AP 4 Nov Quizlet Flashcards
Main artery carrying blood from the heart.
Aorta
Measured at 2.5 cm², largest artery area.
Aorta Cross Sectional Area
Pressure in arteries during blood circulation.
Arterial Pressure
Smallest arteries, significant in regulating blood pressure.
Arterioles
Allocation of blood volume throughout the body.
Blood Distribution
Volume of blood moving per time unit (mL/min).
Blood Flow
Slow flow due to high total cross sectional area.
Blood Flow in Capillaries
Techniques to assess blood flow in vessels.
Blood Flow Measurement
Managed by adjusting vascular resistance in kidneys.
Blood Flow Regulation
Pressure is necessary to drive blood flow through vessels.
Blood Flow Requirement
Speed of blood flow inversely related to cross sectional area.
Blood Flow Velocity
Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.
Blood Pressure
Small changes significantly affect blood flow.
Blood Vessel Diameter
Changes in vessel structure due to flow.
Blood Vessel Remodeling
Total amount of blood in the circulatory system.
Blood Volume
Relates vascular resistance to delta pressure and flow.
Bolton’s Law
Accumulation of calcium in blood vessels.
Calcium Buildup
High number of capillaries increases total cross sectional area.
Capillary Density
Blood pressure at the end of capillaries, typically 10 mmHg.
Capillary End Pressure
Pressure exerted by blood within capillaries.
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Ability of capillaries to allow substances to pass.
Capillary Permeability
Pressure within capillaries affecting fluid exchange.
Capillary Pressure
Pressure drop of about 10 mmHg from capillaries to right atrium.
Capillary Pressure Gradient
Blood pressure at the beginning of capillaries, typically 30 mmHg.
Capillary Start Pressure
Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Cardiac Output
Network transporting nutrients, waste, and hormones.
Cardiovascular System
Arrangement of vessels affects blood flow efficiency.
Cardiovascular System Design
Pressure driving blood flow to the brain.
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
Narrow area in circulation causing increased resistance.
Choke Point
Accumulation of cholesterol in blood vessel walls.
Cholesterol Deposition
Area of a vessel’s cross-section affecting flow.
Cross Sectional Area
Difference in pressures used to calculate resistance.
Delta P Calculation
Difference in pressure between two points.
Delta Pressure
Mass per unit volume, influencing blood flow dynamics.
Density
Fluid movement that lacks directionality.
Disorderly Movement
Lower pressure observed distal to high resistance vessels.
Downstream Pressure
Optimal blood flow needed for kidney function.
Efficient Filtration
Process of removing waste from blood in kidneys.
Filtration
Volume of fluid moving through a vessel per time.
Flow Rate
Measured in mL/min for blood flow.
Flow Units
Pathways allowing movement of fluids in cells.
Fluid Channels
Demonstrates flow types using colored fluid.
Fluid Coloring Experiment
Kidney increases volume to counteract blood loss.
Fluid Deficit Compensation
Study of fluids in motion, including blood.
Fluid Dynamics
Depends on pressure differences and Starling forces.
Fluid Movement
Kidney’s role in conserving blood volume.
Fluid Retention
Kidney’s role in maintaining body fluid levels.
Fluid Volume Regulation
Necessary for kidney filtration efficiency.
High Blood Flow Rate
Small arteries and arterioles create significant resistance.
High Resistance Vessels
Difficult for blood to flow, reducing flow rate.
High Vascular Resistance
Occurs in narrow vessels with low cross sectional area.
High Velocity Flow
Pressure exerted by a fluid at rest.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Width of a tube affecting blood flow resistance.
Internal Diameter
Proteins facilitating ion movement across membranes.
Ion Channels
Organ crucial for filtering blood and regulating fluid.
Kidney
Receives about 20% of cardiac output.
Kidney Blood Flow
Filters blood and regulates fluid balance.
Kidney Function
Smooth, orderly flow of fluid in parallel layers.
Laminar Flow
Facilitates greater blood flow through vessels.
Low Vascular Resistance
Observed in capillaries due to high total area.
Low Velocity Flow
Rate of energy expenditure in the body.
Metabolic Rate
Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Minute Cardiac Output
Blood flow supplies essential nutrients to tissues.
Nutrient Delivery
Narrow openings increase blood flow velocity.
Obstruction Effects
Relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance.
Ohm’s Law
Relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance.
Old’s Law
Blood flow varies based on tissue metabolism.
Organ System Perfusion
Resistance specific to blood flow in an organ.
Organ Vascular Resistance
Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis
Multiple routes for blood flow, reducing overall resistance.
Parallel Pathways
Process of delivering blood to tissues.
Perfusion
Increases resistance in arterioles, raising upstream pressure.
Phenylephrine Effect
Small diameter changes can greatly affect flow.
Physiological Implications
Force applied per unit area, measured in mmHg.
Pressure
Delta pressure driving blood flow through vessels.
Pressure Difference
Blood pressure decreases as it moves away from the heart.
Pressure Drop
Difference in pressure driving blood flow.
Pressure Gradient
High pressure immediately after blood leaves the heart.
Pressure in Aorta
Pressure varies upstream and downstream of resistance.
Pressure Measurement
Measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Pressure Units
Process of reclaiming substances from kidney filtrate.
Reabsorption
Blood pressure in the renal artery, approximately 100 mmHg.
Renal Artery Pressure
Blood flow through the kidneys, approximately 1000 mL/min.
Renal Blood Flow
Blood pressure in the renal vein, approximately 0 mmHg.
Renal Vein Pressure
Total resistance decreases with multiple pathways for flow.
Resistance in Parallel
Total resistance increases when tubes are connected end-to-end.
Resistance in Series
Key vessels determining systemic blood pressure.
Resistance Vessels
Predicts flow type based on velocity and viscosity.
Reynolds Equation
High velocity in narrow tubes due to limited pathways.
Single Tube Flow
Numerous, with smaller diameters, increasing total area.
Small Arteries
Forces determining fluid movement in capillaries.
Starling Forces
Total area of a cylinder’s walls.
Surface Area
Circulatory system delivering blood throughout the body.
Systemic Circulation
Total resistance in the systemic circulation.
Systemic Vascular Resistance
Veins returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Systemic Veins
Sum of all tube areas affects overall blood flow speed.
Total Cross Sectional Area
Resistance of the entire systemic circulation.
Total Peripheral Resistance
Used to calculate resistance in parallel circuits.
Total Resistance Formula
Proteins that move substances across cell membranes.
Transporters
Chaotic fluid flow causing inefficiencies in circulation.
Turbulent Flow
Device used to measure blood flow in vessels.
Ultrasonic Probe
Inverse of vascular resistance affecting blood flow.
Vascular Conductance
Opposition to blood flow in the circulatory system.
Vascular Resistance
Thin-walled veins have low resistance and high compliance.
Vein Compliance
Speed of blood flow through vessels.
Velocity of Blood
Flow of blood back to the heart from veins.
Venous Return
Provide resistance to blood flow.
Vessel Walls
Thickness of blood affecting flow resistance.
Viscosity
