Exam 3: Chapter 35 - Assessment of Immune Function Flashcards
Agglutination
Clumping effect occuring when an antibody acts as a cross-link between two antigens
Antibody
A protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting with a specific antigen
Antigen
Substance that induces the production of antibodies
Antigenic DEterminant
The specific area of an antigen that binds with an antibody combining site and determines the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death that results from the digestion of deoxyribonucleic acid by end nucleases
B Cells
Cells that are important to producing a humoral immune response
Cellular Immune REsponse
The immune systems third line of defense, involving the attack of pathogens by T Cells
Complement
SEries of enzymatic proteins in the serum that, when activated, destroy bacteria and other cells
Cytokines
Generic term for nonantibody proteins that act as intercellular mediators, as in the generation of immune response
Cytotoxic T Cells
Lymphocytes that lyse cells infected with virus; also play a role in graft rejection
Epitope
Any component of an antigen molecule that functions as an antigenetic determinant by permitting the attachment of certain antibodies
Genetic Engineering
Emerging technology designed to enable replacement of missing or defective genes
Helper T Cells
Lymphocytes that attack foreign invaders (antigens) directly
Humoral Immune System
The immune systems second line of defense; often termed the antibody response
Immune REsponse
The coordinated response of the components of the immune system to a foreign agent or organism
Immune System
The collection of organs, cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate the immune response
Immunity
The bodys specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism; resistance to diseease, specifically infectious disease
Immunopathology
Study of diseases resulting in dysfunctions within the immune system
Immunoregulation
Complex system of checks and balances that regulates or controls immune responses
Immunosenescence
The gradual deterioration of the immune system brought on by the aging process
Interferons
Proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents; capable of activating other compopnents of the immune system
Lymphokines
Substances released by sensitized lymphocytes when they come in contact with specific antigens
Memory Cels
Cells that are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and malignant cells
Null Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that destroy antigens already coated with the antibody
Opsonization
The coating of an antigen - antibody molecules with a sticky substance to facilitate phagocytosis
Phagocytic Cells
Cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins
Phagocytic Immune REsponse
The immune system’s first line of defense, involving white blood cells that have the ability to ingest foriegn particles
Stem Cells
Percursors of all blood cells; reside primarily in bone marrow
Suppressor T Cells
Lymphocytes that decrease B-Cell activity to a level at which the immune system is compatible with life
T Cells
Cells that are important for producing a cellular immune response
WBCs produced in
bone marrow
The two types of lymphocytes?
B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
Spleen composed of what and does what?
COmposed of red and white pulp, and acts as a filter. Red pulp is where old and injured RBCs destroyed. White pulp contains concentrations of lymphocytes
What is Autoimmunity
Normal protective immune response paradoxically turns against or attacks the body, leading to tissue damage
What is Hypersensitivity
Body produces inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens
What is Gammopathies
Overproduction of immunoglobulins
What is a Primary Immune Deficiency
Deficiency results from improper development of immune cells or tissues; usually congenital or inherited
What is Secondary Immune Deficiency
Deficiency results from some interference with an already developed immune system; usually acquired later in life
What are the B-Cells that mature outside of the bone marrow?
They are the humoral response
What are the T-Cells that mature in the Thymus?
Are your cellular (cell-mediated) responses
B Lymphocytes mature in the ?
Bone Marrow
T Lymphocytes mature in the
thymus, where they also differentiate into cells with various functions
Basic function of the immune system?
To remove foreign antigens such as viruses and bacteria to maintain homeostasis
Two types of immunity?
Natural (innate) and Acquired (Adaptive)
Natural immunity present at
birth
ACquired immunity develops after
birth
Natural immunity is considered to be
the first line of host defense following antigen exposure because it protects the host without rembering prior contact with an infectious agent
Cells involved in an immune response?
Monocytes Macrophages Dendritic Cells Natural Killer (NK) Cells Basophils Eosinophils Granulocytes
What is Phagocytosis?
Monocytes responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign bodies and toxins
What is a inflammatory response?
Response to injury or invading organisms. Chemical mediators minimize blood loss
Natural Immunity; Nonspecific
response to any foreign invador
Natural Immunity; It does not
remember these invaders. It will act the same every single time
Natural immunity will produce
cytokines or promote acquired immunity response
Natural immune mechanisms can be divided into two stages
immediate (generally occuring within minutes) and delayed (occuring within several days of exposure)
Granular Leukocytes (GranulocyteS) fight invasion by foreign bodies or tonxins by
releasing cell mediators, such as histamine, brdykinin, and prosaglandins and by engulfing th foreign bodies or toxins
Granulocytes include
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Neutrophils arrive first to the site when
inflammation occurs
Monocytes first to arrive and act as ? and doing what?
Phagocytic cells, and they engulf, ingest, and destroy greater number and quantities of foreign bodies or toxins
What arrives when an allergic response is present?
Basophils and Eosinophils
Acquired Immunity (Adaptive) usually develops as a result of
prior exposure to an antigen through immunization (Vaccination) or by contracting a disease, both of which generative a protective immune response
Examples of Physical and Chemical Responses?
Physical: Skin, Mucous, Coughing
Chemical: Salvia, HCl, Tears, Pepsin
Two mechanisms of acquired immune response?
- Cell-Mediated response, involving T-Cell activation
2. Effector Mechanisms, involving B-Cell maturation and production of antibodies
Two types of acquired immunity?
Active and Passive
ACtive acquired immunity refers to
immunologic defenses develeoped by the persons own body
Pasive acquired immunity refers to
a temporary immunity transmitted from a source outside the body that has developed immunity through previous disease or immunization (Mothers breast-milk)
When attacked, the body has what 3 means of defense
The pahocytic immune response
The humoraal or antibody immune response
The cellular immune response
What is the phagocytic immune response?
The first line of defense involving WBCs, which have teh ability to ingest foreign particles and destroy the invading agent
What is the Humoral or antibody immune response
Second line of defense, with B Lymphocytes which are transprted in teh blood stream and attempt to disable invaders
What is the Cellular Immune REsponse
Involves the T Cells, which can turn into cytotoxic T Cells that can attack pathogens
FOur well-defined stages in an immune response?
Recognition, Proliferation, REsponse, Effector
Recognition Stage: This stage involves use of
lymph nodes and lymphocytes for surveillance
Lymphocytes and other cells have
microbial sensors that identify molecules on microbees and other microorganisms
Invading organisms have
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) contained in their cell membranes that are recognized by the immune system cells
Proliferation Stage: What happens in this stage?
Circulating lymphocytes containing the antigenic message return to the nearest lymph node. Stimulates B and T cells to enlarge, divide, and proliferate
Proliferation Stage: What happens to B and T Cells here?
T Cells differentiate into cytotoxic (killer) T cells, and B Cells produce and release antibodies
REsponse Stage: How does this stage begin?
With the production of antibodies by the B cells in response to a specific antigen
REsponse Stage: What is the cellular response here?
Stimulates the resident lymphocytes to become cells that attack microbes directly rather than through the action of antibodies
T Cell is associated with what type of response?
Cellular Response
B Cell is associated with what type of response?
Humoral Response
Example of Humoral and Cellular REsponse:
Cell: TRansplant Rejection
Humoral: Bacterial Pneumonias and Sepsis
Effector Stage: What happens here?
Either the antibody of the humoral response or the cytotoxic T cell of the cellular response reaches and connects with the antigen on the surface of the foreign invader
What is the humoral response?
Characterized by the production of antibodies by B Lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen
Antigen Recognition: How do T Cells help B Cells?
T are believed to recognize the antigen of a foreign invader. T Cells pink up the antigenic message and return to nearest lymph node with that message. B Cells subdivided into thousand of clones
Exact Fit Antigen-Antibody Binding
Highly specific, produces that one response
No Fit Antigen-Antibody Binding
Produces no immune response
Poor Fit Antigen-Antibody binding
Low specificity, can cause damage to other parts of teh body. Antibody will react to antigen with similar characteristics
Body can produce how many types of Imunoglobulins?
Five
What five Igs can be produced?
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
IgG make up what percentage?
75%
IgG appears in
serum and tissues (interstitial fluid)
IgG assumes
a major role in bloodborne and tissue infecions
IgG activates
the complement system
IgG enhances
pahgocytosis
IgG crosses
the placenta
IgE makes up what percentage?
0.004%
IgE appears in
serum
IgE takes part in
allergic and some hypersensitivity reactions
IgE combtats
parasitic infections
T Lymphyctes primarily response for what immunity type
cellular immunity
T Lymphocytes stem cells move from where to where?
Move from the bone marrow to the thymus gland, where they develop into T Cells
T Cell Cellular REaction initiated by
the binding of an antigen to an antigen receptor located on the surface of a T Cell
Cellular Immune REsponse: T Cells then carry
the antigenic message, or blueprint, to the lymph nodes where production of other T cells is stimulated
Types of T Cells?
Effector T Cells
Suppressor T Cells
Memory T Cells
What do Helper T Cells Do?
When activated, they secrete cytokines, which activate B Cells, cytotoxic T Cells, NK Cells, Macrophages, and other cells
What are Cytokines?
Determine the actions of the immune system. These are our inflammatory mediators.
Suppressor T cells have the ability to
decease B-Cell production, thereby keeping the immune response at a level that is compatible with hell
Memory T Cells responsible for
recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response
How do Null Lymphocytes work?
Destroy antigens already coated with antibody. Have special receptors on their surface that allow to them to connect with antibodies
What are NK Cells?
Recognize infected and stressed cells and respond by killing these cells and by secreting macrophages activating cytokine. Examples include microorganisms and some malignant cells
Complement System: What do circulating plasma proteins do?
Made in the liver and activated when an antibody connects with its antigen
Three major functions of complement system?
Defending body against infection
Bridging Natural and Acquired Immunity
Disposing of Immune Complexes responsible for inflammation
Complement System three pathways?
Clasic
Lectin
Alternative
Complement System: Classic pathway triggered after
antibodies bind to microbes or immunity
Complement System: Lectin activated after
a plasma protein binds to terminal mannose residue on the surface glycoproteins of microbees
Complement System:Alternative pathway triggered when
complement proteins are activated on microbial surface (apart of natural immunity)
Iron and the Immune system are
linked in homeostasis and pathology, thus making it essential for maximum function
Zinc and Nutrition
Zinc deficiency has been linked to multiple diseases. Plays an important role in homeostasis, immune function, and apoptosis
Autoimmune disorders are a group of disorders that can
afect almost every cell or tissue in the body
Autoimmune more common in ___ because ___
Women, because estrogen tends to enhance immunity
Examples of autoimmune diseases?
Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Multiple Sclerosis
What do Antibiotics do to Immune system?
Bone Marrow SUppression
What do Antithyroid Drugs do?
Suppress Thyroid
What do NSAIDs do in large doses to Immune System?
Inhibit Prostaglandin Synthesis or RElease
What do Adrenal Cortiocosteroids do to Immune System?
Immunosuppression
What do Antieoplastic Agents (Cytotoxic Agents) do to immune system?
Immunosppression
What do Antimetabolities do to immune system?
Immunosuppression
What are some types of Antibiotics
Cefrtiaxone (Recephin) Cefuroxime Sodium (Ceftin) Chloramphenicol (Chlormycetin) Dactinmomycin (Cosmegen) Fluroqquinolones Gentamicin Sulfate Macrolides Penicillin
First type of Genetic Engineering?
First permits scientists to combines genes from one organism into a second. Will then make proteins, monokines, and lymphokines which enhance immune sytem
Second type of Genetic Engineering?
Recombinant DNA technology involves gene therapy. Can fix broken DNA
Research shows stem cells can
restore an immune system that has been destroyed
What information should you take in during a health hisotry?
Nutrition, Infections, Immunizations, Allergies, Autoimmune disorders, Cancer, and Chronic Illness
What should you check during a physical exam?
Ensuring Intact Skin If skin swollen or enlarged Taking a temperature Bone Marrow Biopsy Skin Tests
Physical Changes to look for?
Changes in respiratory rate Hypotension Tachycardia Dysrhythmia Joint Mobility Rashes Lesions Dermatitis
Some Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immunity Tests
B-Cell Quantifcations with Monoclonal Antibody
In vivo immunoglobulin synthesis with T-Cell Sublets
Specific antibody response
Total serum globulins and individual immunoglobulins
Some Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immunity Tests
Total lymphocyte count T-Cell and T-Cell Subset Quantifcations Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Test Cytokine Production Lymphocyte Productions
Some other types of tests
WBC count and differntial BoneMarrow Biopsy Phagocytic Cell Function Test Hypersensitivity Test Specifici Antigen-Antibody Test HIv Infection Tests
Nurses Role in Evaluation of the Immune System
Offer Support
Reduce Anxiety
Provide PAtient Education and COunseling
