Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P Fall 24' > A^0P 13 Nov '24 Lecture 30 > Flashcards

A^0P 13 Nov '24 Lecture 30 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a good representation of the numbers related to fluid reabsorption?

A

Picture 28-16 is a good representation of those numbers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the net reabsorption pressure (NRP) in peritubular capillaries?

A

NRP is 10 mmHg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) in peritubular capillaries?

A

NFP is -10 mmHg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

Renal clearance of a substance is the volume of plasma that is completely cleared of the substance by the kidneys per unit of time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What role do kidneys play in blood pressure management?

A

The kidneys are the long-term managers of blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens if kidneys are not functioning properly in relation to blood pressure?

A

If kidneys were working correctly, they would fix high blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do kidneys manage acid-base balance?

A

Kidneys produce bicarbonate and decide how much to reabsorb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate in acid-base balance?

A

Bicarbonate balances excess protons in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the kidney respond to low oxygen levels?

A

The kidney releases erythropoietin (EPO) to increase red blood cell production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do kidneys manage electrolyte balance?

A

The kidneys are the primary long-term regulators of electrolyte balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What role does the kidney play in calcium management?

A

The kidney decides how much calcium to reabsorb and activates vitamin D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do kidneys manage blood glucose levels?

A

The kidney regulates glucose reabsorption based on blood sugar levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold?

A

Excess glucose is lost in urine when levels exceed the renal threshold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the kidney’s role in drug clearance?

A

The kidney helps clear some drugs from the blood into urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the kidney’s function in metabolic waste disposal?

A

The kidney manages nitrogenous waste products like urea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do kidneys differentiate between salt and water reabsorption?

A

The kidney can selectively reabsorb salt and water to manage blood osmolarity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the significance of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

GFR is crucial for the kidney’s ability to filter and manage bodily functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the pathway of blood vessels in the kidney?

A

Blood flows from the renal artery to segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, and then to peritubular capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the main types of veins in the kidney?

A

The main types of veins are interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, segmental veins, and renal veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the structures formed by converging blood vessels from capillaries?

A

Capillaries converge to form larger veins: interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, segmental veins, and ultimately renal veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney have at birth?

A

Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons at birth, totaling approximately 2 million.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What percentage of nephrons are cortical nephrons?

A

90-95% of nephrons are cortical nephrons, while 5-10% are deep medullary nephrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the role of the peritubular capillary network?

A

The peritubular capillary network is responsible for reabsorbing substances and delivering oxygen and nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the significance of the vasa recta capillaries?

A

Vasa recta capillaries are important for maintaining solute levels in the renal medulla and are less numerous than other peritubular capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens if the flow in ascending blood vessels is too high?

A

High flow in ascending blood vessels can wash out solutes in the renal interstitium, affecting reabsorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What structures are located above the kidneys?

A

The adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney and produce substances that affect kidney function.

29
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Ureters collect and transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

30
Q

What is the relationship between the kidneys and surrounding organs?

A

The kidneys are in contact with various organs, including the liver, colon, stomach, and pancreas.

31
Q

Why is kidney cancer relatively rare?

A

Kidney cancer is rare because kidneys do not grow new nephrons, reducing the likelihood of tumors.

32
Q

Do heart cells typically divide and multiply quickly?

A

No, heart cells don’t typically divide and multiply quickly.

33
Q

Can kidney cancer happen?

A

Yes, kidney cancer can happen, but it is not the number one cancer in the world.

34
Q

What is the urinary collection and disposal system composed of?

A

The urinary collection and disposal system includes calyxes that form the ureter for each kidney, which empty into the bladder.

35
Q

How can kidney stones affect the kidneys?

A

Kidney stones can impair the ability of the kidneys to get rid of urine, causing pressure backups and pain, typically referred to as back pain.

36
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland in men?

A

The prostate gland surrounds the urethra and can cause problems such as difficulty emptying the bladder as men age.

37
Q

What controls the emptying of the bladder?

A

The emptying of the bladder is controlled by a mix of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, primarily through the pudendal nerve.

38
Q

What happens if the pudendal nerve is damaged?

A

If the pudendal nerve is damaged, it can lead to loss of control over bowel and bladder functions.

39
Q

What is the first part of the renal tubule called?

A

The first part of the renal tubule is called the proximal tubule.

40
Q

What is the Loop of Henle composed of?

A

The Loop of Henle consists of three parts: the thin descending limb, the thin ascending limb, and the thick ascending limb.

41
Q

What is the function of the macula densa?

A

The macula densa monitors the filtration rate in the kidney and helps regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

42
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A

The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus is a structure that regulates blood flow and filtration in the kidney, primarily through the action of angiotensin II.

43
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

Renal clearance describes the quantity of plasma cleared of a substance per time, usually measured in mL/min.

44
Q

How does renal clearance differ from hepatic clearance?

A

Renal clearance refers to the kidney’s ability to clear substances from plasma, while hepatic clearance pertains to the liver’s processing of substances.

45
Q

Who was Linus Pauling?

A

Linus Pauling was a chemist known for having prostate cancer for 25 years and advocating for high doses of Vitamin C.

46
Q

What does renal clearance describe?

A

Renal clearance describes the amount of plasma that’s been cleared of a substance per unit time.

47
Q

What is the typical unit of measurement for renal clearance?

A

The typical unit of measurement for renal clearance is mLs/minute.

48
Q

How much fluid do we filter in the kidneys per minute?

A

We filter about 125 mLs of fluid per minute.

49
Q

What percentage of filtered fluid is usually reabsorbed?

A

About 98 to 99% of the filtered fluid is usually reabsorbed.

50
Q

What is the normal urine output per minute?

A

The normal urine output is about 1 mL per minute.

51
Q

What does the dot over the variable V represent?

A

The dot over the variable V represents per unit time.

52
Q

What is the expected concentration of a freely filterable compound in the tubular fluid initially?

A

The concentration of a freely filterable compound in the tubular fluid should be about the same as it was in the plasma before filtration.

53
Q

What happens to glucose in the proximal tubule?

A

All glucose that is filtered should be reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, resulting in zero clearance of glucose.

54
Q

What is the expected clearance rate for a freely filtered compound with no reabsorption?

A

The clearance rate for a freely filtered compound with no reabsorption would be equal to the amount of plasma filtered.

55
Q

What happens to the concentration of a compound in the tubular fluid as fluid is reabsorbed?

A

As fluid is reabsorbed, the concentration of the compound left in the tubule increases.

56
Q

What is the expected concentration of compound X in the urine if it is not reabsorbed?

A

The concentration of compound X in the urine would be high due to the reduction in fluid volume.

57
Q

How do you calculate the excretion rate of a compound?

A

The excretion rate is calculated as the quantity of the compound found in the urine over the course of a minute.

58
Q

What is the expected concentration of compound X in the urine if filtered at 1 mg/dL?

A

The expected concentration of compound X in the urine would be 1.25 mg/mL.

59
Q

What does a freely filtered substance with no reabsorption indicate about clearance?

A

A freely filtered substance with no reabsorption indicates that the clearance should closely equal the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

60
Q

What is the clearance number for a freely filtered compound that is not reabsorbed?

A

The clearance number would technically be 124 mL/min, which is very close to the GFR of 125 mL/min.

61
Q

What is the formula for renal clearance?

A

Renal clearance (C) is calculated as: C = (Urinary flow rate (V) × Urinary concentration of the compound (U)) / Plasma concentration of the compound (P).

62
Q

What is the normal urinary flow rate used in clearance calculations?

A

The normal urinary flow rate is 1 mL/min.

63
Q

How do you calculate the excretion rate of a compound?

A

Excretion rate is calculated by multiplying the urinary concentration of the compound by the urinary flow rate.

64
Q

What is the significance of inulin in GFR measurement?

A

Inulin is the gold standard for measuring GFR because it is an exogenous compound that is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys.

65
Q

Why is creatinine used instead of inulin for GFR estimation?

A

Creatinine is easier to measure but can overestimate GFR because some creatinine is secreted by the kidneys.

66
Q

What is the relationship between renal plasma flow and clearance of compound Y?

A

If compound Y is highly secreted, its clearance rate will be a good estimate of renal plasma flow.

67
Q

What is the generic clearance equation for a substance S?

A

The clearance for a substance S is equal to the urinary concentration of S (U) times the urinary flow rate (V) divided by the plasma concentration of S (Ps).

68
Q

How is renal blood flow estimated from renal plasma flow?

A

Renal blood flow can be estimated by dividing renal plasma flow by (1 - hematocrit).

69
Q

What does the reabsorption rate formula indicate?

A

Reabsorption rate can be determined by the difference between the filtered load and the excretion rate.

A&P Fall 24' (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions