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Bio 190 > Ch 14 part 2 > Flashcards

Ch 14 part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

cell division, a cell divides to produce two new cells that are genetically identical to the original

A

mitotic

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2
Q

In preparation for division, the ___________ become very condensed and can easily be viewed with a microscope.
chromosomes, chromatids,

A

sister chromatids

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3
Q

Name the region where the two sister chromatids are tightly associated.

A

Centromere

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4
Q

The mitotic spindle is made up of which of the following?

A

Microtubules

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5
Q

Astral, polar, and kinetochore microtubules are the three types of

A

spindle microtubules

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6
Q

Mitotic cell division is:

A

cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells

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7
Q

When a cell prepares to divide, what structures become highly compacted and readily visible under a microscope?

A

Sister chromatids

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8
Q

Transmission of chromosomes during every cell___ is critical because all cells have to inherit the right number of chromosomes

A

division

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9
Q

In a replicated chromosome, the two sister chromatids are bound closely at a region known as the

A

centromere

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10
Q

Mitosis occurs as a continuum of phases that proceed in the following order:___________ , prometaphase, metaphase,__________ , _________and lastly .

A

prophase, anaphase, telophase

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11
Q

In what phase of mitosis does the fragmentation of the nuclear envelope begin?

A

Prophase

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12
Q

Identify the three types of spindle microtubules.

A

astral
polar
kinetochore

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13
Q

Identify the phase in which the nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles.

A

prometaphase

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14
Q

The precise transmission of ____ during every cell division is critical so that all cells receive the correct amount of genetic material.

A

chromosomes

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15
Q

The pairs of sister chromatids align themselves in a single row along a plane half-way between the poles during which of the following phases of mitosis?

A

Metaphase

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16
Q

At anaphase of mitosis, ___ ___ separate from one another and begin to move toward the poles of the cell.

A

sister chromatids

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17
Q

list the phases of mitosis in the correct order. start with the earliest on top.

A 
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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18
Q

Identify the phase of mitosis where each group of chromosomes reaches a pole of the cell and decondenses.

A

Telophase

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19
Q

The nucleolus is no longer visible in the

A

prophase stage

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20
Q

Which of the following events occur during prometaphase of mitosis?

A
  • Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids Nuclear envelope
  • completely fragments into small vesicles
  • The mitotic spindle is fully formed
  • Centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles
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21
Q

In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a

A

cell plate

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22
Q

during ___ the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles.

A

metaphase

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23
Q

When two haploid gametes unite, they create a diploid cell called a

A

zygote

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24
Q

During ______ of mitosis, the kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling the chromosomes toward the pole to which they are attached.

A

anaphase

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25
Q

Meiosis is the process by which ____ cells are produced from a cell that was originally diploid.

A

haploid

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26
Q

During this phase the chromosomes have reached their respective poles and decondense.

A

Telophase

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27
Q

Meiosis I sorting separates which of these?

A

Homologous chromosomes

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28
Q

In what phase of mitosis does the fragmentation of the nuclear envelope begin?

A

Prophase

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29
Q

The formation of bivalents and subsequent crossing over occur in what phase of meiosis?

A

Prophase I

30
Q

In what cells does cytokinesis involve the formation of a cleavage furrow?

A

Animal cells

31
Q

Synapsis is the process of forming a(n)

A

bivalent

32
Q

A zygote is created when two haploid cells, called ___ fuse

A

gametes

33
Q

Crossing over is best described as which of these?

A

It involves a physical exchange of chromosome segments in the tetrad.

34
Q

A diploid cell divides by a process called _____ to produce haploid cells.

A

meiosis

35
Q

In mitosis, a pair of sister chromatids is attached to both poles while in meiosis I a pair of sister chromatids is attached to just one pole via kinetochore microtubules. What phase is described here?

A

Prometaphase

36
Q

The sorting that occurs during ______ separates homologues from each other.

A

meiosis I

37
Q

Because meiosis I produces two haploid nuclei, it is called:

A

reduction division

38
Q

In _________________ I of meiosis, the replicated chromosomes condense, the homologous chromosomes form bivalents, and crossing over occurs.
prophase

A

prophase

39
Q

The sister chromatids are separated during

A

anaphase II of meiosis.

40
Q

Pairs of homologous chromosomes are joined during meiosis by a process termed

A

synapsis

41
Q

Bivalent formation and crossing over are two key events that typically occur at the beginning of which of these?

A

Meiosis

42
Q

What process involves a physical exchange between chromosome segments of the bivalent?

A

Crossing over

43
Q

Which of the following is the end result of mitosis in a diploid organism?

A

Two daughter cells that are diploid

44
Q

In prometaphase, there is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis I. In mitosis, a pair of sister chromatids is attached to both poles. In meiosis I a pair of sister chromatids is attached to just one pole via ___________ microtubules.

A

kinetochore

45
Q

The life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms involves

A

an alternation between haploid and diploid stages.

46
Q

The end result of _____ I is that two nuclei are produced, each with full pairs of sister chromatids; this is called a reduction division.

A

meiosis

47
Q

Put the events of an animal life cycle in the correct order, beginning with the production of gametes

A
  1. Meiosis occurs in cells within testes and ovaries to produce haploid gametes
  2. During fertilization, sperm and egg unite to create a diploid zygote
  3. Repeated mitotic cell divisions produce a diploid multicellular organism
48
Q

During anaphase II of meiosis ______ are separated.

A

sister chromatids

49
Q

Which of these are typically haploid-dominant species?

A

Protists

Fungi

50
Q

Which two key events occur at the beginning of meiosis but not mitosis?

A

Formation of bivalents

Crossing over

51
Q

The diploid multicellular organism in species that exhibit alternation of generations is known as a(n

A

sporophyte

52
Q

Following cytokinesis, meiosis II produces:

A

four daughter cells that are haploid

53
Q

What chromosomal variations have major effects on the characteristics of an organism?

A

number

structure

54
Q

True or False: All sexually reproducing species produce haploid and diploid cells at different stages in their life cycle

A

True

55
Q

In a particular species, the composition of chromosomes remains relatively

A

constant.

56
Q

During the life cycle of a diploid animal, what process produces haploid gametes?

A

meiosis

57
Q

Which of the following are variations that exist among different eukaryotic chromosomes?

A

chromosome size
location of centromere
banding pattern

58
Q

In which two ways is the banding pattern of eukaryotic chromosomes useful?

A
  • to detect changes in chromosome structure due to mutation

* individual chromosomes can be distinguished from each other

59
Q

In species that exhibit alternation of generations, the diploid multicellular organism is called the

A

sporophyte

60
Q

What are the main types chromosomal mutations?

A

inversions
duplications
translocations
deletions

61
Q

The study of chromosomal variation is important because these variations in chromosome structure and number can have major effects on the characteristics of an organism. Also, these changes have been an important force in the ___________ of new species.

A

evolution

62
Q

Organisms possessing chromosomes that occur in one or more complete sets are termed

A

euploid

63
Q

True or false: Chromosome composition within a given species is variable.

A

False

64
Q

Aneuploidy refers to an alteration in the number of particular _______

A

Chromosomes

65
Q

In nature, chromosomes are found to vary in:

A

size, centromere location, number, and banding pattern

66
Q

The banding pattern of eukaryotic chromosomes is useful in two ways. First, individual chromosomes can be distinguished from each other. Also, the patterns are used to detect changes in chromosome structure due to _____.

A

Mutation

67
Q

Nondisjunction events can happen in:

A

both meiosis I and meiosis II

68
Q

Chromosomal mutations are of four main types:

A

Deletions, Translocations, Duplications and Inversions

69
Q

Polyploidy is generally a lethal condition in

A

mammals

70
Q

Which of these terms best describes organisms that have complete sets of chromosomes?

A

Euploid

Bio 190 (21 decks)

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