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Bio 190 > Exam 1 study guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 study guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Of the following, the _____, which is enclosed in a membrane, has the greatest amount of internal surface area

nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion
chloroplast
ribosome
A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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2
Q

DNA stands are visualized using a(n)

light microscope
electron microscope
dissecting microscope
centrifuge
thermocycler
A

electron microscope

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3
Q

The organelles and biomolecules present i homogenized cells can be separated by centrifugation. Which of the following would be found at the top of the centrifugation gradient?

golgi
mitochondria
nuclei
ribosomes
ATP molecules
A

ATP molecules

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4
Q

which is truth about Prokaryotes?

  • are surrounded by a cell membrane
  • have a nucleus
  • do not have ribosomes
  • have a cell wall similar in composition to that of plant cells
  • are larger than eukaryotic cells
A

are surrounded by a cell membrane

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5
Q

The proteins that makeup the cytoskelton of bacteria are similar to ____ in eukaryotic cells

proteases
sterols
actin
transcription factors
telomerases
A

actin

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6
Q

which structure is known for its lack in nucleic acids

the nucleus
mitochondrion
plant vacuole
ribosome
prokaryotic cell
A

plant vacuole

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7
Q

Some proteins that are on the surface of mammalian cells contain carbohydrates. These proteins are synthesized by ______ and the carbohydrates are added in the _____.

1) Mitochondrial ribosomes; smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2) The rough endoplasmic reticulum; golgi apparatus

3) cytoplasmic ribosomes;
smooth endoplasmic reticulum

4) golgi apparatus; rough endoplasmic reticulum
5) cytoplasmic ribosomes

A

the rough endoplasmic reticulum; golgi apparatus

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8
Q

Which statement about the nucleus of animal cells is true?

1) it occupies the smallest volume of the cell
2) it powers the cells
3) it is enclosed by a single membrane
4) DNA in the nucleus combines with proteins
5) the nucleus is the site of protein synthesis

A

4) DNA in the nucleus combines with proteins

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9
Q

The endomembrane system

1) is present in prokaryotes
includes the endoplasmic
reticulum and the mitochondria

2) includes the golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum

3) functions to make ATP
does not exist in plant cells

A

2) includes the golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

which organelles are involves in energy conversions

1) lysosomes
2) vacuoles
3) chloroplasts
4) peroxisomes
5) nuclei

A

chloroplasts

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11
Q

liver cells are exposed to radio active amino acids, making all proteins synthesized during this time radioactive. The cells are then removed at 5-minute intervals are fractionated. Where in the cells is the radioactively-labeled enzyme lipase performing its intracellular functions?

1) in the endoplasmic reticulum
2) in the golgi apparatus
3) in the lysosomes
4) on ribosomes
5) in the cytoskeleton

A

3) in the lysosomes

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12
Q

Which organelles are found only in plants

glyoxysomes
golgi
peroxisome
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
A

glyoxysomes

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13
Q

which structure occupies the largest volumes in a mature plant cells?

A

vacuole

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14
Q

plastids are

1) present in nearly all plant cells
3) always green
4) present in photosynthetic prokaryotes
5) present in all eukaryotes
very similar to mitochondria

A

1) present in nearly all plant cells

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15
Q

which structures are directly involved in the movement of organelles within a cell?

1) golgi apparatus
2) endoplasmic reticulum
3) mitochondrion
4) microtubules
5) intermediate filaments

A

4) microtubules

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16
Q

which proteins power the movement of both the cilia and vesicles within a cell

myosin
actin
keratin
dynein only
kinesin and dynein
A

kinesin and dynein

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17
Q

cilia and eukaryotic flagella

1)propel cells by rotation of structure
2)contain microfilaments
3)contain microtubules that are sufficient to drive movement
4)must have motor protein that uses the energy of ATP
5) hydrolysis to power movement
contain centrioles

A

must have the motor protein that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power movement

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18
Q

Amoeba proteus is injected with a drugs that inhibits the formation of microtubules. What effect will this have on the organisms movement?

1)it will survive, but not be able to move
2)it will show hyperactive movement
3)it will die, thus not move
it will only be able to move in one direction
4)the drug will have no effect on the organisms movement

A

the drug will have no effect on the organisms movement

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19
Q

the extracellular matrix of animal cells

1) is not involved in chemical ginning between cells
2) aids in blocking materials from passing between tissues
4) contain proteoglycans
5) contain cellulose
pigments the cell

A

contains proteoglycans

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20
Q

the presence of ______ means that substances must pass through, rather than between, the epithelial cells that form the lining of the small intestine

gap junctions
tight junctions
desmosomes
plasmodesmata
microtubules
A

tight junctions

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21
Q

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

A

Pili

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22
Q

The synthesis of complex molecules _______ energy, whereas their degradation _______ energy. This synthesis occurs with _______ in entropy.

A. requires; releases; an increase
B. requires; releases; a decrease
C. releases; requires; no change
D. releases; requires; an increase
E. requires; releases; no change
A

B. requires; releases; a decrease

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23
Q

Oils and fats

A. form membranes.
B. are triglycerides.
C. are diglycerides.
D. all contain the same fatty acids.
E. have glycosidic linkages.
A

B. are triglycerides.

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24
Q

Which molecular structure is incorrect?

A. CH3—NH3
B. CH2==CH2
C. CH3—NH2
D. CH3—NH3+
E. CH3—CH3
A

A. CH3—NH3

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25
Q

An atom that contains ten protons and ten electrons is likely to

A. form covalent bonds with another atom.
B. form ionic bonds with another atom.
C. be chemically inert (stable).
D. be radioactive.
E. be toxic.
A

C. be chemically inert (stable).

26
Q

Table salt, NaCl, is neutral. When dissolved in water, NaCl

A) remains as NaCl (does not dissociate).

B) dissociates to form Na- and Cl+ molecules.

C) dissociates to form Na+ and Cl- ions that do not interact with water molecules.

D) dissociates to form Na+ and Cl- ions that interact with water molecules.

E) does not dissociate, but interacts with water molecules.

A

D) dissociates to form Na+ and Cl- ions that interact with water molecules.

27
Q

A reaction that releases free energy

A. is endergonic.

B. necessarily proceeds more rapidly than a reaction with a less negative

C. is spontaneous.

D. cannot be used to drive a reaction with a positive &

E. is always paired with a reaction with a positive

A

C. is spontaneous.

28
Q

Covalent bond formation depends on the ability of atoms to

A. share electrons with other atoms.
B. donate electrons to other atoms.
C. receive electrons from other atoms.
D. share electrons with ions.
E. capture electrons from gases.
A

A. share electrons with other atoms.

29
Q

For a covalent bond to be polar, the two atoms that form the bond must have

A. different atomic weights.
B. the same number of electrons.
C. different melting points.
D. different electronegativities.
E. similar electronegativities.
A

D. different electronegativities.

30
Q

Fatty acids are

A. carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon tails.

B. linked to glycerol in fats by hydrogen bonds.

C. always saturated.

D. large polymers of monosaccharides.

E. water soluble.

A

A. carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon tails.

31
Q

Which type of bonds or interactions between atoms is the strongest?

A. Hydrophobic interactions
B. Ionic bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. van der Waals interactions
E. Hydrogen bonds
A

C. Covalent bonds

32
Q

Which biological molecule is smallest due to being a subunit rather than a macromolecule?

A. Lipid
B. Nucleic acid
C. Protein
D. Starch
E. Glucose
A

E. Glucose

33
Q

Oils melt at a lower temperature than fats because

A. oils and fats are not the same type of macromolecule.
B. fats contain more saturated fatty acids than oils.
C. fats contain more unsaturated fatty acids than oils.
D. oils are made by plants, fats are not.
E. fats are common in animals, oils are not.

A

B. fats contain more saturated fatty acids than oils.

34
Q

The “building blocks” of polysaccharides are _______, and these blocks are covalently linked together by _______.

A. glycerol and fatty acids; glycosidic linkages
B. amino acids; triple bonds
C. monosaccharides; glycosidic linkages
D. disaccharides; triple bonds
E. oligosaccharides; glycosidic linkages
A

C. monosaccharides; glycosidic linkages

35
Q

Which statement about starch is true?

A. It is a straight-chain shaped molecule.
B. It is a polymer of fructose.
C. It is formed by the condensation of monomers.
D. The properties of starch are very similar to those of cellulose.
E. It cannot be digested by people.

A

C. It is formed by the condensation of monomers.

36
Q

The reactivity of an atom arises primarily from the

A. energy difference between the electron shells.
B. potential energy of the outermost shell.
C. average distance of the outermost shell from the nucleus.
D. sum of the potential energies of all electron shells.
E. existence of unpaired electrons in the outermost shell.

A

E. existence of unpaired electrons in the outermost shell.

37
Q

If you were given a diagram of a nucleotide, you would expect to find, as its components,

A. amino acids.
B. nucleic acids.
C. a phosphate, a sugar, and a base.
D. a base and phosphate.
E. fatty acids and a base.
A

C. a phosphate, a sugar, and a base.

38
Q

Yeast cells are cultured in the presence of radioactive phosphate and the following biological molecules are purified. Which molecule should be most radioactive?

A, Fats
B. Amino acids
C. An oligosaccharide
D. RNA
E. Proteins
A

D. RNA

39
Q

Complementary base pairing

A. does not take place in RNA.
B. takes place between two purine bases.
C. takes place between purine and pyrimidine bases.
D. results in the formation of the double helix of RNA.
E. takes place between the bases and the phosphates in the backbone of the nucleic acid chain.

A

C. takes place between purine and pyrimidine bases.

40
Q

Which physiological function would be least associated with proteins?

A. Catalysis
B. Energy reserve
C. Structural support
D. Defense
E. Hormone binding
A

B. Energy reserve

41
Q

Where would the leucine side chain most likely be found in a protein dissolved in water?

A. In the interior of the protein in contact with nonpolar side chains
B. In the interior of the protein in contact with polar side chains
C. On the exterior of the protein
D. In the interior of the protein in contact with water
E. Either on the interior or exterior of the protein

A

A. In the interior of the protein in contact with nonpolar side chains

42
Q

Which functional group, if given on an exam as the answer to “name an R group from amino acids,” would result in a lowered grade?

A. —SH
B. —OH
C. —NH2
D. —COO
E. —CHO
A

E. —CHO

43
Q

The primary structure of proteins is the _______.
The primary structure contains the information necessary for the formation of secondary structure, including the _______ and the _______. Secondary structure of proteins is stabilized by the formation of _______ bonds.

A. amino acid sequence; β pleated sheet; α helix; disulfide
B. α helix; amino acid sequence; β pleated sheet; hydrophobic
C. amino acid sequence; α helix; β pleated sheet; peptide
D. amino acid sequence; α helix; β pleated sheet; hydrogen
E. β pleated sheet; α helix; amino acid sequence; hydrogen

A

C. amino acid sequence; α helix; β pleated sheet; peptide

44
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins refers to

A. the arrangement of the protein’s atoms in three-dimensional space.
B. whether the chain is an α helix or β pleated sheet.
C. the number and kind of polypeptide subunits the protein has.
D. the four-fold symmetry of the protein.
E. the lipids or carbohydrates that are attached to the proteins.

A

C. the number and kind of polypeptide subunits the protein has.

45
Q

The binding of a substrate to an enzyme

A. is always covalent.
B. is irreversible.
C. is nonspecific.
D. may involve hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions.
E. does not induce shape changes in the enzyme.

A

D. may involve hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions.

46
Q

A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

A. inhibits to the same extent at all substrate concentrations.
B. cannot bind to the active site.
C. binds to an allosteric site.
D. is usually structurally similar to the substrate.

A

D. is usually structurally similar to the substrate.

47
Q

The rate of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme that has a single polypeptide chain

A. is independent of the substrate concentration.
B. may be increased or decreased by temperature.
C. is always accelerated by an increase in pH.
D. is likely to be inhibited by allosteric effectors.
E. is likely to be activated by allosteric effectors.

A

B. may be increased or decreased by temperature.

48
Q

Enzymes

A) may be subject to feedback inhibition.
B) change the value or sign of ΔG for a reaction.
C) always require cofactors.
D) have no effect on the activation energy barrier of a reaction.
E) are permanently changed by the reactions they facilitate.

A

C) always require cofactors.

49
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A. is nonspecific.
B. allows small molecules to enter cells.
C. results in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles.
D. directly involves the Golgi apparatus.
E. is another name for phagocytosis.

A

C. results in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles.

50
Q

A plant will begin flowering in response to changes in length of daylight, temperature and light quality. This is an example of which unifying principle of life?

A

Living organisms interact with their environment

51
Q

What is the appropriate order of the stages of investigating whether maple trees drop their leaves in the autumn because of colder days?

(1) Maple trees are grown in 2 greenhouses where the only variable is temperature (15°C vs. 10°C).
(2) The hypothesis is rejected.
(3) There is no statistical difference in the number of leaves dropped at 10°C as compared to 15°C.
(4) The observation is that maple trees drop their leaves in autumn.
(5) The hypothesis is that maple trees drop their leaves because of colder temperatures.

A

4, 5, 1, 3, 2

52
Q

A wristwatch suddenly stops working. After replacing the battery, the watch starts working again. Which of the following statements correctly describes the situation from the perspective of the scientific method?

A

This is consistent with the hypothesis that a dead battery caused the wristwatch to stop working.

53
Q

A researcher tests the hypothesis that large, daily doses of vitamin C help protect against catching the common cold. What would be the best experimental and control group to test this hypothesis?

A

Experimental group: takes a large, daily dose of vitamin C;

Control group: takes a daily dose of a sugar pill disguised as vitamin C

54
Q

A scientist isolates a single celled organism from the bottom of a sulfur hot spring. When examined under the microscope, it is clear that the cell is very small and contains no nucleus. Based on this evidence alone, in what domain of life is this organism?

A

Either bacteria or archaea

55
Q

Whether the external temperature is hot or cold, birds maintain an internal body temperature of approximately 40°C. This is an example of ____.

A

homeostasis.

56
Q

T or F : A bacterial infection such as pneumonia is most likely caused by organisms derived from the kingdom fungi.

A

False

57
Q

When considering nomenclature for scientific names, what is the difference between the two primates, Homo sapiens and Homo erectus?

A

They are animals of a different species.

58
Q

If a scientist were studying the role of different proteins in the regulation of insulin secretion from a pancreatic cell, they would be studying ___.

A

both proteomics and cell biology.

59
Q

T or F : The proteome, rather than genome, is most directly responsible for the structure, function, and appearance of organisms.

A

True

60
Q

T or F : Little scientific evidence is necessary when formulating a theory.

A

False

61
Q

Proteins are largely responsible for the traits of living organisms while ________ provides the blueprint for the organization, development and function of living things

A

DNA

Bio 190 (21 decks)

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