Chapter 7

Question 1

the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

abraham maslow’s hierarchy of five needs - physiological , safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization - in which, as each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant

Answer 2

hierarchy of needs

Question 3

includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs

Answer 3

physiological

Question 4

security and protection from physical and emotional harm

Answer 4

safety-security

Question 5

affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship

Answer 5

social-belongingness

Question 6

internal factors such as self-respect, autonomy and achievement, and external factors such as status, recognition, and attention

Answer 6

esteem

Question 7

drive to become what we are capable of becoming includes growth, achieving our potential, and self-fulfillment

Answer 7

self-actualization

Question 8

a theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Also called motivation-hygiene theory

Answer 8

two-factor theory

Question 9

factors - such as company policy and administration, supervision, and salary - that, when adequate in a job, placate, people will not be dissatisfied

Answer 9

hygiene factors

Question 10

a theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

Answer 10

mcClelland’s theory of needs

Question 11

the drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards, and to strive to succeed

Answer 11

need for achievement

Question 12

the need to make others behave in a way in which they would not have behaved otherwise

Answer 12

need for power

Question 13

the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships

Answer 13

need for affiliation

Question 14

a theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation

Answer 14

self-determination theory

Question 15

a version of self-determination theory in which allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling

Answer 15

cognitive evaluation theory

Question 16

the degree to which people’s reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values

Answer 16

self-concordance

Question 17

a theory stating that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance

Answer 17

goal-setting theory

Question 18

a self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment

Answer 18

promotion focus

Question 19

a self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals by fulfilling duties and obligations

Answer 19

prevention focus

Question 20

a program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress

Answer 20

management by objectives

Question 21

an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task

Answer 21

self-efficacy theory

Question 22

gaining relevant experience with the task or job

Answer 22

enactive mastery

Question 23

becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task

Answer 23

vicarious modeling

Question 24

we become more confident when someone convinces us we have the skills necessary to be successful

Answer 24

verbal persuasion

Question 25

a theory suggesting that behavior is a function of its consequences

Answer 25

reinforcement theory

Question 26

a theory stating that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner

Answer 26

behaviorism

Question 27

the view that we can learn through both observation and direct experience

Answer 27

social-learning theory

Question 28

theory stating that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual

Answer 28

expectancy theory

Question 29

a theory stating that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities

Answer 29

equity theory

Question 30

an overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice

Answer 30

organizational justice

Question 31

perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals

Answer 31

distributive justice

Question 32

the perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards

Answer 32

procedural justice

Question 33

the degree to which employees are provided truthful explanations for decisions

Answer 33

informational justice

Question 34

the degree to which employees are treated with dignity and respect

Answer 34

interpersonal justice

Question 35

the investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance

Answer 35

job engagement