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NRSG 102: Med Surg 1 > Exam 1: Potassium Imbalances > Flashcards

Exam 1: Potassium Imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

What is Potassium?

A

A major intracellular electrolyte

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2
Q

Where is Potassium located?

A

98% of the bodys potassium is inside the cell

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3
Q

Where is the remaining Potassium located?

A

2% located in ECF, and important for neuromuscular function.

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4
Q

What does Potassium influence in ECF?

A

Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Activity

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5
Q

Normal Serum Potassium concentration?

A

3.5 to 5 mEq/L

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6
Q

Potassium are commonly associated with?

A

Various diseases, injuries, medications, and acid-base imbalances

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7
Q

How much Potassium is excreted daily?

A

80% excreted through kidneys daily

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8
Q

Altername name for Potrassium Deficit?

A

Hypokalemia

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9
Q

Waht is Hypokalemia?

A

When serum Potassium Levels fall bellow 3.5 mEq/L, indicating a deficit in total potassium stores

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10
Q

Hypokalemia Contributing Factors

A

Diarrhea, Vomiting, Gastric Suction, Starvation, Diuretics

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11
Q

Hypokalemia Signs/Symptoms

A

Fatigue, Anorexia, Muscle Weakness, Decreased Bowel Motility, Decreased BP

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12
Q

Hypokalemia ECG (T)

A

Flattened T Waves

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13
Q

Hypokalemia ECG (U)

A

Prominent U Waves

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14
Q

Hypokalemia ECG (ST)

A

Depression

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15
Q

Hypokalemia ECG (PR)

A

Prolonged PR interveral

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16
Q

Hyperkalemia range?

A

> 5.0 mEq/L

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17
Q

Hyperkalemia Contributing Factors

A

Kidney Injury, Use of Potassium Conserving Diuretics, Addison Disease, Crush Injury, Burns, ACE Inhibitors

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18
Q

Hyperkalemia Signs/Symptoms

A

Muscle Weakness , Tachy/Bradycardia, Flaccid Paralysis, Cramps, Abdominal Distention, Anxiety

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19
Q

Hyperkalemia ECG (T)

A

Tall tented T waves

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20
Q

Hyperkalemia ECG (PR)

A

Prolonged PR intervals

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21
Q

Hyperkalemia ECG (QRS)

A

Prolonged QRS duration

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22
Q

Hyperkalemia ECG (P)

A

Absent P Waves

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23
Q

Hyperkalemia ECG (ST)

A

ST Depression

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24
Q

What diuretics can induce hypokalemia?

A

Thiazides and Loop Diuretics

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25
Q

Other medications that can lead to hypokalemia?

A

Corticosteroids, Sodium Penicillin ,and Amphotericin B

26
Q

Another common cause of potassium depletion?

A

GI Loss. Votmiting and Gastric Sunction frequently lead to hypokalemia.

27
Q

Potassium deficit occurs frequently with

A

diarrhea, may contain as much as 30 mEq/L

28
Q

What does Hyperaldosteronism do and lead to?

A

Increases renal potassium wasting and can lead to sever potassium depletion

29
Q

Primary Hyperaldosteronism is seen in patients with

A

adrenal adenomas

30
Q

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism occurs in patients with

A

Cirrhosis, Nephrotic Syndrome, Heart Failure, or Malignant Hypertension

31
Q

What does Magnesium depletion cause?

A

Causes renal potassium loss and must be corrected first; otherwise, urine loss of potassium will continue

32
Q

If Prolonged, Hypokalemia can lead to

A

an inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, causing idlute urine and excessive thirst

33
Q

Potassium depletion spresses

A

the release of insulin and results in glucose intolerance

34
Q

Urinary potassium excretion exceeding 20 mEq/day with hypokalemia suggests that

A

renal potassium loss is the cause

35
Q

What is the corrected daily administration of potassium needed?

A

40 to 80 mEq/day

36
Q

Diet for one with hypokalemia?

A

Diet containing sufficient potassium should be provided. Average is 50 to 100 mEq/day. Foods include fruits and vegetables, legums, whole grains, milk

37
Q

IV route is mandatory for patients with severe hypokalemia, a range of

A

< 2 mEq/L

38
Q

What signals warrant assessing teh serum potassiun concentration?

A

Fatigue, anoxeria, muscle weakness, decreased bowel motility, paraesthesias and dysrhythmias

39
Q

Prevention for Hypokalemia

A

Encouraging patient to each foods rich in potassium.

40
Q

How much Potassium is lost per liter of urine output?

A

40 mEq

41
Q

Why should you be careful with Potassium and Urine Output?

A

Potassium is primarily excreted by the kidneys. Potassium administration can cause the serum potassium to rise dangerously.

42
Q

Whats the Hyperkalemia range?

A

> 5 mEq/L

43
Q

Hyperkalemia seldom occurs with

A

normal renal function

44
Q

In older adults, there is an increased risk of hyperkalemia due to

A

decreases in renin and aldosterone as well as an increased number of comorbid cardiac conditions.

45
Q

Hyperkalemia (Like Hypokalemia) is often caused by

A

iatrogenic (treatment-induced) causes.

46
Q

Hyperkalemia is more dangerous because

A

cardiac arrest is more frequently associated with high serum potassium levels

47
Q

Major causes of hyperkalemia are

A

decreased renal excretion of potassium, rapid administration of potassium, and movement of potassium from the ICF compartment to the ECF compartment

48
Q

Hyperkalemia is comonly seen in patients with

A

untreated kidney injury

49
Q

Patients with Hypoaldosteronism or Addison disease are at risk for hyperkalemia because

A

deficient adrenal hormones lead to sodium loss and potassium retention

50
Q

Common Medications to cause Hyperkalemia?

A

KCl, Heparin, Ace Inhibitors, NSAIDS, Beta Blockers, Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus

51
Q

In acidosis, potassium moves

A

out of the cells and into the ECF.

52
Q

Elevated ECF Potassium level should be anticipated when

A

extensive tissue trauma has occured, as in burns, crushing injuries, or severe infections. Similarly, it can occur after chemotherapy

53
Q

Most important consequence of hyperkalemia is its

A

effect on the myocardium.

54
Q

At what level of potassium are cardiac effects present?

A

When the level is 8 mEq/L or greater. This may lead to ventricular dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest.

55
Q

Hyperkalemia; what should be obtained immediately?

A

An ECG

56
Q

What should be done ijf serum potassium levels are dangerously elevated?

A

May be necessary to administer IV calcium gluconate. It antagonizes the action of hyperkalemia on the heart

57
Q

Loop Diuretics; Hyperkalemia

A

They increase excretion of water by inhibiting sodium, potassium, and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle and distal renal tube

58
Q

Hyperkalemia; Beta-2 Agonists

A

Highly effective in decreasing potassium, but cause tachycardia and chest discomfort

59
Q

How do Beta-2 Agonists work

A

Move potassium into the cells and may be used in the absence of ischemic cardiac disease

60
Q

Nursing Management for Hyperkalemia

A

Monitor for I/O, observe for signs of muscle weakness and dysrhythmias. Apical Pulse should be taken

61
Q

What foods should be avoided in hyperkalemia

A

Vegetables, Fruits, Legumes, Whole-Grain breads, Lean Meat, Milk, Eggs

NRSG 102: Med Surg 1 (52 decks)

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