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A&P Fall 24' > A^0P 13 Nov '24 Lecture 30 > Flashcards

A^0P 13 Nov '24 Lecture 30 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a good representation of the numbers related to fluid reabsorption?

A

Picture 28-16 is a good representation of those numbers.

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2
Q

What is the net reabsorption pressure (NRP) in peritubular capillaries?

A

NRP is 10 mmHg.

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3
Q

What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) in peritubular capillaries?

A

NFP is -10 mmHg.

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4
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

Renal clearance of a substance is the volume of plasma that is completely cleared of the substance by the kidneys per unit of time.

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5
Q

What role do kidneys play in blood pressure management?

A

The kidneys are the long-term managers of blood pressure.

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6
Q

What happens if kidneys are not functioning properly in relation to blood pressure?

A

If kidneys were working correctly, they would fix high blood pressure.

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7
Q

How do kidneys manage acid-base balance?

A

Kidneys produce bicarbonate and decide how much to reabsorb.

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8
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate in acid-base balance?

A

Bicarbonate balances excess protons in the body.

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9
Q

How does the kidney respond to low oxygen levels?

A

The kidney releases erythropoietin (EPO) to increase red blood cell production.

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10
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

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11
Q

How do kidneys manage electrolyte balance?

A

The kidneys are the primary long-term regulators of electrolyte balance.

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12
Q

What role does the kidney play in calcium management?

A

The kidney decides how much calcium to reabsorb and activates vitamin D.

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13
Q

How do kidneys manage blood glucose levels?

A

The kidney regulates glucose reabsorption based on blood sugar levels.

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14
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold?

A

Excess glucose is lost in urine when levels exceed the renal threshold.

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15
Q

What is the kidney’s role in drug clearance?

A

The kidney helps clear some drugs from the blood into urine.

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16
Q

What is the kidney’s function in metabolic waste disposal?

A

The kidney manages nitrogenous waste products like urea.

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17
Q

How do kidneys differentiate between salt and water reabsorption?

A

The kidney can selectively reabsorb salt and water to manage blood osmolarity.

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18
Q

What is the significance of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

GFR is crucial for the kidney’s ability to filter and manage bodily functions.

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19
Q

What is the pathway of blood vessels in the kidney?

A

Blood flows from the renal artery to segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, and then to peritubular capillaries.

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20
Q

What are the main types of veins in the kidney?

A

The main types of veins are interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, segmental veins, and renal veins.

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21
Q

What are the structures formed by converging blood vessels from capillaries?

A

Capillaries converge to form larger veins: interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, segmental veins, and ultimately renal veins.

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22
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney.

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23
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney have at birth?

A

Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons at birth, totaling approximately 2 million.

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24
Q

What percentage of nephrons are cortical nephrons?

A

90-95% of nephrons are cortical nephrons, while 5-10% are deep medullary nephrons.

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25
Q

What is the role of the peritubular capillary network?

A

The peritubular capillary network is responsible for reabsorbing substances and delivering oxygen and nutrients.

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26
Q

What is the significance of the vasa recta capillaries?

A

Vasa recta capillaries are important for maintaining solute levels in the renal medulla and are less numerous than other peritubular capillaries.

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27
Q

What happens if the flow in ascending blood vessels is too high?

A

High flow in ascending blood vessels can wash out solutes in the renal interstitium, affecting reabsorption.

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28
Q

What structures are located above the kidneys?

A

The adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney and produce substances that affect kidney function.

29
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Ureters collect and transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

30
Q

What is the relationship between the kidneys and surrounding organs?

A

The kidneys are in contact with various organs, including the liver, colon, stomach, and pancreas.

31
Q

Why is kidney cancer relatively rare?

A

Kidney cancer is rare because kidneys do not grow new nephrons, reducing the likelihood of tumors.

32
Q

Do heart cells typically divide and multiply quickly?

A

No, heart cells don’t typically divide and multiply quickly.

33
Q

Can kidney cancer happen?

A

Yes, kidney cancer can happen, but it is not the number one cancer in the world.

34
Q

What is the urinary collection and disposal system composed of?

A

The urinary collection and disposal system includes calyxes that form the ureter for each kidney, which empty into the bladder.

35
Q

How can kidney stones affect the kidneys?

A

Kidney stones can impair the ability of the kidneys to get rid of urine, causing pressure backups and pain, typically referred to as back pain.

36
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland in men?

A

The prostate gland surrounds the urethra and can cause problems such as difficulty emptying the bladder as men age.

37
Q

What controls the emptying of the bladder?

A

The emptying of the bladder is controlled by a mix of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, primarily through the pudendal nerve.

38
Q

What happens if the pudendal nerve is damaged?

A

If the pudendal nerve is damaged, it can lead to loss of control over bowel and bladder functions.

39
Q

What is the first part of the renal tubule called?

A

The first part of the renal tubule is called the proximal tubule.

40
Q

What is the Loop of Henle composed of?

A

The Loop of Henle consists of three parts: the thin descending limb, the thin ascending limb, and the thick ascending limb.

41
Q

What is the function of the macula densa?

A

The macula densa monitors the filtration rate in the kidney and helps regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

42
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A

The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus is a structure that regulates blood flow and filtration in the kidney, primarily through the action of angiotensin II.

43
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

Renal clearance describes the quantity of plasma cleared of a substance per time, usually measured in mL/min.

44
Q

How does renal clearance differ from hepatic clearance?

A

Renal clearance refers to the kidney’s ability to clear substances from plasma, while hepatic clearance pertains to the liver’s processing of substances.

45
Q

Who was Linus Pauling?

A

Linus Pauling was a chemist known for having prostate cancer for 25 years and advocating for high doses of Vitamin C.

46
Q

What does renal clearance describe?

A

Renal clearance describes the amount of plasma that’s been cleared of a substance per unit time.

47
Q

What is the typical unit of measurement for renal clearance?

A

The typical unit of measurement for renal clearance is mLs/minute.

48
Q

How much fluid do we filter in the kidneys per minute?

A

We filter about 125 mLs of fluid per minute.

49
Q

What percentage of filtered fluid is usually reabsorbed?

A

About 98 to 99% of the filtered fluid is usually reabsorbed.

50
Q

What is the normal urine output per minute?

A

The normal urine output is about 1 mL per minute.

51
Q

What does the dot over the variable V represent?

A

The dot over the variable V represents per unit time.

52
Q

What is the expected concentration of a freely filterable compound in the tubular fluid initially?

A

The concentration of a freely filterable compound in the tubular fluid should be about the same as it was in the plasma before filtration.

53
Q

What happens to glucose in the proximal tubule?

A

All glucose that is filtered should be reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, resulting in zero clearance of glucose.

54
Q

What is the expected clearance rate for a freely filtered compound with no reabsorption?

A

The clearance rate for a freely filtered compound with no reabsorption would be equal to the amount of plasma filtered.

55
Q

What happens to the concentration of a compound in the tubular fluid as fluid is reabsorbed?

A

As fluid is reabsorbed, the concentration of the compound left in the tubule increases.

56
Q

What is the expected concentration of compound X in the urine if it is not reabsorbed?

A

The concentration of compound X in the urine would be high due to the reduction in fluid volume.

57
Q

How do you calculate the excretion rate of a compound?

A

The excretion rate is calculated as the quantity of the compound found in the urine over the course of a minute.

58
Q

What is the expected concentration of compound X in the urine if filtered at 1 mg/dL?

A

The expected concentration of compound X in the urine would be 1.25 mg/mL.

59
Q

What does a freely filtered substance with no reabsorption indicate about clearance?

A

A freely filtered substance with no reabsorption indicates that the clearance should closely equal the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

60
Q

What is the clearance number for a freely filtered compound that is not reabsorbed?

A

The clearance number would technically be 124 mL/min, which is very close to the GFR of 125 mL/min.

61
Q

What is the formula for renal clearance?

A

Renal clearance (C) is calculated as: C = (Urinary flow rate (V) × Urinary concentration of the compound (U)) / Plasma concentration of the compound (P).

62
Q

What is the normal urinary flow rate used in clearance calculations?

A

The normal urinary flow rate is 1 mL/min.

63
Q

How do you calculate the excretion rate of a compound?

A

Excretion rate is calculated by multiplying the urinary concentration of the compound by the urinary flow rate.

64
Q

What is the significance of inulin in GFR measurement?

A

Inulin is the gold standard for measuring GFR because it is an exogenous compound that is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys.

65
Q

Why is creatinine used instead of inulin for GFR estimation?

A

Creatinine is easier to measure but can overestimate GFR because some creatinine is secreted by the kidneys.

66
Q

What is the relationship between renal plasma flow and clearance of compound Y?

A

If compound Y is highly secreted, its clearance rate will be a good estimate of renal plasma flow.

67
Q

What is the generic clearance equation for a substance S?

A

The clearance for a substance S is equal to the urinary concentration of S (U) times the urinary flow rate (V) divided by the plasma concentration of S (Ps).

68
Q

How is renal blood flow estimated from renal plasma flow?

A

Renal blood flow can be estimated by dividing renal plasma flow by (1 - hematocrit).

69
Q

What does the reabsorption rate formula indicate?

A

Reabsorption rate can be determined by the difference between the filtered load and the excretion rate.

A&P Fall 24' (12 decks)

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