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A&P Fall 24' > A^0P 11 Nov '24 Lecture 29 > Flashcards

A^0P 11 Nov '24 Lecture 29 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main pressures involved in capillary Starling forces?

A

The main pressures are blood pressure inside the capillary, physical fluid pressure outside the capillary, proteins dissolved in plasma, and proteins in the interstitium.

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2
Q

What is the blood pressure in the renal artery?

A

The blood pressure in the renal artery is approximately 100 millimeters of mercury.

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3
Q

What is the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries?

A

The blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is 60 millimeters of mercury.

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4
Q

How does vascular resistance affect blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries?

A

High vascular resistance upstream results in lower pressure downstream, leading to a blood pressure of 60 mmHg in the glomerular capillaries.

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5
Q

What role does the afferent arteriole play in kidney function?

A

The afferent arteriole regulates blood flow and pressure to maintain filtration levels in the kidneys.

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6
Q

How does the kidney autoregulate blood flow?

A

If blood flow is too low, the afferent arteriole relaxes; if blood flow is too high, it constricts.

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7
Q

What is the significance of the slope of the autoregulation curve in the kidney?

A

The slope indicates how well the kidney can manage fluid retention and removal based on blood pressure changes.

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8
Q

What is the blood oncotic pressure in the afferent arteriole?

A

The blood oncotic pressure in the afferent arteriole is 28 millimeters of mercury.

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9
Q

How does oncotic pressure change in the kidney?

A

Oncotic pressure increases from 28 mmHg in the afferent arteriole to 36 mmHg in the efferent arteriole due to fluid loss.

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10
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule?

A

The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule is 18 millimeters of mercury.

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11
Q

What is the protein osmotic pressure in the early part of the tubule in a healthy patient?

A

The protein osmotic pressure in the early part of the tubule is 0 millimeters of mercury.

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12
Q

How is net filtration pressure calculated in the tubule?

A

Net filtration pressure is calculated as 60 mmHg (glomerular capillary pressure) - 32 mmHg (oncotic pressure) - 18 mmHg (hydrostatic pressure) = 10 mmHg.

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13
Q

What is the filtration rate in a healthy 30-year-old person?

A

The filtration rate is 125 ml/min.

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14
Q

What is the filtration coefficient (Kf) used for?

A

The filtration coefficient (Kf) is used to calculate the filtration rate by multiplying it with the net filtration pressure.

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15
Q

What happens when the efferent arteriole constricts?

A

Constriction of the efferent arteriole increases upstream pressure, which drives more filtration.

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16
Q

What effect does relaxing the efferent arteriole have?

A

Relaxing the efferent arteriole reduces glomerular capillary blood pressure and decreases filtration.

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17
Q

What happens to filtration when upstream pressure increases?

A

An increase in upstream pressure drives an increase in filtration.

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18
Q

What effect does relaxing the efferent arteriole have on glomerular capillary blood pressure?

A

Relaxing the efferent arteriole reduces glomerular capillary blood pressure and decreases filtration.

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19
Q

How does the kidney use the efferent arteriole to regulate GFR?

A

The kidney constricts the efferent arteriole to increase GFR when it is too low and relaxes it to decrease GFR when it is too high.

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20
Q

What is the blood pressure at the end of the efferent arteriole?

A

The blood pressure at the end of the efferent arteriole is about 18 mmHg.

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21
Q

What is the blood pressure drop from the glomerular capillaries to the end of the efferent arteriole?

A

The blood pressure drops from 60 mmHg in the glomerular capillaries to 18 mmHg at the end of the efferent arteriole, a decrease of 42 mmHg.

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22
Q

How much does the afferent arteriole reduce blood pressure?

A

The afferent arteriole reduces blood pressure from 100 mmHg at the renal artery to 60 mmHg at the glomerular capillaries.

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23
Q

Which arteriole has the greatest blood pressure drop?

A

The efferent arteriole has the greatest blood pressure drop and the highest vascular resistance in the kidney.

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24
Q

What is the function of peritubular capillaries?

A

Peritubular capillaries are involved in reabsorption, where fluid and solutes are selectively reabsorbed back into the body.

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25
Q

What percentage of filtered substances are typically reabsorbed?

A

About 99% of everything that is filtered is reabsorbed.

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26
Q

How do substances get reabsorbed in the renal tubule?

A

Substances are reabsorbed through or between the cells that make up the wall of the tubule.

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27
Q

What is the role of the renal interstitium?

A

The renal interstitium serves as an intermediary space with proteins and electrolytes, facilitating the reabsorption of filtered substances.

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28
Q

What are the Starling Forces in the peritubular capillaries?

A

The Starling Forces must favor reabsorption, with a net reabsorption pressure that is higher than the filtration pressure.

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29
Q

What is the average blood pressure in the peritubular capillaries?

A

The average blood pressure in the peritubular capillaries is about 13 mmHg.

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30
Q

What is the interstitial fluid protein osmotic pressure in the renal interstitium?

A

The interstitial fluid protein osmotic pressure in the renal interstitium is 15 mmHg.

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31
Q

What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the renal interstitium?

A

The net filtration pressure (NFP) in the renal interstitium is -10 mmHg.

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32
Q

What is the equation for excretion?

A

Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion.

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33
Q

What happens to the majority of blood that passes through the kidney?

A

The vast majority of blood that moves through the kidney stays in the cardiovascular system and is not filtered.

34
Q

How much plasma is typically filtered by the kidneys?

A

About 125 mL per minute is filtered from a renal blood flow of about one liter per minute.

35
Q

What happens to reabsorbed substances after passing through the peritubular capillaries?

A

Reabsorbed substances make their way back into the systemic circulation via the renal vein.

36
Q

What is the pathway for substances from the tubule to the bladder?

A

Substances that are not reabsorbed in the tubule eventually empty into the ureters and then into the bladder.

37
Q

What is the role of secretion in the kidneys?

A

Secretion involves actively pumping substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule.

38
Q

How does the body manage potassium levels in the renal tubule?

A

The body pumps excess potassium into the tubule to maintain appropriate potassium levels.

39
Q

What can cells in the tubule actively secrete?

A

They can actively secrete substances into the tubule.

40
Q

What influences secretion in the tubule?

A

It depends on the location in the tubule and the hormones present in the body.

41
Q

What does the red line represent in the context of colloid osmotic pressure?

A

The red line represents normal conditions for colloid osmotic pressure along the glomerular capillary bed.

42
Q

What is the blood colloid osmotic pressure at the afferent end of the glomerular capillaries?

A

28 mmHg.

43
Q

What is the oncotic pressure at the end of the glomerular capillaries?

A

36 mmHg.

44
Q

What is the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure in the middle of the capillaries?

A

About 32 mmHg.

45
Q

What happens if the kidney filters more fluid than normal?

A

The colloids will become more concentrated along the length of the capillary.

46
Q

What occurs if the kidney filters less fluid than normal?

A

The proteins left behind will not be as concentrated.

47
Q

What is the filtration fraction?

A

It is a function of how much fluid is filtered compared to how much plasma passes through the kidney.

48
Q

What is the normal filtration fraction for our class?

A

About 20%.

49
Q

How is the filtration fraction calculated?

A

By dividing the GFR (125 mL/min) by the renal plasma flow (660 mL/min).

50
Q

What is the renal blood flow for our class?

A

1100 mL/min.

51
Q

What percentage of renal blood flow is plasma volume?

A

60%.

52
Q

What is the average blood pressure in the glomerular capillary?

A

60 mmHg.

53
Q

What is the average colloid osmotic pressure?

A

About 32 mmHg.

54
Q

What is the physical fluid pressure in the Bowman’s capsule?

A

18 mmHg.

55
Q

Which arteriole is primarily involved in autoregulating blood flow through the kidney?

A

The afferent arteriole.

56
Q

Which arteriole is involved in fine-tuning the GFR?

A

The efferent arteriole.

57
Q

What happens if resistance increases at the afferent arteriole?

A

Downstream pressure will be lower, resulting in a lower GFR.

58
Q

What happens if the efferent arteriole is constricted?

A

Pressure upstream will be high, resulting in a higher GFR.

59
Q

What occurs if either the afferent or efferent arteriole is relaxed?

A

Blood flow in the kidney will increase.

60
Q

What is the normal urine output for a healthy patient?

A

1 mL per minute.

61
Q

How does renal blood flow correlate with urine output?

A

Typically, as blood pressure increases, urine output increases.

62
Q

What happens to urine output if GFR decreases?

A

Urine output will decrease to conserve volume.

63
Q

What is the role of autoregulation in the kidneys?

A

It prevents under perfusion and over perfusion of the kidneys.

64
Q

What happens if autoregulation fails at high blood pressure?

A

Urine output may increase rapidly, which can be problematic.

65
Q

What happens when blood pressure increases and GFR isn’t autoregulated?

A

The system typically favors fluid excretion and reduced pressures.

66
Q

What is the basic structure of the kidney?

A

The kidney consists of a network of blood vessels, with the afferent arteriole upstream of the glomerular capillaries and the efferent arteriole downstream.

67
Q

What is the process of filtration in the kidneys?

A

Filtration is the movement of substances from the glomerular capillaries into the tubule.

68
Q

What is secretion in renal processes?

A

Secretion is when cells in the tubule grab substances and pump them into the tubule.

69
Q

What is reabsorption at the peritubular capillary?

A

Reabsorption is the process of reclaiming 98-99% of filtered substances at the peritubular capillary.

70
Q

How is excretion defined in renal processes?

A

Excretion is the amount filtered minus the amount reabsorbed plus the amount secreted.

71
Q

What is the filtration-only path?

A

In this path, substances are filtered and not reabsorbed or secreted, leading to their presence in urine.

72
Q

What is the filtration/partial reabsorption path?

A

This path involves some filtered substances being reabsorbed, with the remainder appearing in urine, such as sodium.

73
Q

What is the filtration/complete reabsorption path?

A

In this path, all filtered glucose is reabsorbed under normal conditions, with none present in urine.

74
Q

What happens in the filtration and secretion path?

A

A compound is filtered and then actively secreted into the renal tubule, with minimal amounts remaining in the renal vein.

75
Q

What is Para-Aminohippuric Acid (PAH)?

A

PAH is a diagnostic compound used to estimate renal blood flow based on its clearance from the blood.

76
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

GFR is typically 125 mL per minute, with about 124 mL reabsorbed, resulting in a urine output of 1 mL per minute.

77
Q

What are the layers of the glomerular capillaries?

A

The layers include the endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelial cells (podocytes) that provide structural support.

78
Q

What is the function of podocytes in the glomerular capillaries?

A

Podocytes support the capillary bed and help prevent swelling due to high glomerular pressure.

79
Q

What is the glomerular filtration barrier?

A

It consists of a fenestrated endothelium, a negatively charged basement membrane, and podocytes that prevent protein loss.

80
Q

How does size and charge affect filterability?

A

Larger size and more negative charges reduce filterability, while smaller size and positive charges increase it.

81
Q

What compounds are highly filterable in the kidneys?

A

Water, sodium, glucose, and inulin are highly filterable due to their small size.

82
Q

What is the filterability of albumin?

A

Albumin has very low filterability, making it unlikely to be filtered into the urine.

A&P Fall 24' (12 decks)

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