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NRSG 102: Med Surg 1 > Exam 3: Chapter 15 - Management of Patients With Oncologic Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 3: Chapter 15 - Management of Patients With Oncologic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer is

A

a disease process that begins when an abnormal cell is transformed by the genetic mutation of cellular DNA

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2
Q

Cancer: Abnormal cells have

A

invasive characteristics and infiltrate other tissues. This phenomena is metastasis

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3
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

Spread of cancer from the primary tumor to distant sites

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4
Q

What is Anaplasia?

A

Pattern of growth in which cells lack normal characteristics and differ in shape and organiztion with respect to their cells or origin

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5
Q

Benign Cell Characteristics

A

Well-differentiated cells resemble normal cells of the tissue from which the tumor originated

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6
Q

Benign Mode of Growth

A

Tumor grows by expansion and does not infilitrate the surrounding tissues; usually encapsulated

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7
Q

Benign Rate of Growth

A

Rate of growth is usually slow

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8
Q

Benign Metastasis

A

Does not spread by metastasis

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9
Q

Benign General Effects

A

Is usually localizeed phenomenon that does not cause generalized effects unless its location interferes with vital functions

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10
Q

Benign Tissue Destruction

A

Does not usually cause tissue damage unless its location interfers with blood flow

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11
Q

Benign Ability To Cause Death

A

Does not usually cause death unless its location interfers with vital function

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12
Q

Malignant Cell

A

Cells are undifferentiated and may bear little resemblance to normal cells of the tissue from which they arose

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13
Q

Malignant Mode of Growth

A

Grows at the periphery and overocmes contact inhibition to invade and infilitrate surrounding tissues

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14
Q

Malignant Rate of Growth

A

Rate of growht is variable and depends on level of differentation; the moe anaplastic the tumor, the faster its growth

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15
Q

Malignant Metastasis

A

Gains access to the blood and lymphatic channels and metastasizes to other areas pf the body or grows across body cavities

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16
Q

Malignant General Effects

A

Often causes generalized effects, such as anemia, weakness, systemic inflammation, weight loss, and CACS

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17
Q

Malignant Tissue Desruction

A

Often causes extensive tisue damage as the tumor outgrows its blood supply or encroaches on blood flow to the area; may also produce substances that cause cell damage

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18
Q

Malignant Ability to cause death

A

Eventually causes death unless growth can be controlled

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19
Q

What is Carcinogenesis

A

Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells

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20
Q

Three steps in malignant transformation?

A

Initiation
Promotion
Progression

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21
Q

What are Carcinogens?

A

Agents that initiate or promote malignant transformation

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22
Q

What do Carcinogens do during Initation?

A

Carcinogens such as chemicals, physical factors, or biologic agents, cause mutations in the cellular DNA. During here, Apoptosis does not occur

23
Q

What occurs during Promotion?

A

Repeated exposure to promoting agents cause proliferation adn expansion of initiated cells with increased expression or manifesations of abnormal gene informaiton

24
Q

Promotion phase generally leads to

A

the formaiton of a preneoplastic or benign lesion

25
Q

What occurs during progression?

A

The altered cells exhibit increasingly malignant behavior. These cells acquire the ability to stimulate angiogenesis

26
Q

What is Angiogenesis?

A

Growth of new blood vessels that allow cancer cells to grow

27
Q

Cell Proliferation

A

Uncontrolled growth, with the ability to metastaize and destroy tissue and cause death

28
Q

What is the Cell Characteristics in the Malignant process?

A

Presence of tumor-specific antigens, altered shape, structure, and metabolism

29
Q

How does Metastasis occur?

A

Lymphatic Spread
Hematogenous Spread
Angiogenesis

30
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: Viruses: Afer infecting individuals, DNA viruses..

A

insert part of their own DNA near the infected cell genes causing cell division

31
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: Examples of Viruses?

A

HPV, Hepatitis B, and Epstein-Barr Virus

32
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: Physical Factors associated with carcinogenesis include

A

exposure to sunlight, radiation, chronic irritation or inflammation, tobacco, industrial chemics

33
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: What chemical agents should I look out for

A

Tobaco, Asbestos

34
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: Cancers with underlying genetic abnormalities include

A 
chronic leukemia
meningiomas
Acute leukemia
retinoblastomas
Wilms tumor
35
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: What cancers have enabled families to take extra precautions in order to identify them?

A

Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome and Multiple Endocrine NEoplasia Syndrome

36
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: Dietary substances that appear to increase the risk of cancer includes

A

fats, alcohol, salt-cured or smoked meats, nitrate and nitrite containing foods and red and processed meats

37
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: Heavy alcohol use increases the risk of

A

cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colon, rectum, and breast

38
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: Poor diet and obesity have been identified as contributing factors to the develpoment of cancers of the

A

breast, colon, endometrium esophagus, and kidney

39
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: Obesity is assocated with increased risk for

A

pancreas, gallbladder, thyroid, ovary, and cervix cancer

40
Q

Carcinogenic Agents and Factors: Women taking what substance increases teh risk of breast cancer?

A

Estrogen

41
Q

What is found on the membranes of many cancer cells?

A

Tumor-AssociatedAntigens (TAAs)

42
Q

TAAs are processed

A

by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and are presented to T lymphocytes that recognize the antigen-bearing cells as foriegn

43
Q

What is included in APCs?

A

MAcrophages and Dentritic Cells

44
Q

In response to recognizing TAAs as foreigh, T-Cell lymphocytes release

A

several cytokines that elicit various immune system action including 1. proliferation of cytotoxic T cell 2. Induction of cancer cell apoptosis and 3. recruitment of additional immune system cells

45
Q

What is a PD-1 Ligand?

A

Can bind to PD-1 Proteins on T Cells and either block the killing of the tumor or induce cell death in the lymphocyte

46
Q

Cancer cells have also been found to release..

A

cytokines that inhibit APCs as well as other cells of the immune system

47
Q

Primary prevention is about

A

reducing the risks of disease through health promotion and risk reduction strategies

48
Q

Example of primary prevention is

A

the use of immunization to reduce the risk of cancer through prevention of infections associated with cancer

49
Q

Primary prevention is concerned with

A

reducing cancer risk in healthy people

50
Q

SEcondary prevention involves

A

detection and screening to achieve early diagnosis and intervention

51
Q

Secondary Prevention: Many screening and detection programs target people who do not

A

regularly practice health-promoting behaviors or lack acess to health care

52
Q

Examples of SEcondary Prevention:

A

Mammograms, Colonoscopy

53
Q

Tertiary Prevention: Efforts focus on

A

monitoring for and peventing recurrence of the primary cancer as well as screening for the development of second malignancies in cancer survivors

NRSG 102: Med Surg 1 (52 decks)

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