AP 18 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
1
Q
Measurement of blood flow through kidneys using PAH.
A
Renal Plasma Flow
2
Q
Method to quantify renal plasma flow efficiency.
A
PAH Clearance
3
Q
Regulates GFR via angiotensin II and nitric oxide.
A
Macula Densa
4
Q
Glomerular filtration rate controlled by arteriole constriction.
A
GFR Regulation
5
Q
Hormone that constricts afferent arterioles, affecting GFR.
A
Angiotensin II
6
Q
Pump that facilitates sodium reabsorption in proximal tubule.
A
Sodium Potassium ATPase
7
Q
Site for sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption.
A
Proximal Tubule
8
Q
Process enhanced by sodium bicarbonate symporter.
A
Bicarbonate Reabsorption
9
Q
Reabsorbs water and ions, crucial for concentration.
A
Loop of Henle
10
Q
Reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions.
A
Thick Ascending Limb
11
Q
Medications that inhibit sodium potassium ATPase in nephron.
A
Loop Diuretics
12
Q
Tissue that aids in concentrating tubular fluid.
A
Renal Interstitium
13
Q
Process where kidneys reclaim water from filtrate.
A
Water Reabsorption
14
Q
Enhanced by parathyroid hormone in distal tubule.
A
Calcium Reabsorption
15
Q
Site for calcium and sodium reabsorption influenced by PTH.
A
Distal Tubule
16
Q
Inhibit sodium-chloride reabsorption in distal tubule.
A
Thiazide Diuretics
17
Q
Distal tubule responds to antidiuretic hormone.
A
ADH Sensitivity
18
Q
Enhance potassium secretion and sodium reabsorption.
A
Aldosterone Receptors
19
Q
Renal interstitium’s concentration affects urine concentration.
A
Osmolarity Effect
20
Q
Enzyme aiding bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal tubule.
A
Carbonic Anhydrase
21
Q
Facilitates sodium reabsorption and acid-base balance.
A
Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger
22
Q
Movement of water and solutes into renal interstitium.
A
Bulk Flow
23
Q
Facilitate water reabsorption in proximal tubule.
A
Aquaporins
24
Q
Allow calcium entry in proximal tubular cells.
A
Calcium Channels
25
Regulates calcium levels and stimulates reabsorption.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
26
Secretion of compounds like creatinine in proximal tubule.
Organic Compound Handling
27
Pump aiding calcium reabsorption in distal tubule.
Sodium-Calcium Exchanger
28
Cells in distal tubule responsive to ADH.
Principal Cells
29
Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.
ADH
30
Hormone increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone
31
Aldosterone's structure allowing cell membrane passage.
Cholesterol Derivative
32
Enzyme facilitating sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
33
Actual renal plasma flow adjusted for PAH clearance.
Effective Renal Plasma Flow
34
Molecule mediating afferent arteriole relaxation.
Nitric Oxide
35
Blood vessel supplying blood to glomerulus.
Afferent Arteriole
36
Blood vessel draining blood from glomerulus.
Efferent Arteriole
37
Rate of filtration in the kidneys.
GFR
38
Drugs relaxing blood vessels, increasing renal blood flow.
Calcium Channel Blockers
39
Receptors in proximal tubule responding to angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II Receptors
40
Transporter increasing sodium reabsorption in proximal tubule.
Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger
41
Transporter moving sodium and bicarbonate simultaneously.
Sodium-Bicarbonate Symporter
42
Blood vessels reabsorbing substances from renal interstitium.
Peritubular Capillaries
43
Volume of blood passing through kidneys per minute.
Renal Blood Flow
44
Increases sodium reabsorption and constricts arterioles.
Angiotensin II Effects
45
Difference in sodium concentration across cell membrane.
Sodium Gradient
46
Proteins facilitating movement of substances across membranes.
Transporters
47
Pressure affecting filtration rate in glomerulus.
Glomerular Capillary Pressure
48
Mechanisms controlling kidney filtration and reabsorption.
Renal Function Regulation
49
Transports sodium out, potassium into cells.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
50
Process of reclaiming substances from filtrate.
Reabsorption
51
Substances reabsorbed between adjacent cells.
Paracellular Pathway
52
Substances pass through cell membranes.
Transcellular Pathway
53
Cellular connections regulating permeability.
Tight Junctions
54
Pressure driving fluid reabsorption, 10 mmHg.
Net Reabsorption Pressure
55
Water movement following solute concentration.
Osmosis
56
Waste product aiding water reabsorption.
Urea
57
Chloride follows sodium during reabsorption.
Chloride Reabsorption
58
Transport driven by sodium gradient.
Secondary Active Transport
59
Pressure at glomerular capillaries for filtration.
Filtration Pressure
60
Forces aiding fluid movement in capillaries.
Capillary Forces
61
Microvilli on proximal tubule cells enhancing absorption.
Brush Border
62
Process of reclaiming water from filtrate.
Fluid Reabsorption
63
Proteins facilitating substance movement across cells.
Transcellular Transporters
64
Concentration of solutes in renal interstitium.
Interstitial Concentration
65
Amount of solute affecting osmotic balance.
Solute Concentration
66
Movement of fluid influenced by pressure and concentration.
Fluid Dynamics
67
Segments of nephron involved in filtration and reabsorption.
Renal Tubules
68
Body's water balance affecting renal function.
Hydration Status
69
Energy-dependent movement of substances against gradient.
Active Transport
70
Movement of substances down concentration gradient.
Passive Diffusion
71
Brush border increases surface area by 20-fold.
Surface Area Increase
72
Typical value of -70 mV in renal cells.
Membrane Potential
73
Driving force for sodium movement into proximal tubule cells.
Electrochemical Gradient
74
Typically negative, influenced by remaining ions.
Tubular Lumen Charge
75
Remains relatively constant along proximal tubule.
Sodium Concentration
76
Increases as sodium is reabsorbed in proximal tubule.
Chloride Concentration
77
Small amount of albumin filtered at glomeruli.
Protein Filtration
78
Approximately 1.8 grams per day in healthy kidneys.
Filtered Protein Amount
79
Proximal tubule reabsorbs about 1.7 grams daily.
Reabsorbed Protein Amount
80
Process of proximal tubular cells absorbing proteins.
Endocytosis
81
Alternative term for endocytosis in proximal tubular cells.
Pinocytosis
82
Products of protein breakdown reabsorbed in proximal tubule.
Amino Acid Reabsorption
83
Difference in concentration driving substance movement.
Concentration Gradient
84
Typically around -3 mV in proximal tubule.
Negative Charge in Lumen
85
Cells capable of generating membrane potential changes.
Electrically Excitable Cells
86
Minimal amounts filtered, typically not significant.
Filtered Albumin
87
Increased chloride reabsorption in second half of tubule.
Reabsorption Uptick
88
Contains ions influencing charge and reabsorption.
Fluid in Proximal Tubule
89
Avoided by brush border structure in proximal tubule.
Transporter Crowding
90
Limited permeability for ions in proximal tubular cells.
Ion Permeability
91
Site where filtration of blood occurs.
Glomerular Capillaries
92
Comparison of ion concentrations in tubular fluid.
Tubular Fluid Plasma Concentration
93
Building blocks of proteins, reabsorbed in kidneys.
Amino Acids
94
Condition causing increased protein loss in urine.
Diabetes
95
Severe infection leading to increased capillary permeability.
Septic Shock
96
Vessels that help drain excess proteins and fluids.
Lymphatics
97
Proteins that pass through kidney filtration system.
Filtered Protein
98
Major protein in blood, typically reabsorbed.
Albumin
99
Short chain of amino acids, smaller than proteins.
Peptide
100
Process of maintaining pH balance in the body.
Acid-Base Regulation
101
Transporter that reabsorbs sodium while secreting protons.
Sodium-Proton Exchanger
102
Active transport of substances into the tubular lumen.
Secretion
103
Buffering agent regulated by proximal tubule.
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
104
Formed from bicarbonate and protons in kidneys.
Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
105
Process of reclaiming carbon dioxide in proximal tubule.
CO2 Reabsorption
106
Removal of protons to regulate acid-base balance.
Proton Secretion
107
Initial process of separating substances in kidneys.
Filtration
108
Issues arising from excess proteins in renal tubules.
Tubule Problems
109
Small signaling proteins filtered and reabsorbed.
Micro Proteins
110
Protein lost in urine due to filtration.
Excreted Protein
111
Limited ability to reabsorb excess proteins.
Proximal Tubule Capacity
112
Continuous generation of acids affecting pH balance.
Acid Production
113
Biochemical reactions facilitated by enzymes in kidneys.
Enzymatic Activity
114
Transports protons out, reabsorbs sodium in proximal tubule.
Proton-Sodium Exchanger
115
Buffer that helps maintain pH balance in body fluids.
Bicarbonate (Bicarb)
116
Condition of increased acidity in body fluids.
Acidosis
117
Charged molecule formed from ammonia and protons.
Ammonium (NH4+)
118
Amino acid converted to bicarbonate and ammonium in kidneys.
Glutamine
119
Substance that promotes increased urine production.
Diuretic
120
Substance that neutralizes acids in urine.
Urinary Buffer
121
Buffer that helps remove protons from the body.
Sodium Phosphate
122
Rapid transit of fluid through the proximal tubule.
Fluid Movement
123
System regulating pH levels in body fluids.
Acid-Base Management
124
Formation of bicarbonate from glutamine in kidneys.
New Bicarbonate Production
125
Process of reclaiming sodium in the nephron.
Sodium Reabsorption
126
Level of acidity in urine, influenced by buffers.
Urine Acidity
127
Ability of a substance to neutralize acids.
Buffering Capacity
128
Condition affecting glutamine production and acid-base balance.
Liver Failure
129
Process involving transformation of substances in the body.
Chemical Reaction
130
Transport mechanism for sodium and bicarbonate in kidneys.
Sodium Bicarbonate Pump
131
Build-up of protons leading to increased acidity.
Proton Accumulation
132
Highly acidic fluid within the renal tubules.
Acidic Luminal Fluid
133
Neutralizing protons to prevent damage from acidity.
Proton Buffering
134
Consequences of blocking carbonic anhydrase activity.
Inhibitor Effects
135
Mechanisms to prevent damage from acidic urine.
Urinary System Protection
136
Role of transport proteins in ion balance.
Exchanger Function
137
Process of stabilizing pH in body fluids.
Fluid Buffering
138
Uses ATP to remove calcium from cells.
Calcium ATPase Pump
139
Exchanges sodium for calcium across cell membrane.
Sodium-Calcium Exchange
140
Process of filtering blood at the kidneys.
Glomerular Filtration
141
Monitors calcium levels in extracellular fluid.
Parathyroid Gland
142
Enhances calcium absorption from dietary sources.
Vitamin D3 Activation
143
Cells that break down bone to release calcium.
Osteoclasts
144
Cells that build bone using calcium and phosphate.
Osteoblasts
145
Condition of low calcium levels in blood.
Hypocalcemia
146
Condition of porous bones due to calcium deficit.
Osteoporosis
147
Mainly stored in bones for long-term use.
Calcium Storage
148
Substances secreted by proximal tubule into urine.
Organic Compounds
149
Positively charged organic compounds secreted by kidneys.
Organic Cations
150
Negatively charged organic compounds removed by kidneys.
Organic Anions
151
Endogenous anions removed from circulation by kidneys.
Bile Salts
152
Endogenous compounds needing removal from blood.
Purines
153
Organic compound filtered and secreted by kidneys.
Creatinine
154
Low inside cells compared to tubular fluid.
Calcium Concentration
155
Calcium binding to larger proteins affects filtration.
Calcium Aggregation
156
PTH increases calcium release from bones.
Calcium Deficit Response
157
Intake of calcium with vitamin D3 for absorption.
Calcium Supplementation
158
Measure of bone strength affected by calcium levels.
Bone Density
159
Kidney mechanism to reclaim calcium from urine.
Calcium Reabsorption System
160
Controlled by PTH and calcium absorption mechanisms.
Calcium Levels Regulation
161
Substances produced within the body, e.g., acetylcholine.
Endogenous Compounds
162
Substances originating outside the body, e.g., drugs.
Exogenous Compounds
163
Transport systems for removing organic anions from blood.
Organic Anion Transport Systems
164
Transport systems for removing organic cations from blood.
Organic Cation Transport Systems
165
Kidney cells involved in secretion and reabsorption.
Proximal Tubular Cells
166
Antibiotic removed by kidneys; secretion process is critical.
Penicillin
167
Group of drugs including aspirin; excreted by kidneys.
Salicylates
168
Intermediate compound aiding organic anion transport.
Alpha Ketoglutarate
169
Transport mechanism for organic cations using protons.
Proton Dependent Antiporter
170
Process for removing organic anions using sodium gradients.
Sodium Dependent Transport
171
Protein aiding movement of substances across cell membranes.
Facilitated Transporter
172
Drug removed via organic cation transport systems.
Isoproterenol
173
Drug that is secreted by kidney transport systems.
Atropine
174
Opioid drug eliminated through kidney transport mechanisms.
Morphine
175
Positively charged particle involved in cation transport.
Proton
176
Process where one substance reduces transport of another.
Competitive Inhibition
177
Synthetic compound used to prolong penicillin's blood levels.
Hippurate
178
Compound affecting kidney secretion processes, not commonly used.
Para-Aminohippurate
179
Period when penicillin's transport mechanisms were studied.
World War II
180
Endogenous neurotransmitter removed by kidney secretion.
Dopamine
181
Hormone secreted by kidneys; affects transport processes.
Epinephrine
182
Diuretic drug eliminated via kidney transport systems.
Fluoro Thiazide
183
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; secreted by kidneys.
Acetazolamide
184
Endogenous compound related to oxalate secretion.
Oxalic Acid
185
Endogenous waste product; secreted by kidneys.
Uric Acid
186
Intensive Care Unit; important for kidney understanding.
ICU
187
Part of Loop of Henle; primarily reabsorbs water.
Thin Descending Limb
188
Part of Loop of Henle; impermeable to water.
Thin Ascending Limb
189
Transporter reabsorbing sodium and chloride in nephron.
Sodium Chloride Transporter
190
Pathway for ion reabsorption between nephron cells.
Paracellular Route
191
Channels allowing potassium to leak into tubular fluid.
Potassium Channels
192
Positive charge in tubular fluid aiding ion reabsorption.
Electrical Charge
193
Ions like magnesium and calcium with two positive charges.
Divalent Cations
194
Amount of ions in a solution affecting reabsorption.
Ion Concentration
195
Energy currency driving active transport in nephron.
ATP
196
Process of decreasing concentration as fluid ascends.
Fluid Dilution
197
Outer regions of the kidney with lower concentration.
Cortical Areas
198
Fluid within nephron undergoing filtration and reabsorption.
Tubular Fluid
199
Reabsorption of magnesium primarily in thick ascending limb.
Magnesium Reabsorption
200
Mechanism for moving substances across nephron membranes.
Transporter Function
201
Functional unit of kidney responsible for filtration.
Nephron
202
Pathway of fluid through nephron from proximal to distal.
Fluid Flow Direction
203
Initial section of nephron with complex structure.
Convoluted Tubule
204
Potassium leaks back into tubular fluid.
Potassium Reabsorption
205
Maximum concentration of renal interstitium achievable.
Osmolarity of 1200
206
Dependent on renal interstitial osmolarity.
Urine Concentration
207
Can concentrate renal interstitium more than humans.
Desert Lizard Adaptation
208
Increased by aldosterone in distal tubule.
Potassium Secretion
209
Maximum urine concentration under less concentrated interstitium.
Osmolarity of 600
210
Site for final urine concentration influenced by ADH.
Collecting Duct
211
Dependent on nephron's ability to concentrate urine.
Renal Function
212
Fluid surrounding renal tubules, crucial for reabsorption.
Interstitial Fluid
213
Dilutes renal interstitium, reducing water reabsorption.
Diuretic Mechanism
214
Influenced by sodium and urea reabsorption.
Renal Osmolarity Regulation
215
Varies between species based on environmental adaptation.
Kidney Concentration Ability
216
Determined by solute reabsorption in nephron.
Fluid Concentration
217
Regulates electrolyte and water balance in body.
Nephron Function
