencing charge and reabsorption.
Fluid in Proximal Tubule
Avoided by brush border structure in proximal tubule.
Transporter Crowding
Limited permeability for ions in proximal tubular cells.
Ion Permeability
Site where filtration of blood occurs.
Glomerular Capillaries
Comparison of ion concentrations in tubular fluid.
Tubular Fluid Plasma Concentration
Building blocks of proteins, reabsorbed in kidneys.
Amino Acids
Condition causing increased protein loss in urine.
Diabetes
Severe infection leading to increased capillary permeability.
Septic Shock
Vessels that help drain excess proteins and fluids.
Lymphatics
Proteins that pass through kidney filtration system.
Filtered Protein
Major protein in blood, typically reabsorbed.
Albumin
Short chain of amino acids, smaller than proteins.
Peptide
Process of maintaining pH balance in the body.
Acid-Base Regulation
Transporter that reabsorbs sodium while secreting protons.
Sodium-Proton Exchanger
Active transport of substances into the tubular lumen.
Secretion
Buffering agent regulated by proximal tubule.
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Formed from bicarbonate and protons in kidneys.
Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
Process of reclaiming carbon dioxide in proximal tubule.
CO2 Reabsorption
Removal of protons to regulate acid-base balance.
Proton Secretion
Initial process of separating substances in kidneys.
Filtration
Issues arising from excess proteins in renal tubules.
Tubule Problems
Small signaling proteins filtered and reabsorbed.
Micro Proteins
Protein lost in urine due to filtration.
Excreted Protein
Limited ability to reabsorb excess proteins.
Proximal Tubule Capacity
Continuous generation of acids affecting pH balance.
Acid Production
Biochemical reactions facilitated by enzymes in kidneys.
Enzymatic Activity
Transports protons out, reabsorbs sodium in proximal tubule.
Proton-Sodium Exchanger
Buffer that helps maintain pH balance in body fluids.
Bicarbonate (Bicarb)
Condition of increased acidity in body fluids.
Acidosis
Charged molecule formed from ammonia and protons.
Ammonium (NH4+)
Amino acid converted to bicarbonate and ammonium in kidneys.
Glutamine
Substance that promotes increased urine production.
Diuretic
Substance that neutralizes acids in urine.
Urinary Buffer
Buffer that helps remove protons from the body.
Sodium Phosphate
Rapid transit of fluid through the proximal tubule.
Fluid Movement
System regulating pH levels in body fluids.
Acid-Base Management
Formation of bicarbonate from glutamine in kidneys.
New Bicarbonate Production
Process of reclaiming sodium in the nephron.
Sodium Reabsorption
Level of acidity in urine, influenced by buffers.
Urine Acidity
Ability of a substance to neutralize acids.
Buffering Capacity
Condition affecting glutamine production and acid-base balance.
Liver Failure
Process involving transformation of substances in the body.
Chemical Reaction
Transport mechanism for sodium and bicarbonate in kidneys.
Sodium Bicarbonate Pump
Build-up of protons leading to increased acidity.
Proton Accumulation
Highly acidic fluid within the renal tubules.
Acidic Luminal Fluid
Neutralizing protons to prevent damage from acidity.
Proton Buffering
Consequences of blocking carbonic anhydrase activity.
Inhibitor Effects
Mechanisms to prevent damage from acidic urine.
Urinary System Protection
Role of transport proteins in ion balance.
Exchanger Function
Process of stabilizing pH in body fluids.
Fluid Buffering
Uses ATP to remove calcium from cells.
Calcium ATPase Pump
Exchanges sodium for calcium across cell membrane.
Sodium-Calcium Exchange
Process of filtering blood at the kidneys.
Glomerular Filtration
Monitors calcium levels in extracellular fluid.
Parathyroid Gland
Enhances calcium absorption from dietary sources.
Vitamin D3 Activation
Cells that break down bone to release calcium.
Osteoclasts
Cells that build bone using calcium and phosphate.
Osteoblasts
Condition of low calcium levels in blood.
Hypocalcemia
Condition of porous bones due to calcium deficit.
Osteoporosis
Mainly stored in bones for long-term use.
Calcium Storage
Substances secreted by proximal tubule into urine.
Organic Compounds
Positively charged organic compounds secreted by kidneys.
Organic Cations
Negatively charged organic compounds removed by kidneys.
Organic Anions
Endogenous anions removed from circulation by kidneys.
Bile Salts
Endogenous compounds needing removal from blood.
Purines
Organic compound filtered and secreted by kidneys.
Creatinine
Low inside cells compared to tubular fluid.
Calcium Concentration
Calcium binding to larger proteins affects filtration.
Calcium Aggregation
PTH increases calcium release from bones.
Calcium Deficit Response
Intake of calcium with vitamin D3 for absorption.
Calcium Supplementation
Measure of bone strength affected by calcium levels.
Bone Density
Kidney mechanism to reclaim calcium from urine.
Calcium Reabsorption System
Controlled by PTH and calcium absorption mechanisms.
Calcium Levels Regulation
Substances produced within the body, e.g., acetylcholine.
Endogenous Compounds
Substances originating outside the body, e.g., drugs.
Exogenous Compounds
Transport systems for removing organic anions from blood.
Organic Anion Transport Systems
Transport systems for removing organic cations from blood.
Organic Cation Transport Systems
Kidney cells involved in secretion and reabsorption.
Proximal Tubular Cells
Antibiotic removed by kidneys; secretion process is critical.
Penicillin
Group of drugs including aspirin; excreted by kidneys.
Salicylates
Intermediate compound aiding organic anion transport.
Alpha Ketoglutarate
Transport mechanism for organic cations using protons.
Proton Dependent Antiporter
Process for removing organic anions using sodium gradients.
Sodium Dependent Transport
Protein aiding movement of substances across cell membranes.
Facilitated Transporter
Drug removed via organic cation transport systems.
Isoproterenol
Drug that is secreted by kidney transport systems.
Atropine
Opioid drug eliminated through kidney transport mechanisms.
Morphine
Positively charged particle involved in cation transport.
Proton
Process where one substance reduces transport of another.
Competitive Inhibition
Synthetic compound used to prolong penicillin’s blood levels.
Hippurate
Compound affecting kidney secretion processes, not commonly used.
Para-Aminohippurate
Period when penicillin’s transport mechanisms were studied.
World War II
Endogenous neurotransmitter removed by kidney secretion.
Dopamine
Hormone secreted by kidneys; affects transport processes.
Epinephrine
Diuretic drug eliminated via kidney transport systems.
Fluoro Thiazide
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; secreted by kidneys.
Acetazolamide
Endogenous compound related to oxalate secretion.
Oxalic Acid
Endogenous waste product; secreted by kidneys.
Uric Acid
Intensive Care Unit; important for kidney understanding.
ICU
Part of Loop of Henle; primarily reabsorbs water.
Thin Descending Limb
Part of Loop of Henle; impermeable to water.
Thin Ascending Limb
Transporter reabsorbing sodium and chloride in nephron.
Sodium Chloride Transporter
Pathway for ion reabsorption between nephron cells.
Paracellular Route
Channels allowing potassium to leak into tubular fluid.
Potassium Channels
Positive charge in tubular fluid aiding ion reabsorption.
Electrical Charge
Ions like magnesium and calcium with two positive charges.
Divalent Cations
Amount of ions in a solution affecting reabsorption.
Ion Concentration
Energy currency driving active transport in nephron.
ATP
Process of decreasing concentration as fluid ascends.
Fluid Dilution
Outer regions of the kidney with lower concentration.
Cortical Areas
Fluid within nephron undergoing filtration and reabsorption.
Tubular Fluid
Reabsorption of magnesium primarily in thick ascending limb.
Magnesium Reabsorption
Mechanism for moving substances across nephron membranes.
Transporter Function
Functional unit of kidney responsible for filtration.
Nephron
Pathway of fluid through nephron from proximal to distal.
Fluid Flow Direction
Initial section of nephron with complex structure.
Convoluted Tubule
Potassium leaks back into tubular fluid.
Potassium Reabsorption
Maximum concentration of renal interstitium achievable.
Osmolarity of 1200
Dependent on renal interstitial osmolarity.
Urine Concentration
Can concentrate renal interstitium more than humans.
Desert Lizard Adaptation
Increased by aldosterone in distal tubule.
Potassium Secretion
Maximum urine concentration under less concentrated interstitium.
Osmolarity of 600
Site for final urine concentration influenced by ADH.
Collecting Duct
Dependent on nephron’s ability to concentrate urine.
Renal Function
Fluid surrounding renal tubules, crucial for reabsorption.
Interstitial Fluid
Dilutes renal interstitium, reducing water reabsorption.
Diuretic Mechanism
Influenced by sodium and urea reabsorption.
Renal Osmolarity Regulation
Varies between species based on environmental adaptation.
Kidney Concentration Ability
Determined by solute reabsorption in nephron.
Fluid Concentration
Regulates electrolyte and water balance in body.
Nephron Function
