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Bio 190 > Ch 11 > Flashcards

Ch 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is true of ncRNA?

A

It performs a variety of functions.

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2
Q

The number of genes that specify ncRNAs in humans is

A

difficult to measure.

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3
Q

Select the molecules to which ncRNAs commonly bind.

A

DNA
mRNA
Proteins
Small molecules

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4
Q

Select functions commonly carried out by ncRNAs.

A
  • Alteration of protein function or stability
  • Ribozyme
  • Guide
  • Decoy
  • Scaffold
  • Blocker
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5
Q

An ncRNA that binds to a protein and brings it to a specific site in the cell’s DNA is performing what function?

A

Guide

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6
Q

cRNA is an abbreviation for

A

non coding RNA

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7
Q

The ncRNA in RNaseP functions as an endonuclease that cleaves a tRNA. What function is this ncRNA carrying out?

A

Ribozyme

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8
Q

In humans, the number of genes that specify ncRNAs in some estimates may be as many as

A

tens of thousands.

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9
Q

Which ncRNA associates with proteins to direct the synthesis of certain polypeptides to the plasma membrane?

A

SRP-RNA

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10
Q

The regions at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are called

A

telomeres

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11
Q

Match each ncRNA function to its correct description.

A

Scaffold - Some ncRNAs contain binding sites for multiple molecules

Guide - Some ncRNAs function to deliver a molecule to a specific site

Ribozyme - Some ncRNAs have catalytic function

Blocker - Some ncRNAs prevent cellular processes from occurring

Decoy - Some ncRNAs bind to other ncRNAs and sequester them

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12
Q

The ncRNA shown is helping a protein find a specific location on this DNA molecule. The ncRNA is acting as a

A

guide

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13
Q

Telomerase binds to the 3’ overhang region of the telomere due to
__

A

TERC

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14
Q

RNA molecules with catalytic function are called .

A

Ribozymes

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15
Q

TERT uses an ______ template to synthesize

A

RNA; DNA

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16
Q

Match the ncRNA with its function.

A

TERC - Facilitates the binding of telomerase to the telomere

HOTAIR - Alters chromatin stucture, repressing transcription

CRISPR RNA - Guides an endonuclease to foreign DNA

snoRNA - Facilitates covalent modifications to rRNAs.

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17
Q

Select the proteins/complexes that are involved in the replication of telomeres.

A

Primase
DNA polymerase
Telomerase

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18
Q

Where are telomeres found?

A

The end of eukaryotic chromosomes

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19
Q

The ncRNA Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA is also known as

A

HOTAIR

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20
Q

What type of molecules does HOTAIR help guide to their target genes?

A

Histone-modifying complexes

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21
Q

How does telomerase bind to DNA?

A

TERC has a sequence that is complementary to the DNA repeat sequence of telomeres.

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22
Q

The protein in telomerase is called _________ _________ _______ (TERT).

A

Telomerase reverse transcriptase

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23
Q

This figure shows the outcome of the in situ hybridization procedure measuring mex-3 mRNA carried out by Mello and Fire.

A

Match each letter with the correct experimental treatment,
A - Control

B - Injected with mex-3 antisense RNA

C - Injected with double-stranded RNA

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24
Q

Consider this picture. Which end of the DNA is lengthened by telomerase?

25
Q

The phenomenon in which double-stranded RNA causes the silencing of mRNA is called

A

RNA Interference

26
Q

Select the roles played by the ncRNA HOTAIR.

A

Repression of gene transcription

Alteration of chromatin structure

27
Q

MicroRNAs play a key role in regulating gene expression particularl

A

during embryonic development in animals and plants

28
Q

What is the function of the ncRNA HOTAIR?

29
Q

What percentage of human protein-encoding genes are thought to be regulated by miRNAs?

30
Q

Telomerase binds to the 3’ overhang region of the telomere due to ______ being complementary to the DNA repeat sequence.

31
Q

Select possible sources of siRNAs.

A

Made by researchers

Viral RNA

32
Q

What effect did double-stranded RNA have in the Mello and Fire experiments?

A

It caused mex-3 RNA to be degraded.

33
Q

In RNA interference what silences mRNA?

A

Double-stranded RNA

34
Q

Which molecule is exported from the nucleus?

35
Q

MicroRNAs influence gene expression by ______.

A

inhibiting translation of mRNA

36
Q

Select the two ways that miRNA and siRNA regulate gene expression.

A

By inducing the binding of RISC which may direct degradation of the mRNA
By inducing the binding of RISC which may inhibit translation

37
Q

Approximately how many human genes are estimated to encode miRNAs?

38
Q

the RNA-protein complex that targets proteins for secretion is called the

A

signal recognition particle

39
Q

Which molecule is made up of two complementary RNA molecules that base pair with each other?

40
Q

This figure shows the outcome of the in situ hybridization procedure measuring mex-3 mRNA carried out by Mello and Fire. Match each letter with the correct experimental treatment.

A 
A
matches
Choice, ControlControl
B
matches
Choice, Injected with mex-3 antisense RNAInjected with mex-3 antisense RNA
C
matches
Choice, Injected with double-stranded RNAInjected with double-stranded RNA
41
Q

Which molecule is first folded into a hairpin in the mechanism of RNA interference?

42
Q

List the steps of RNA interference in the correct sequence.

A
  1. Pre-miRNAs and pre-siRNAs are cleaved by dicer.
  2. Double-stranded RNA associates with proteins to form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).
  3. One stand of the dsRNA is degraded.
  4. Single-stranded miRNA or siRNA allows RISC to bind to complementary mRNA sequences.
  5. RISC may inhibit translation or direct degradation of the mRNA
43
Q

Order the steps in the targeting of a polypeptide to the ER membrane by SRP. Start with the first step at the top.

A
  1. Translation of a polypeptide begins.
  2. SRP binds to an ER signal sequence in the polypeptide and causes translation to pause.
  3. SRP binds to an SRP receptor in the ER membrane.
  4. The GTP-binding proteins with SRP and the SRP receptor hydrolyze their GTP causing the release of SRP.
  5. Translation resumes and the polypeptide is threaded into the ER lumen.
44
Q

The signal recognition particle is composed of ______

A

RNA and protein

45
Q

The SRP RNA stimulates SRP proteins and the SRP receptor to hydrolyze

46
Q

Order the genes commonly found in the CRISPR-Cas type II system. Start with tracr at the top.

A

Order the genes commonly found in CRISPR-Cas type II system. Start with tracr at the top.
1. tractr

  1. Cas9
  2. Cas1
  3. Cas2
  4. Crispr
47
Q

Select the three phases of the CRISPR-Cas response.

A 
Secreted proteins
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
ER
Vacuoles
48
Q

During adaptation, what proteins in the CRISPR-Cas system are involved in recognizing and cleaving bacteriophage DNA into small pieces?

49
Q

In the CRISPR-Cas defense system, what triggers the expression phase?

A

A subsequent bacteriophage infection

50
Q

Select the roles of SRP RNA.

A

Provides a scaffold for the binding of SRP proteins.

Stimulates proteins within the SRP and the SRP receptor to hydrolyze GTP.

51
Q

What phase of the CRISPR-Cas defense system is depicted in this figure?

A

Interference

52
Q

CRISPR stands for

A

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

53
Q

match the ncRNA with the disease with which it is associated.

A

HOTAIR - Breast Cancer

miR-1 - Heart arrythmias

miRNAs - Alzheimer disease

miR-200 family - Bladder cancer

54
Q

Because a bacterial cell must first be exposed to an agent to elicit a response, the CRISPR-Cas system is called a(n) ______.

A

adaptive defense system

55
Q

What class of ncRNAs is most prevalent in affecting plant behavior?

56
Q

During the interference phase of the CRISP-Cas defense system, each spacer within a __________ is complementary to one of the strands of the bacteriophage DNA.

57
Q

Which ncRNA is associated with the formation of arterial plaques?

A

miR145 (miRNA)

58
Q

Which processes are known to be affected by ncRNAs in plants?

A

Seed development
Timing of flowering
Germination
Development of stomata

Bio 190 (21 decks)

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