Chapter 9 Flashcards
two or more individuals, interacting and interdepedent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives
group
a designated work group defined by a organizations structure
formal group
a group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; such a group appears in response to the need for social contact
informal group
the inverse of an ingroup, which can mean everyone outside the group but is more usually an identified other group
outgroup
a set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity
punctuated-equlibrium model
a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit
role
an individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act I a given situation
role perception
how others believe a person should act in a given situation
role expectations
an unwritten agreement that sets out what a manager expects from an employee, and vice versa
psychological contract
a situation in which the expectations of an individuals different, separate groups are in opposition
interrole conflict
acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members
norms
the adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the normals of the group
conformity
important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likey to conform
reference groups
voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members. Also called antisocial behavior or workplace incivility
deviant workplace behavior
when we connect with others because of our roles
relational identification
when we connect with the aggregate characteristics of our groups
collective identification
individuals believe they will be personally negatively evaluated due to their association with a devalued group, and they may lose confidence and performance effectiveness
social identity threat
a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others
status
a theory stating that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups
status characteristics theory
the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually
social loafing
the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay i the group
cohesiveness
the extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another
diversity
the perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, and education
faultlines
a phenomeon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative course of action
groupthink
a change between a group’s decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk but is generally is toward a more extreme version of the group’s original position
groupshift
typical groups in which members interact with each other face-to-face
interacting groups
an idea-generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of those alternatives
brainstorming
