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Bio 190 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Principle 1?

A

Cells are the simplest units of life

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2
Q

Principle 2?

A

Living organisms use energy.

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3
Q

Principle 3?

A

Living organisms interact with their environment.

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4
Q

Principle 4?

A

Living organisms maintain homeostasis.

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5
Q

Principle 5?

A

The genetic material provides a blueprint that allows organisms to grow, develop, and reproduce.

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6
Q

Principle 6?

A

Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next and are related by an evolutionary history.

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7
Q

Atoms are?

A

Smallest unit of elements

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8
Q

Molecules and macromolecules;

A

they are bond together to form a larger polymer called macromolecules: carbs., protein, Nucleic acid ( DNA, RNA)

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9
Q

Cells

A

simplest unit of life

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10
Q

Tissues

A

Multicellular organism as plants and animals, many cell are same type form tissues

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11
Q

Organs

A

multicellular organism is composed of two more types of tissues:

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12
Q

Principle 7?

A

Structure determines function

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13
Q

Principle 8?

A

New properties of Life emerge from complex interactions

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14
Q

Principle 9?

A

Biology is an experimental Science

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15
Q

Principle 10?

A

Biology is quantitative science

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16
Q

Principle 11?

A

Biologist use models and simulation to test experimental predictions and convey ideas

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17
Q

Principle 12?

A

Biology affects our society

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18
Q

Organism

A

All living things are organism, and belong to a species.

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19
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same environment is called apopulation.

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20
Q

Community

A

an assemblage of populations of different species that live in the same environment.

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21
Q

Natural selection

A

mutation may increase in a population from one generation to the next

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22
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism.

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23
Q

Levels of Biological Organization( smallest to largest)

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. Cells
  4. Tissues
  5. Organs
  6. Organism
  7. Population
  8. Community
  9. Ecosystem
  10. Biosphere
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24
Q

Taxonomy

A

field of biology that is concerned with the grouping and classification of species is termed.

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25
Q

prokaryotic

A

Bacteria and archaea

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26
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

eukaryotic: cells with internal compartments that serve various functions

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27
Q

characteristics shared by all living things.

A
  • the ability to respond to a stimulus
  • the ability to interact with the environment
  • the ability to maintain homeostasis
  • genetic material composed of DNA
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28
Q

Unicellular organisms are composed

A

one cell

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29
Q

multicellular organisms are composed

A

many cells

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30
Q

How are new cells produced?

A

By the division of pre-existing cells

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31
Q

The study of life is called

A

biology

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32
Q

In order to survive, all living things must be able to interact with

A

environment

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33
Q

Which are characteristics of all living things?

A
  • Cell(s) and organization
  • Response to the environment
  • Growth and development
  • Energy use and metabolism
  • Biological evolution
34
Q

Homeostasis

A

Living cells and organisms regulate their cells and bodies to maintain stable internal conditions such as body temperature.

35
Q

The process by which offspring are generated is called

A

reproduction

36
Q

Cell theory states that new cells come from

A

pre-existing cells.

37
Q

True or false: All living organisms are capable of interacting with their environments.

A

True

38
Q

Segments of DNA that govern the characteristics of an organism are called

A

genes

39
Q

The phenomenon of populations of organisms changing from generation to generation is known as biological

A

evolution.

40
Q

Which process directly sustains life from one generation to the next?

A

Reproduction

41
Q

The unity of common traits is rooted in the phenomenon of

A

evolution from pre-existing ancestor

42
Q

What is a key feature of reproduction?

A

Offspring resemble their parents.

43
Q

Genes govern the characteristics of an organism. Each gene is a short segment of a(n)

A

DNA molecule.

44
Q

True or false: Diverse forms of life have evolved to prosper in the different environments the Earth has to offer.

A

True

45
Q

What is biological evolution?

A

Change in a population of organisms over time

46
Q

Changes that occur as a result of evolution often involve the

A

modification of pre-existing structures for a new function.

47
Q

Evolutionary change occurs by what two mechanisms?

A
  • Horizontal gene transfer

- Vertical descent with mutation

48
Q

the fact that all forms of life display a common set of characteristics describes the ______ of life.

A

unity

49
Q

How do new species evolve from pre-existing species in the mechanism known as vertical evolution?

A

Via accumulation of mutations

50
Q

Consider a mutation that alters an organism’s traits so that it increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction of the organism. Such a mutation may become more common in the population over time due to a process called

A

Natural Selection

51
Q

The diversity of life forms that exist on Earth is due to

A

the large variety of environments found on Earth.

52
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The classification and grouping of organisms

53
Q

True or false: Evolutionary changes frequently involve the modification of pre-existing structures for a new function.

A

True

54
Q

Match each domain of life with the correct description

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
A
  • Bacteria→ Unicellular prokaryotes found in many environments on Earth
  • Archaea→ Unicellular prokaryotes that typically inhabit extreme environments, such as hot springs
  • Eukarya → Unicellular or Multicellular eukaryotes
55
Q

The two mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change are _____descent with modification/mutation and ______gene transfer.

A

vertical and horizontal

56
Q

Prokaryotes are found in two domain

A

Bacteria and Archaea

57
Q

In vertical evolution, new species evolve from pre-existing species by accumulation of_____ which are changes in the genetic message.

A

mutations

58
Q

Eukaryotes are found in the domain

A

Eukarya

59
Q

Changes in the frequency of beneficial mutations over generations is called

A

Natrual Selection

60
Q

When scientific names are written, both the genus and species should be ,____ and the first letter of the genus name should be _____

A
  • italicized, capitalized
61
Q

The grouping of species for purposes of classification is called

A

taxonomy

62
Q

Science involves what?

A
  • experimental investigation
  • theoretical explanation
  • observation
63
Q

Which domain of life includes organisms that have large cells with internal compartments specialized for particular functions?

A

Eukarya

64
Q

Identify the level of biological organization that is the focus of each subdiscipline within biology.

  • Ecology?
  • Anatomy & Physiology?
  • Cell Biology?
  • Molecular Biology?
A
  • Ecology→ populations, Communities, and ecosystems
  • Anatomy & Physiology→ Organisms
  • Cell Biology→ Cells
  • Molecular Biology→ Molecules & Macromolecules
65
Q

Select the domains that contain prokaryotic microorganisms.

A
  • Archaea

- Bacteria

66
Q

Researchers design and conduct experiments in order to test which of the following?

A

Predictions

67
Q

Select all the characteristics of a scientific hypothesis.

A
  • should be falsifiable (if incorrect)

- must make predictions

68
Q

What is the proper way to represent the scientific name of a mouse?

A

-Mus musculus

69
Q

In biology, the word “theory” is used to mean

A

knowledge

70
Q

The observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon can be defined as

A

science

71
Q

How is discovery-based science conducted?

A

Data are collected and analyzed without a pre-conceived hypothesis.

72
Q

Anatomy

A

Anatomy: The study of the structures of plants and animals.

73
Q

Physiology

A

Physiology: The study of the functions of plants and animalsT

74
Q

Molecular biology

A

Molecular biology: The study of the molecules and macromolecules within cells.

75
Q

Cell biology

A

Cell biology: The study of cells

76
Q

Ecology

A

Ecology: The study of organisms in their natural environments.

77
Q

Before publication, a scientific report undergoes the

A

Peer-review process.

78
Q

Experiments are designed to test specific predictions based on one or more ____, which are proposed explanations for observations.

A

hypothesis

79
Q

A hypothesis must make ______ that can be tested, and a hypothesis must be ______, which means it can be shown to be incorrect.

A

predictions; falsifiable

80
Q

How does a theory differ from a hypothesis?

A

A theory is supported by a large body of evidence.

81
Q

The process of collecting and analyzing data without a preconceived hypothesis is referred to as___________based science.

A

discovery

82
Q

Living organisms share a number of characteristics. These unifying characteristics separate them from non-living things.

A

a. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
c. All living organisms reproduce by passing on specific genetic information to future generations.
d. Only living organisms are capable of movement.
h. All living organisms are dependent on a constant supply of oxygen for survival.
i. Only living organisms respond to external stimuli.
j. All living organisms grow by increasing cell size and/or cell number.

Bio 190 (21 decks)

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