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A&P Fall 24' > A^0P 4 Nov '24 > Flashcards

A^0P 4 Nov '24 Flashcards

1
Q

What biophysics topics are relevant to understanding kidneys?

A

Osmosis, fluid shifts, ion shifts, transporters. (So study these)

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system do in relation to the cardiovascular system?

A

It puts hormones into the cardiovascular system for delivery.

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3
Q

What is the definition of volume related to kidney final?

A

Volume refers to measurements like liters, milliliters, or microliters. KNOW YOUR UNITS

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4
Q

How is velocity defined?

A

Velocity is defined as distance over time, such as meters per second or kilometers per hour.

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5
Q

What is pressure units in the cardiovascular system?

A

Pressure is a force, typically measured in millimeters of mercury.

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6
Q

What does area refer to?

A

Area refers to size, especially cross-sectional area and surface area. Vessels measured in square centimeters (cm²)

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7
Q

How is blood flow quantified?

A

Blood flow is measured in volume per time, such as mLs/minute or L/minute.

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8
Q

What determines blood flow?

A

Vascular resistance is the most important factor affecting blood flow.

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9
Q

What happens to pressure when there is high vascular resistance?

A

Pressure is high upstream of the resistance and lower downstream.

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10
Q

What is vascular conductance?

A

Vascular conductance refers to how easy it is to drive blood flow through a blood vessel. It is the inverse of vascular resistance

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11
Q

What is the kidney’s role in fluid control?

A

The kidney controls fluid volume in the body, affecting blood volume.

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12
Q

What happens to resistance in a series arrangement of blood vessels?

A

Resistance increases as tubes are connected end to end.

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13
Q

What is the effect of a parallel arrangement of blood vessels?

A

A parallel arrangement lowers overall resistance.

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14
Q

How does cross-sectional area affect blood flow velocity?

A

Blood flow velocity is higher in areas with smaller cross-sectional areas.

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15
Q

What happens to blood pressure as it moves through the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood pressure decreases as blood moves further from the heart.

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16
Q

What is the effect of phenylephrine on blood vessels?

A

Phenylephrine increases resistance in arterioles and small arteries, raising upstream pressure.

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17
Q

What happens to blood pressure when squeezing at a choke point?

A

The pressure between the choke point and the heart increases, while the pressure downstream of the choke point is lower.

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18
Q

What is expected pressure on the proximal side of a high resistance vessel?

A

High pressure is expected on the proximal side of a high resistance vessel.

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19
Q

What are considered the main choke points in blood circulation?

A

The resistance vessels, specifically the small arteries and arterioles, are the main choke points.

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20
Q

How does pressure change in the systemic circulation after capillaries?

A

Pressure does not drop significantly after the capillaries because veins have low resistance due to their thin walls.

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21
Q

What is the typical pressure gradient between the capillaries and the right atrium?

A

The pressure gradient is usually about 10 millimeters of mercury, which is very small.

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22
Q

How does the kidney manage blood flow?

A

The kidney manages blood flow by adjusting its vascular resistance at the afferent and/or efferent arterioles.

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23
Q

Why is pressure necessary in the circulatory system?

A

Pressure is needed to drive blood flow; without it, blood cannot flow.

24
Q

What happens if all blood vessels are open all the time?

A

If all blood vessels were open all the time, there would be no pressure to drive blood flow.

25
Q

What dictates blood flow through individual tissues?

A

Blood flow through individual tissues is dictated by their metabolic rate. This is different in the kidney as evidenced by the body’s dedication of 20% cardiac output. The kidney NEEDS high blood flow to be a GOOD filter.

26
Q

What happens to kidney function when arterial pressure is low?

A

The kidney conserves fluid and electrolytes to compensate for low arterial pressure.

27
Q

What characterizes laminar flow?

A

Laminar flow is characterized by orderly movement, with blood in the middle of the tube moving faster than that near the walls.

28
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Turbulent flow is disorderly movement of blood. “Like putting your thumb on a garden hose.”

29
Q

What are the effects of turbulent blood flow on vasculature?

A

Turbulent flow can remodel blood vessels and cause deposits of cholesterol and calcium.

30
Q

What causes turbulent flow?

A

Turbulent flow often occurs due to obstructions or narrow openings in blood vessels.

31
Q

What is the relationship between blood flow and pressure in the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood flow is equal to the pressure difference divided by vascular resistance.

32
Q

How does a small change in blood vessel diameter affect flow?

A

A small change in diameter can result in a large change in blood flow. (cross-sectional diameters)

33
Q

How can we calculate vascular resistance in the kidney?

A

Vascular resistance can be calculated using the formula: resistance (R) = delta P / blood flow (F).

34
Q

What is the typical blood flow rate to the kidneys?

A

The kidneys receive about 20% of cardiac output, which is approximately 1 liter per minute.

35
Q

What is the significance of high blood flow in the kidneys?

A

High blood flow is necessary for the kidneys to function efficiently as filters. This opposes the logic throughout the rest of the body where blood flow is determined by metabolic demand of the tissue.

36
Q

How can blood flow be measured?

A

Blood flow can be measured using an ultrasonic probe around an artery or blood vessel. We can also estimate it with inserted devices (More info next semester)

37
Q

What is the formula for systemic vascular resistance?

A

Systemic vascular resistance can be calculated as resistance = deltaP(pressure gradient) / cardiac output (Flow or F).

38
Q

What is the relationship between vascular conductance and resistance?

A

Vascular conductance is the inverse of resistance; as resistance increases, conductance decreases.

39
Q

What is the primary structure of the kidneys?

A

The kidneys can be thought of as a large ball of blood vessels that work together to filter blood.

40
Q

What is the primary structure of the kidney?

A

The kidney is primarily a large ball of blood vessels.

41
Q

What additional structures are found in the kidney?

A

The kidney also contains tubules and urinary outlets.

42
Q

What are Starling forces?

A

The four primary forces that determine whether fluid will move out of the blood into the
interstitial fluid or in the opposite direction. named after the physiologist
Ernest Starling

43
Q

What is the blood pressure at the beginning of a systemic capillary?

A

The blood pressure at the beginning is almost always 30 mmHg.

44
Q

What is the blood pressure at the end of the capillary?

A

The blood pressure at the end of the capillary is typically about 10 mmHg.

45
Q

What is the delta P for flow through a capillary? Now what is its actual number?

A

The delta P is about 20 mmHg, driving flow from one end to the other. Actual number is 17.3mmHg

46
Q

What is the capillary hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end?

A

The capillary hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end is 30 mmHg.

47
Q

What is the capillary hydrostatic pressure at the venous end?

A

The capillary hydrostatic pressure at the venous end is 10 mmHg.

48
Q

The inverse of vascular resistance

A

Vascular Conductance

49
Q

What formula will we use next semester to predict turbulent flow?

A

Reynold’s Equation Re=(vdp)/n

50
Q

What is Ohm’s law and what is it for?

A

Ohm’s law is V=IR and is a formula that can be used to determine voltage based on the variables current and resistance

51
Q

How does Ohm’s law relate to blood flow?

A

We can see the Voltage(V) as deltaP, or our change in pressure within a vessel. Instead of Current(I), we use the measurement of blood flow. R is still resistance but we are now measuring vascular resistance.

52
Q

Which Starling force discusses the tendency to
force fluid outward through the capillary membrane?

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pcap)

53
Q

Which Starling force discusses the tendency to to cause osmosis of fluid inward
through the capillary membrane

A

The capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure (πp)

54
Q

Which Starling force discusses the tendency to to cause osmosis of fluid outward
through the capillary membrane

A

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (πif),

55
Q

Which Starling force discusses the tendency to to force fluid inward or outward through the capillary membrane

A

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pisf),Inward when Pisf is positive but outward when Pisf is negative

A&P Fall 24' (12 decks)

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