Chapter 9

Question 1

two or more individuals, interacting and interdepedent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives

Answer 1

group

Question 2

a designated work group defined by a organizations structure

Answer 2

formal group

Question 3

a group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; such a group appears in response to the need for social contact

Answer 3

informal group

Question 4

the inverse of an ingroup, which can mean everyone outside the group but is more usually an identified other group

Answer 4

outgroup

Question 5

a set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity

Answer 5

punctuated-equlibrium model

Question 6

a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit

Answer 6

role

Question 7

an individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act I a given situation

Answer 7

role perception

Question 8

how others believe a person should act in a given situation

Answer 8

role expectations

Question 9

an unwritten agreement that sets out what a manager expects from an employee, and vice versa

Answer 9

psychological contract

Question 10

a situation in which the expectations of an individuals different, separate groups are in opposition

Answer 10

interrole conflict

Question 11

acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members

Answer 11

norms

Question 12

the adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the normals of the group

Answer 12

conformity

Question 13

important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likey to conform

Answer 13

reference groups

Question 14

voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members. Also called antisocial behavior or workplace incivility

Answer 14

deviant workplace behavior

Question 15

when we connect with others because of our roles

Answer 15

relational identification

Question 16

when we connect with the aggregate characteristics of our groups

Answer 16

collective identification

Question 17

individuals believe they will be personally negatively evaluated due to their association with a devalued group, and they may lose confidence and performance effectiveness

Answer 17

social identity threat

Question 18

a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others

Answer 18

status

Question 19

a theory stating that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups

Answer 19

status characteristics theory

Question 20

the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually

Answer 20

social loafing

Question 21

the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay i the group

Answer 21

cohesiveness

Question 22

the extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another

Answer 22

diversity

Question 23

the perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, and education

Answer 23

faultlines

Question 24

a phenomeon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative course of action

Answer 24

groupthink

Question 25

a change between a group’s decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk but is generally is toward a more extreme version of the group’s original position

Answer 25

groupshift

Question 26

typical groups in which members interact with each other face-to-face

Answer 26

interacting groups

Question 27

an idea-generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of those alternatives

Answer 27

brainstorming