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A&P Fall 24' > AP 18 Nov Quizlet > Flashcards

AP 18 Nov Quizlet Flashcards

1
Q

Measurement of blood flow through kidneys using PAH.

A

Renal Plasma Flow

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2
Q

Method to quantify renal plasma flow efficiency.

A

PAH Clearance

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3
Q

Regulates GFR via angiotensin II and nitric oxide.

A

Macula Densa

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4
Q

Glomerular filtration rate controlled by arteriole constriction.

A

GFR Regulation

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5
Q

Hormone that constricts afferent arterioles, affecting GFR.

A

Angiotensin II

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6
Q

Pump that facilitates sodium reabsorption in proximal tubule.

A

Sodium Potassium ATPase

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7
Q

Site for sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption.

A

Proximal Tubule

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8
Q

Process enhanced by sodium bicarbonate symporter.

A

Bicarbonate Reabsorption

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9
Q

Reabsorbs water and ions, crucial for concentration.

A

Loop of Henle

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10
Q

Reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions.

A

Thick Ascending Limb

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11
Q

Medications that inhibit sodium potassium ATPase in nephron.

A

Loop Diuretics

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12
Q

Tissue that aids in concentrating tubular fluid.

A

Renal Interstitium

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13
Q

Process where kidneys reclaim water from filtrate.

A

Water Reabsorption

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14
Q

Enhanced by parathyroid hormone in distal tubule.

A

Calcium Reabsorption

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15
Q

Site for calcium and sodium reabsorption influenced by PTH.

A

Distal Tubule

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16
Q

Inhibit sodium-chloride reabsorption in distal tubule.

A

Thiazide Diuretics

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17
Q

Distal tubule responds to antidiuretic hormone.

A

ADH Sensitivity

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18
Q

Enhance potassium secretion and sodium reabsorption.

A

Aldosterone Receptors

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19
Q

Renal interstitium’s concentration affects urine concentration.

A

Osmolarity Effect

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20
Q

Enzyme aiding bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal tubule.

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

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21
Q

Facilitates sodium reabsorption and acid-base balance.

A

Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger

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22
Q

Movement of water and solutes into renal interstitium.

A

Bulk Flow

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23
Q

Facilitate water reabsorption in proximal tubule.

A

Aquaporins

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24
Q

Allow calcium entry in proximal tubular cells.

A

Calcium Channels

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25
Q

Regulates calcium levels and stimulates reabsorption.

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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26
Q

Secretion of compounds like creatinine in proximal tubule.

A

Organic Compound Handling

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27
Q

Pump aiding calcium reabsorption in distal tubule.

A

Sodium-Calcium Exchanger

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28
Q

Cells in distal tubule responsive to ADH.

A

Principal Cells

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29
Q

Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.

A

ADH

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30
Q

Hormone increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

A

Aldosterone

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31
Q

Aldosterone’s structure allowing cell membrane passage.

A

Cholesterol Derivative

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32
Q

Enzyme facilitating sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

A

Sodium-Potassium ATPase

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33
Q

Actual renal plasma flow adjusted for PAH clearance.

A

Effective Renal Plasma Flow

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34
Q

Molecule mediating afferent arteriole relaxation.

A

Nitric Oxide

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35
Q

Blood vessel supplying blood to glomerulus.

A

Afferent Arteriole

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36
Q

Blood vessel draining blood from glomerulus.

A

Efferent Arteriole

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37
Q

Rate of filtration in the kidneys.

A

GFR

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38
Q

Drugs relaxing blood vessels, increasing renal blood flow.

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

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39
Q

Receptors in proximal tubule responding to angiotensin II.

A

Angiotensin II Receptors

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40
Q

Transporter increasing sodium reabsorption in proximal tubule.

A

Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger

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41
Q

Transporter moving sodium and bicarbonate simultaneously.

A

Sodium-Bicarbonate Symporter

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42
Q

Blood vessels reabsorbing substances from renal interstitium.

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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43
Q

Volume of blood passing through kidneys per minute.

A

Renal Blood Flow

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44
Q

Increases sodium reabsorption and constricts arterioles.

A

Angiotensin II Effects

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45
Q

Difference in sodium concentration across cell membrane.

A

Sodium Gradient

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46
Q

Proteins facilitating movement of substances across membranes.

A

Transporters

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47
Q

Pressure affecting filtration rate in glomerulus.

A

Glomerular Capillary Pressure

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48
Q

Mechanisms controlling kidney filtration and reabsorption.

A

Renal Function Regulation

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49
Q

Transports sodium out, potassium into cells.

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

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50
Q

Process of reclaiming substances from filtrate.

A

Reabsorption

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51
Q

Substances reabsorbed between adjacent cells.

A

Paracellular Pathway

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52
Q

Substances pass through cell membranes.

A

Transcellular Pathway

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53
Q

Cellular connections regulating permeability.

A

Tight Junctions

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54
Q

Pressure driving fluid reabsorption, 10 mmHg.

A

Net Reabsorption Pressure

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55
Q

Water movement following solute concentration.

A

Osmosis

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56
Q

Waste product aiding water reabsorption.

A

Urea

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57
Q

Chloride follows sodium during reabsorption.

A

Chloride Reabsorption

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58
Q

Transport driven by sodium gradient.

A

Secondary Active Transport

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59
Q

Pressure at glomerular capillaries for filtration.

A

Filtration Pressure

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60
Q

Forces aiding fluid movement in capillaries.

A

Capillary Forces

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61
Q

Microvilli on proximal tubule cells enhancing absorption.

A

Brush Border

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62
Q

Process of reclaiming water from filtrate.

A

Fluid Reabsorption

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63
Q

Proteins facilitating substance movement across cells.

A

Transcellular Transporters

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64
Q

Concentration of solutes in renal interstitium.

A

Interstitial Concentration

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65
Q

Amount of solute affecting osmotic balance.

A

Solute Concentration

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66
Q

Movement of fluid influenced by pressure and concentration.

A

Fluid Dynamics

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67
Q

Segments of nephron involved in filtration and reabsorption.

A

Renal Tubules

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68
Q

Body’s water balance affecting renal function.

A

Hydration Status

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69
Q

Energy-dependent movement of substances against gradient.

A

Active Transport

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70
Q

Movement of substances down concentration gradient.

A

Passive Diffusion

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71
Q

Brush border increases surface area by 20-fold.

A

Surface Area Increase

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72
Q

Typical value of -70 mV in renal cells.

A

Membrane Potential

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73
Q

Driving force for sodium movement into proximal tubule cells.

A

Electrochemical Gradient

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74
Q

Typically negative, influenced by remaining ions.

A

Tubular Lumen Charge

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75
Q

Remains relatively constant along proximal tubule.

A

Sodium Concentration

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76
Q

Increases as sodium is reabsorbed in proximal tubule.

A

Chloride Concentration

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77
Q

Small amount of albumin filtered at glomeruli.

A

Protein Filtration

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78
Q

Approximately 1.8 grams per day in healthy kidneys.

A

Filtered Protein Amount

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79
Q

Proximal tubule reabsorbs about 1.7 grams daily.

A

Reabsorbed Protein Amount

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80
Q

Process of proximal tubular cells absorbing proteins.

A

Endocytosis

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81
Q

Alternative term for endocytosis in proximal tubular cells.

A

Pinocytosis

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82
Q

Products of protein breakdown reabsorbed in proximal tubule.

A

Amino Acid Reabsorption

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83
Q

Difference in concentration driving substance movement.

A

Concentration Gradient

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84
Q

Typically around -3 mV in proximal tubule.

A

Negative Charge in Lumen

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85
Q

Cells capable of generating membrane potential changes.

A

Electrically Excitable Cells

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86
Q

Minimal amounts filtered, typically not significant.

A

Filtered Albumin

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87
Q

Increased chloride reabsorption in second half of tubule.

A

Reabsorption Uptick

88
Q

Contains ions influencing charge and reabsorption.

A

Fluid in Proximal Tubule

89
Q

Avoided by brush border structure in proximal tubule.

A

Transporter Crowding

90
Q

Limited permeability for ions in proximal tubular cells.

A

Ion Permeability

91
Q

Site where filtration of blood occurs.

A

Glomerular Capillaries

92
Q

Comparison of ion concentrations in tubular fluid.

A

Tubular Fluid Plasma Concentration

93
Q

Building blocks of proteins, reabsorbed in kidneys.

A

Amino Acids

94
Q

Condition causing increased protein loss in urine.

A

Diabetes

95
Q

Severe infection leading to increased capillary permeability.

A

Septic Shock

96
Q

Vessels that help drain excess proteins and fluids.

A

Lymphatics

97
Q

Proteins that pass through kidney filtration system.

A

Filtered Protein

98
Q

Major protein in blood, typically reabsorbed.

A

Albumin

99
Q

Short chain of amino acids, smaller than proteins.

A

Peptide

100
Q

Process of maintaining pH balance in the body.

A

Acid-Base Regulation

101
Q

Transporter that reabsorbs sodium while secreting protons.

A

Sodium-Proton Exchanger

102
Q

Active transport of substances into the tubular lumen.

A

Secretion

103
Q

Buffering agent regulated by proximal tubule.

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

104
Q

Formed from bicarbonate and protons in kidneys.

A

Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)

105
Q

Process of reclaiming carbon dioxide in proximal tubule.

A

CO2 Reabsorption

106
Q

Removal of protons to regulate acid-base balance.

A

Proton Secretion

107
Q

Initial process of separating substances in kidneys.

A

Filtration

108
Q

Issues arising from excess proteins in renal tubules.

A

Tubule Problems

109
Q

Small signaling proteins filtered and reabsorbed.

A

Micro Proteins

110
Q

Protein lost in urine due to filtration.

A

Excreted Protein

111
Q

Limited ability to reabsorb excess proteins.

A

Proximal Tubule Capacity

112
Q

Continuous generation of acids affecting pH balance.

A

Acid Production

113
Q

Biochemical reactions facilitated by enzymes in kidneys.

A

Enzymatic Activity

114
Q

Transports protons out, reabsorbs sodium in proximal tubule.

A

Proton-Sodium Exchanger

115
Q

Buffer that helps maintain pH balance in body fluids.

A

Bicarbonate (Bicarb)

116
Q

Condition of increased acidity in body fluids.

A

Acidosis

117
Q

Charged molecule formed from ammonia and protons.

A

Ammonium (NH4+)

118
Q

Amino acid converted to bicarbonate and ammonium in kidneys.

A

Glutamine

119
Q

Substance that promotes increased urine production.

A

Diuretic

120
Q

Substance that neutralizes acids in urine.

A

Urinary Buffer

121
Q

Buffer that helps remove protons from the body.

A

Sodium Phosphate

122
Q

Rapid transit of fluid through the proximal tubule.

A

Fluid Movement

123
Q

System regulating pH levels in body fluids.

A

Acid-Base Management

124
Q

Formation of bicarbonate from glutamine in kidneys.

A

New Bicarbonate Production

125
Q

Process of reclaiming sodium in the nephron.

A

Sodium Reabsorption

126
Q

Level of acidity in urine, influenced by buffers.

A

Urine Acidity

127
Q

Ability of a substance to neutralize acids.

A

Buffering Capacity

128
Q

Condition affecting glutamine production and acid-base balance.

A

Liver Failure

129
Q

Process involving transformation of substances in the body.

A

Chemical Reaction

130
Q

Transport mechanism for sodium and bicarbonate in kidneys.

A

Sodium Bicarbonate Pump

131
Q

Build-up of protons leading to increased acidity.

A

Proton Accumulation

132
Q

Highly acidic fluid within the renal tubules.

A

Acidic Luminal Fluid

133
Q

Neutralizing protons to prevent damage from acidity.

A

Proton Buffering

134
Q

Consequences of blocking carbonic anhydrase activity.

A

Inhibitor Effects

135
Q

Mechanisms to prevent damage from acidic urine.

A

Urinary System Protection

136
Q

Role of transport proteins in ion balance.

A

Exchanger Function

137
Q

Process of stabilizing pH in body fluids.

A

Fluid Buffering

138
Q

Uses ATP to remove calcium from cells.

A

Calcium ATPase Pump

139
Q

Exchanges sodium for calcium across cell membrane.

A

Sodium-Calcium Exchange

140
Q

Process of filtering blood at the kidneys.

A

Glomerular Filtration

141
Q

Monitors calcium levels in extracellular fluid.

A

Parathyroid Gland

142
Q

Enhances calcium absorption from dietary sources.

A

Vitamin D3 Activation

143
Q

Cells that break down bone to release calcium.

A

Osteoclasts

144
Q

Cells that build bone using calcium and phosphate.

A

Osteoblasts

145
Q

Condition of low calcium levels in blood.

A

Hypocalcemia

146
Q

Condition of porous bones due to calcium deficit.

A

Osteoporosis

147
Q

Mainly stored in bones for long-term use.

A

Calcium Storage

148
Q

Substances secreted by proximal tubule into urine.

A

Organic Compounds

149
Q

Positively charged organic compounds secreted by kidneys.

A

Organic Cations

150
Q

Negatively charged organic compounds removed by kidneys.

A

Organic Anions

151
Q

Endogenous anions removed from circulation by kidneys.

A

Bile Salts

152
Q

Endogenous compounds needing removal from blood.

A

Purines

153
Q

Organic compound filtered and secreted by kidneys.

A

Creatinine

154
Q

Low inside cells compared to tubular fluid.

A

Calcium Concentration

155
Q

Calcium binding to larger proteins affects filtration.

A

Calcium Aggregation

156
Q

PTH increases calcium release from bones.

A

Calcium Deficit Response

157
Q

Intake of calcium with vitamin D3 for absorption.

A

Calcium Supplementation

158
Q

Measure of bone strength affected by calcium levels.

A

Bone Density

159
Q

Kidney mechanism to reclaim calcium from urine.

A

Calcium Reabsorption System

160
Q

Controlled by PTH and calcium absorption mechanisms.

A

Calcium Levels Regulation

161
Q

Substances produced within the body, e.g., acetylcholine.

A

Endogenous Compounds

162
Q

Substances originating outside the body, e.g., drugs.

A

Exogenous Compounds

163
Q

Transport systems for removing organic anions from blood.

A

Organic Anion Transport Systems

164
Q

Transport systems for removing organic cations from blood.

A

Organic Cation Transport Systems

165
Q

Kidney cells involved in secretion and reabsorption.

A

Proximal Tubular Cells

166
Q

Antibiotic removed by kidneys; secretion process is critical.

A

Penicillin

167
Q

Group of drugs including aspirin; excreted by kidneys.

A

Salicylates

168
Q

Intermediate compound aiding organic anion transport.

A

Alpha Ketoglutarate

169
Q

Transport mechanism for organic cations using protons.

A

Proton Dependent Antiporter

170
Q

Process for removing organic anions using sodium gradients.

A

Sodium Dependent Transport

171
Q

Protein aiding movement of substances across cell membranes.

A

Facilitated Transporter

172
Q

Drug removed via organic cation transport systems.

A

Isoproterenol

173
Q

Drug that is secreted by kidney transport systems.

A

Atropine

174
Q

Opioid drug eliminated through kidney transport mechanisms.

A

Morphine

175
Q

Positively charged particle involved in cation transport.

A

Proton

176
Q

Process where one substance reduces transport of another.

A

Competitive Inhibition

177
Q

Synthetic compound used to prolong penicillin’s blood levels.

A

Hippurate

178
Q

Compound affecting kidney secretion processes, not commonly used.

A

Para-Aminohippurate

179
Q

Period when penicillin’s transport mechanisms were studied.

A

World War II

180
Q

Endogenous neurotransmitter removed by kidney secretion.

A

Dopamine

181
Q

Hormone secreted by kidneys; affects transport processes.

A

Epinephrine

182
Q

Diuretic drug eliminated via kidney transport systems.

A

Fluoro Thiazide

183
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; secreted by kidneys.

A

Acetazolamide

184
Q

Endogenous compound related to oxalate secretion.

A

Oxalic Acid

185
Q

Endogenous waste product; secreted by kidneys.

A

Uric Acid

186
Q

Intensive Care Unit; important for kidney understanding.

A

ICU

187
Q

Part of Loop of Henle; primarily reabsorbs water.

A

Thin Descending Limb

188
Q

Part of Loop of Henle; impermeable to water.

A

Thin Ascending Limb

189
Q

Transporter reabsorbing sodium and chloride in nephron.

A

Sodium Chloride Transporter

190
Q

Pathway for ion reabsorption between nephron cells.

A

Paracellular Route

191
Q

Channels allowing potassium to leak into tubular fluid.

A

Potassium Channels

192
Q

Positive charge in tubular fluid aiding ion reabsorption.

A

Electrical Charge

193
Q

Ions like magnesium and calcium with two positive charges.

A

Divalent Cations

194
Q

Amount of ions in a solution affecting reabsorption.

A

Ion Concentration

195
Q

Energy currency driving active transport in nephron.

A

ATP

196
Q

Process of decreasing concentration as fluid ascends.

A

Fluid Dilution

197
Q

Outer regions of the kidney with lower concentration.

A

Cortical Areas

198
Q

Fluid within nephron undergoing filtration and reabsorption.

A

Tubular Fluid

199
Q

Reabsorption of magnesium primarily in thick ascending limb.

A

Magnesium Reabsorption

200
Q

Mechanism for moving substances across nephron membranes.

A

Transporter Function

201
Q

Functional unit of kidney responsible for filtration.

A

Nephron

202
Q

Pathway of fluid through nephron from proximal to distal.

A

Fluid Flow Direction

203
Q

Initial section of nephron with complex structure.

A

Convoluted Tubule

204
Q

Potassium leaks back into tubular fluid.

A

Potassium Reabsorption

205
Q

Maximum concentration of renal interstitium achievable.

A

Osmolarity of 1200

206
Q

Dependent on renal interstitial osmolarity.

A

Urine Concentration

207
Q

Can concentrate renal interstitium more than humans.

A

Desert Lizard Adaptation

208
Q

Increased by aldosterone in distal tubule.

A

Potassium Secretion

209
Q

Maximum urine concentration under less concentrated interstitium.

A

Osmolarity of 600

210
Q

Site for final urine concentration influenced by ADH.

A

Collecting Duct

211
Q

Dependent on nephron’s ability to concentrate urine.

A

Renal Function

212
Q

Fluid surrounding renal tubules, crucial for reabsorption.

A

Interstitial Fluid

213
Q

Dilutes renal interstitium, reducing water reabsorption.

A

Diuretic Mechanism

214
Q

Influenced by sodium and urea reabsorption.

A

Renal Osmolarity Regulation

215
Q

Varies between species based on environmental adaptation.

A

Kidney Concentration Ability

216
Q

Determined by solute reabsorption in nephron.

A

Fluid Concentration

217
Q

Regulates electrolyte and water balance in body.

A

Nephron Function

A&P Fall 24' (27 decks)

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