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NRSG 102: Med Surg 1 > Exam 3: Chapter 35 - Assessment of Immune Function > Flashcards

Exam 3: Chapter 35 - Assessment of Immune Function Flashcards

1
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping effect occuring when an antibody acts as a cross-link between two antigens

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2
Q

Antibody

A

A protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting with a specific antigen

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3
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that induces the production of antibodies

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4
Q

Antigenic DEterminant

A

The specific area of an antigen that binds with an antibody combining site and determines the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction

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5
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death that results from the digestion of deoxyribonucleic acid by end nucleases

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6
Q

B Cells

A

Cells that are important to producing a humoral immune response

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7
Q

Cellular Immune REsponse

A

The immune systems third line of defense, involving the attack of pathogens by T Cells

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8
Q

Complement

A

SEries of enzymatic proteins in the serum that, when activated, destroy bacteria and other cells

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9
Q

Cytokines

A

Generic term for nonantibody proteins that act as intercellular mediators, as in the generation of immune response

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10
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Lymphocytes that lyse cells infected with virus; also play a role in graft rejection

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11
Q

Epitope

A

Any component of an antigen molecule that functions as an antigenetic determinant by permitting the attachment of certain antibodies

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12
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Emerging technology designed to enable replacement of missing or defective genes

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13
Q

Helper T Cells

A

Lymphocytes that attack foreign invaders (antigens) directly

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14
Q

Humoral Immune System

A

The immune systems second line of defense; often termed the antibody response

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15
Q

Immune REsponse

A

The coordinated response of the components of the immune system to a foreign agent or organism

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16
Q

Immune System

A

The collection of organs, cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate the immune response

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17
Q

Immunity

A

The bodys specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism; resistance to diseease, specifically infectious disease

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18
Q

Immunopathology

A

Study of diseases resulting in dysfunctions within the immune system

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19
Q

Immunoregulation

A

Complex system of checks and balances that regulates or controls immune responses

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20
Q

Immunosenescence

A

The gradual deterioration of the immune system brought on by the aging process

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21
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents; capable of activating other compopnents of the immune system

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22
Q

Lymphokines

A

Substances released by sensitized lymphocytes when they come in contact with specific antigens

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23
Q

Memory Cels

A

Cells that are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response

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24
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

A

Lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and malignant cells

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25
Q

Null Lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that destroy antigens already coated with the antibody

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26
Q

Opsonization

A

The coating of an antigen - antibody molecules with a sticky substance to facilitate phagocytosis

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27
Q

Phagocytic Cells

A

Cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins

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28
Q

Phagocytic Immune REsponse

A

The immune system’s first line of defense, involving white blood cells that have the ability to ingest foriegn particles

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29
Q

Stem Cells

A

Percursors of all blood cells; reside primarily in bone marrow

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30
Q

Suppressor T Cells

A

Lymphocytes that decrease B-Cell activity to a level at which the immune system is compatible with life

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31
Q

T Cells

A

Cells that are important for producing a cellular immune response

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32
Q

WBCs produced in

A

bone marrow

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33
Q

The two types of lymphocytes?

A

B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and T Lymphocytes (T Cells)

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34
Q

Spleen composed of what and does what?

A

COmposed of red and white pulp, and acts as a filter. Red pulp is where old and injured RBCs destroyed. White pulp contains concentrations of lymphocytes

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35
Q

What is Autoimmunity

A

Normal protective immune response paradoxically turns against or attacks the body, leading to tissue damage

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36
Q

What is Hypersensitivity

A

Body produces inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens

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37
Q

What is Gammopathies

A

Overproduction of immunoglobulins

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38
Q

What is a Primary Immune Deficiency

A

Deficiency results from improper development of immune cells or tissues; usually congenital or inherited

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39
Q

What is Secondary Immune Deficiency

A

Deficiency results from some interference with an already developed immune system; usually acquired later in life

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40
Q

What are the B-Cells that mature outside of the bone marrow?

A

They are the humoral response

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41
Q

What are the T-Cells that mature in the Thymus?

A

Are your cellular (cell-mediated) responses

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42
Q

B Lymphocytes mature in the ?

A

Bone Marrow

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43
Q

T Lymphocytes mature in the

A

thymus, where they also differentiate into cells with various functions

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44
Q

Basic function of the immune system?

A

To remove foreign antigens such as viruses and bacteria to maintain homeostasis

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45
Q

Two types of immunity?

A

Natural (innate) and Acquired (Adaptive)

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46
Q

Natural immunity present at

A

birth

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47
Q

ACquired immunity develops after

A

birth

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48
Q

Natural immunity is considered to be

A

the first line of host defense following antigen exposure because it protects the host without rembering prior contact with an infectious agent

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49
Q

Cells involved in an immune response?

A 
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Basophils
Eosinophils
Granulocytes
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50
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Monocytes responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign bodies and toxins

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51
Q

What is a inflammatory response?

A

Response to injury or invading organisms. Chemical mediators minimize blood loss

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52
Q

Natural Immunity; Nonspecific

A

response to any foreign invador

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53
Q

Natural Immunity; It does not

A

remember these invaders. It will act the same every single time

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54
Q

Natural immunity will produce

A

cytokines or promote acquired immunity response

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55
Q

Natural immune mechanisms can be divided into two stages

A

immediate (generally occuring within minutes) and delayed (occuring within several days of exposure)

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56
Q

Granular Leukocytes (GranulocyteS) fight invasion by foreign bodies or tonxins by

A

releasing cell mediators, such as histamine, brdykinin, and prosaglandins and by engulfing th foreign bodies or toxins

57
Q

Granulocytes include

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

58
Q

Neutrophils arrive first to the site when

A

inflammation occurs

59
Q

Monocytes first to arrive and act as ? and doing what?

A

Phagocytic cells, and they engulf, ingest, and destroy greater number and quantities of foreign bodies or toxins

60
Q

What arrives when an allergic response is present?

A

Basophils and Eosinophils

61
Q

Acquired Immunity (Adaptive) usually develops as a result of

A

prior exposure to an antigen through immunization (Vaccination) or by contracting a disease, both of which generative a protective immune response

62
Q

Examples of Physical and Chemical Responses?

A

Physical: Skin, Mucous, Coughing
Chemical: Salvia, HCl, Tears, Pepsin

63
Q

Two mechanisms of acquired immune response?

A
  1. Cell-Mediated response, involving T-Cell activation

2. Effector Mechanisms, involving B-Cell maturation and production of antibodies

64
Q

Two types of acquired immunity?

A

Active and Passive

65
Q

ACtive acquired immunity refers to

A

immunologic defenses develeoped by the persons own body

66
Q

Pasive acquired immunity refers to

A

a temporary immunity transmitted from a source outside the body that has developed immunity through previous disease or immunization (Mothers breast-milk)

67
Q

When attacked, the body has what 3 means of defense

A

The pahocytic immune response
The humoraal or antibody immune response
The cellular immune response

68
Q

What is the phagocytic immune response?

A

The first line of defense involving WBCs, which have teh ability to ingest foreign particles and destroy the invading agent

69
Q

What is the Humoral or antibody immune response

A

Second line of defense, with B Lymphocytes which are transprted in teh blood stream and attempt to disable invaders

70
Q

What is the Cellular Immune REsponse

A

Involves the T Cells, which can turn into cytotoxic T Cells that can attack pathogens

71
Q

FOur well-defined stages in an immune response?

A

Recognition, Proliferation, REsponse, Effector

72
Q

Recognition Stage: This stage involves use of

A

lymph nodes and lymphocytes for surveillance

73
Q

Lymphocytes and other cells have

A

microbial sensors that identify molecules on microbees and other microorganisms

74
Q

Invading organisms have

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) contained in their cell membranes that are recognized by the immune system cells

75
Q

Proliferation Stage: What happens in this stage?

A

Circulating lymphocytes containing the antigenic message return to the nearest lymph node. Stimulates B and T cells to enlarge, divide, and proliferate

76
Q

Proliferation Stage: What happens to B and T Cells here?

A

T Cells differentiate into cytotoxic (killer) T cells, and B Cells produce and release antibodies

77
Q

REsponse Stage: How does this stage begin?

A

With the production of antibodies by the B cells in response to a specific antigen

78
Q

REsponse Stage: What is the cellular response here?

A

Stimulates the resident lymphocytes to become cells that attack microbes directly rather than through the action of antibodies

79
Q

T Cell is associated with what type of response?

A

Cellular Response

80
Q

B Cell is associated with what type of response?

A

Humoral Response

81
Q

Example of Humoral and Cellular REsponse:

A

Cell: TRansplant Rejection
Humoral: Bacterial Pneumonias and Sepsis

82
Q

Effector Stage: What happens here?

A

Either the antibody of the humoral response or the cytotoxic T cell of the cellular response reaches and connects with the antigen on the surface of the foreign invader

83
Q

What is the humoral response?

A

Characterized by the production of antibodies by B Lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen

84
Q

Antigen Recognition: How do T Cells help B Cells?

A

T are believed to recognize the antigen of a foreign invader. T Cells pink up the antigenic message and return to nearest lymph node with that message. B Cells subdivided into thousand of clones

85
Q

Exact Fit Antigen-Antibody Binding

A

Highly specific, produces that one response

86
Q

No Fit Antigen-Antibody Binding

A

Produces no immune response

87
Q

Poor Fit Antigen-Antibody binding

A

Low specificity, can cause damage to other parts of teh body. Antibody will react to antigen with similar characteristics

88
Q

Body can produce how many types of Imunoglobulins?

A

Five

89
Q

What five Igs can be produced?

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

90
Q

IgG make up what percentage?

A

75%

91
Q

IgG appears in

A

serum and tissues (interstitial fluid)

92
Q

IgG assumes

A

a major role in bloodborne and tissue infecions

93
Q

IgG activates

A

the complement system

94
Q

IgG enhances

A

pahgocytosis

95
Q

IgG crosses

A

the placenta

96
Q

IgE makes up what percentage?

A

0.004%

97
Q

IgE appears in

A

serum

98
Q

IgE takes part in

A

allergic and some hypersensitivity reactions

99
Q

IgE combtats

A

parasitic infections

100
Q

T Lymphyctes primarily response for what immunity type

A

cellular immunity

101
Q

T Lymphocytes stem cells move from where to where?

A

Move from the bone marrow to the thymus gland, where they develop into T Cells

102
Q

T Cell Cellular REaction initiated by

A

the binding of an antigen to an antigen receptor located on the surface of a T Cell

103
Q

Cellular Immune REsponse: T Cells then carry

A

the antigenic message, or blueprint, to the lymph nodes where production of other T cells is stimulated

104
Q

Types of T Cells?

A

Effector T Cells
Suppressor T Cells
Memory T Cells

105
Q

What do Helper T Cells Do?

A

When activated, they secrete cytokines, which activate B Cells, cytotoxic T Cells, NK Cells, Macrophages, and other cells

106
Q

What are Cytokines?

A

Determine the actions of the immune system. These are our inflammatory mediators.

107
Q

Suppressor T cells have the ability to

A

decease B-Cell production, thereby keeping the immune response at a level that is compatible with hell

108
Q

Memory T Cells responsible for

A

recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response

109
Q

How do Null Lymphocytes work?

A

Destroy antigens already coated with antibody. Have special receptors on their surface that allow to them to connect with antibodies

110
Q

What are NK Cells?

A

Recognize infected and stressed cells and respond by killing these cells and by secreting macrophages activating cytokine. Examples include microorganisms and some malignant cells

111
Q

Complement System: What do circulating plasma proteins do?

A

Made in the liver and activated when an antibody connects with its antigen

112
Q

Three major functions of complement system?

A

Defending body against infection
Bridging Natural and Acquired Immunity
Disposing of Immune Complexes responsible for inflammation

113
Q

Complement System three pathways?

A

Clasic
Lectin
Alternative

114
Q

Complement System: Classic pathway triggered after

A

antibodies bind to microbes or immunity

115
Q

Complement System: Lectin activated after

A

a plasma protein binds to terminal mannose residue on the surface glycoproteins of microbees

116
Q

Complement System:Alternative pathway triggered when

A

complement proteins are activated on microbial surface (apart of natural immunity)

117
Q

Iron and the Immune system are

A

linked in homeostasis and pathology, thus making it essential for maximum function

118
Q

Zinc and Nutrition

A

Zinc deficiency has been linked to multiple diseases. Plays an important role in homeostasis, immune function, and apoptosis

119
Q

Autoimmune disorders are a group of disorders that can

A

afect almost every cell or tissue in the body

120
Q

Autoimmune more common in ___ because ___

A

Women, because estrogen tends to enhance immunity

121
Q

Examples of autoimmune diseases?

A

Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Multiple Sclerosis

122
Q

What do Antibiotics do to Immune system?

A

Bone Marrow SUppression

123
Q

What do Antithyroid Drugs do?

A

Suppress Thyroid

124
Q

What do NSAIDs do in large doses to Immune System?

A

Inhibit Prostaglandin Synthesis or RElease

125
Q

What do Adrenal Cortiocosteroids do to Immune System?

A

Immunosuppression

126
Q

What do Antieoplastic Agents (Cytotoxic Agents) do to immune system?

A

Immunosppression

127
Q

What do Antimetabolities do to immune system?

A

Immunosuppression

128
Q

What are some types of Antibiotics

A 
Cefrtiaxone (Recephin)
Cefuroxime Sodium (Ceftin)
Chloramphenicol (Chlormycetin)
Dactinmomycin (Cosmegen)
Fluroqquinolones
Gentamicin Sulfate
Macrolides
Penicillin
129
Q

First type of Genetic Engineering?

A

First permits scientists to combines genes from one organism into a second. Will then make proteins, monokines, and lymphokines which enhance immune sytem

130
Q

Second type of Genetic Engineering?

A

Recombinant DNA technology involves gene therapy. Can fix broken DNA

131
Q

Research shows stem cells can

A

restore an immune system that has been destroyed

132
Q

What information should you take in during a health hisotry?

A

Nutrition, Infections, Immunizations, Allergies, Autoimmune disorders, Cancer, and Chronic Illness

133
Q

What should you check during a physical exam?

A 
Ensuring Intact Skin
If skin swollen or enlarged
Taking a temperature
Bone Marrow Biopsy
Skin Tests
134
Q

Physical Changes to look for?

A 
Changes in respiratory rate
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Dysrhythmia
Joint Mobility
Rashes
Lesions
Dermatitis
135
Q

Some Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immunity Tests

A

B-Cell Quantifcations with Monoclonal Antibody
In vivo immunoglobulin synthesis with T-Cell Sublets
Specific antibody response
Total serum globulins and individual immunoglobulins

136
Q

Some Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immunity Tests

A 
Total lymphocyte count
T-Cell and T-Cell Subset Quantifcations
Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Test
Cytokine Production
Lymphocyte Productions
137
Q

Some other types of tests

A 
WBC count and differntial
BoneMarrow Biopsy
Phagocytic Cell Function Test
Hypersensitivity Test
Specifici Antigen-Antibody Test
HIv Infection Tests
138
Q

Nurses Role in Evaluation of the Immune System

A

Offer Support
Reduce Anxiety
Provide PAtient Education and COunseling

NRSG 102: Med Surg 1 (52 decks)

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