Exam 2 Study Flashcards
the extent to which members of a group are simular to, or different from, one another
diversity
two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives
group
what are the five stages of group development?
roles, norms, status, size and dynamics, cohesiveness and diversity
a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit
role
acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the groups members
norms
a socially defined position or rank given to groups members by others
status
the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group
cohesiveness
the extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another
diversity
a pay plan that bases a portion or all of an employee’s pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance
variable-pay program
flexible work hours
flextime
working from home at least 2 days a week through virtual devices that are linked to the employer’s office
telecommuting
an arrangement that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job
job sharing
adding high-level responsibilities to a job to increase intrinsic motivation
job enrichment
the periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another
job rotation
a model proposing that any job can be described in terms of five core job dimensions: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback
job characteristics model
the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities
skill variety
the degree to which a job requires the completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work
task significance
the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out
autonomy
the degree to which carrying out the work activities required by a job results in the individual obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance
feedback
the investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance
job engagement
a theory suggesting the behavior is a function of its consequences
reinforcement theory
the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal
motivation
who is maslow?
he created the hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization
includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs
physiological
security and protection from physical and emotional harm
safety-security
affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship
social-belongingness
internal factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement, and external factors such as status, recognition, and attention
esteem
drive to become what we are capable of becoming includes growth, achieving out potential, and self-fulfillment
self-actualization
a theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction
Motivation-hygiene theory or two factor theory
who is mcclellend?
developed a theory of needs that are more akin to motivating factors than need for survival
a theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation
McClelland’s theory of needs
the drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards and to strive to succeed
need for achievement
the need to make others behave in a way in which they would not have behaved otherwise
need for power
the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
need for affiiation
a theory stating that specific and difficult goals with feedback, lead to higher performance
goal setting theory
a program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress
management by objectives
an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task
self-efficacy theory
an attempt to explain the ways we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a behavior, such as determining whether an individual’s behavior is internally or externally caused
attribution theory
behaviors that an observer believes to be under the personal behavioral control of another individual
internally caused
is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do
externally caused
a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment
perception
the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors
self-serving bias
the tendency to draw a positive general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic
halo effect
who is Herzberg
he made the two-factor theory or motivation-hygiene theory
explains the importance of heightened supervision, external rewards, and penalties
theory X
highlights to motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach tasks without direct supervision
theory Y
