Exam 2 Study

Question 1

the extent to which members of a group are simular to, or different from, one another

Answer 1

diversity

Question 2

two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives

Answer 2

group

Question 3

what are the five stages of group development?

Answer 3

roles, norms, status, size and dynamics, cohesiveness and diversity

Question 4

a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit

Answer 4

role

Question 5

acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the groups members

Answer 5

norms

Question 6

a socially defined position or rank given to groups members by others

Answer 6

status

Question 7

the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group

Answer 7

cohesiveness

Question 8

the extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another

Answer 8

diversity

Question 9

a pay plan that bases a portion or all of an employee’s pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance

Answer 9

variable-pay program

Question 10

flexible work hours

Answer 10

flextime

Question 11

working from home at least 2 days a week through virtual devices that are linked to the employer’s office

Answer 11

telecommuting

Question 12

an arrangement that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job

Answer 12

job sharing

Question 13

adding high-level responsibilities to a job to increase intrinsic motivation

Answer 13

job enrichment

Question 14

the periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another

Answer 14

job rotation

Question 15

a model proposing that any job can be described in terms of five core job dimensions: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback

Answer 15

job characteristics model

Question 16

the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities

Answer 16

skill variety

Question 17

the degree to which a job requires the completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work

Answer 17

task significance

Question 18

the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out

Answer 18

autonomy

Question 19

the degree to which carrying out the work activities required by a job results in the individual obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance

Answer 19

feedback

Question 20

the investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance

Answer 20

job engagement

Question 21

a theory suggesting the behavior is a function of its consequences

Answer 21

reinforcement theory

Question 22

the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal

Answer 22

motivation

Question 23

who is maslow?

Answer 23

he created the hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization

Question 24

includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs

Answer 24

physiological

Question 25

security and protection from physical and emotional harm

Answer 25

safety-security

Question 26

affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship

Answer 26

social-belongingness

Question 27

internal factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement, and external factors such as status, recognition, and attention

Answer 27

esteem

Question 28

drive to become what we are capable of becoming includes growth, achieving out potential, and self-fulfillment

Answer 28

self-actualization

Question 29

a theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction

Answer 29

Motivation-hygiene theory or two factor theory

Question 30

who is mcclellend?

Answer 30

developed a theory of needs that are more akin to motivating factors than need for survival

Question 31

a theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

Answer 31

McClelland’s theory of needs

Question 32

the drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards and to strive to succeed

Answer 32

need for achievement

Question 33

the need to make others behave in a way in which they would not have behaved otherwise

Answer 33

need for power

Question 34

the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships

Answer 34

need for affiiation

Question 35

a theory stating that specific and difficult goals with feedback, lead to higher performance

Answer 35

goal setting theory

Question 36

a program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress

Answer 36

management by objectives

Question 37

an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task

Answer 37

self-efficacy theory

Question 38

an attempt to explain the ways we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a behavior, such as determining whether an individual’s behavior is internally or externally caused

Answer 38

attribution theory

Question 39

behaviors that an observer believes to be under the personal behavioral control of another individual

Answer 39

internally caused

Question 40

is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do

Answer 40

externally caused

Question 41

a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment

Answer 41

perception

Question 42

the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors

Answer 42

self-serving bias

Question 43

the tendency to draw a positive general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic

Answer 43

halo effect

Question 44

who is Herzberg

Answer 44

he made the two-factor theory or motivation-hygiene theory

Question 45

explains the importance of heightened supervision, external rewards, and penalties

Answer 45

theory X

Question 46

highlights to motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach tasks without direct supervision

Answer 46

theory Y