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Bio 190 > Ch 15 > Flashcards

Ch 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The acquisition of traits by their transmission from parent to offspring is called

A

inheritance

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2
Q

Mendel used the garden pea to study inheritance because the pea plants were:

A

easy to cross

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3
Q

A variant form of a character is called a(n) ______, and a variant form of a gene is called a(n) ______.

A

trait; allele

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4
Q

If a true-breeding line is allowed to self-fertilize for several generations, the resulting offspring will have:

A

the same traits as the parents

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5
Q

The offspring of hybridization experiments are referred to as

A

hybrids.

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6
Q

True or false: Inheritance is the acquisition of traits by their transmission from offspring to parent.

A

False

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7
Q

Plants from two different true-breeding P generation lines are crossed to one another and produce offspring. These offspring are allowed to self-fertilize, which results in production of the:

A

F2 generation

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8
Q

Which of the following properties of the garden pea were advantageous for Mendel’s studies of inheritanc

A

True-breeding strains were available.
Many varieties with different traits were available.
Pea plants can be self-fertilized or cross-fertilized.

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9
Q

Character

A

A general feature of an organism

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10
Q

Trait

A

A specific variant of a feature of an organism

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11
Q

Gene

A

A genetic determinant that is passed intact from one generation to the next

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12
Q

Allele

A

A variant form of a genetic determinant

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13
Q

A single-factor cross is one in which an experimenter follows

A

the variants of only one character.

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14
Q

True or false: After several generations of self-fertilization of a true-breeding line, all of the offspring will have the same traits as the original parents.

A

true

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15
Q

Consider two true-breeding individuals that differ in a single character. If these mate, their offspring are

A

monohybrids

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16
Q

In genetic crosses, the term “hybrid” refers to:

A

offspring of a hybridization experiment

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17
Q

What ratio did Mendel observe in the F2 offspring in monohybrid crosses between true-breeding lines for dominant and recessive traits?

A

3 dominant : 1 recessive

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18
Q

When two P generation individuals are crossed, the offspring constitute the

A

F1 generation.

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19
Q

Mendel proposed that a unit factor, now called a , ____ codes for a character, and each individual carries two variant forms, now called ,____ of the unit factor for a given character.

A

gene/ allels

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20
Q

dominant

A

trait is displayed

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21
Q

recessive

A

trait is masked

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22
Q

A cross in which only one character is studied is called a___ ____

A

single factor gene

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23
Q

Mendel’s law of ____ is the idea that the two alleles of a gene separate during the formation of eggs and sperm so that every gamete receives only one allele.

A

segregation

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24
Q

The offspring of two true-breeding parents that differ in a single character are called single-character hybrids, or ____

A

Monohybrids

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25
Q

In pea plants, the allele T codes for tall plants and the allele t codes for short plants. If a plant is short, this would be considered its

A

phenotype

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26
Q

In Mendel’s experiments, he observed a 3:1 ratio between dominant and recessive traits in

A

the F2 generation of monohybrid crosses.

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27
Q

In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds, and the yellow and green alleles are represented with Y and y, respectively. Match each genotype with the correct description of alleles.

A

YY = Homozygous for the yellow allele

Yy = Heterozygous for the yellow and green alleles

yy = Homozygous for the Green allele

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28
Q

When two true-breeding plants that differ in a single character are crossed, the monohybrids display the_________ trait, and the ________________trait is masked.

A

Dominant/ recessive

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29
Q

In the Punnett square shown here, what information belongs in the box that is circled?

A

Genotype Tt

30
Q

Mendel’s “unit factors” are now called _______________, and their variant forms are referred to as ________________.

A

genes / alleles

31
Q

What ratio is obtained in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross when alleles assort independently from one another?

A

9:3:3:1

32
Q

What does Mendel’s law of segregation state?

A

Alleles of a gene segregate during gamete formation so that half the gametes receive one allele and half receive the second allele

33
Q

The law of independent assortment states that:

A

alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation

34
Q

The combination of alleles that an individual possesses, such as Tt or TT, is the individual’s

A

genotype

35
Q

According to the chromosome theory of inheritance, Mendel’s laws can be explained by:

A

the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis

36
Q

A Punnett square for a single trait should be set up as a ______ square (Not counting the squares for parental gametes).

A

2 x 2

37
Q

The separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I explains:

A

the law of segregation

38
Q

A 9:3:3:1 ratio is obtained in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross when alleles assort _____ from one another

A

independently

39
Q

The ______ alignment of chromosomes in meiosis I leads to the independent assortment of alleles on different chromosomes.

A

random

40
Q

Which of Mendel’s laws states that alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation?

A

Law of independent assortment

41
Q

Pedigree analysis is typically used for studying:

A

human traits that follow simple inheritance patterns

42
Q

Which of the following are principles of the chromosome theory of inheritance?

A

Chromosomes are replicated and passed from parent to offspring and from cell to cell.

Genes are found in the chromosomes.

Gametes are haploid cells that combine to form a diploid cell during fertilization.

During meiosis, the homologous pairs segregate independently and haploid gametes are produced.

The nucleus of a diploid cell contains homologous pairs of chromosomes.

43
Q

Traits that appear in every generation and affect males and females equally are characteristic of:

A

dominant inheritance

44
Q

What aspect of chromosome behavior during meiosis explains Mendel’s law of segregation?

A

Separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I

45
Q

In a recessive pattern of inheritance, two unaffected parents:

A

may produce affected or unaffected offspring

46
Q

Independent assortment of alleles of different genes can be explained by the random alignment of homologous pairs of ____________ during meiosis I.

A

chromosomes

47
Q

True or false: In dominant inheritance, affected parents always have affected offspring.

A

False

48
Q

Human traits that follow simple Mendelian patterns are usually studied using:

A

pedigree analysis

49
Q

The pattern of inheritance that deals with genes that segregate and assort independently is described by the term_______ inheritance.

A

mendelian

50
Q

Some heterozygotes up-regulate expression of the dominant allele to compensate for the lack of function in a ___ allele.

A

recessive

51
Q

A trait that appears to skip generations and is present at an equal frequency in males and females exhibits:

A

recessive inheritance

52
Q

Pleiotropy occurs because

A
  • the expression of a single gene can affect cell function in more than one way
  • a gene may be expressed in different cell types in a multicellular organism
  • a gene may be expressed at different stages of development
53
Q

In recessive inheritance, two affected parents will:

A

always produce affected offspring

54
Q

In an incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance, a heterozygous individual shows a(n) ______ phenotype.

A

intermediate

55
Q

Individuals with a dominant disorder usually have:

A

one affected parent

56
Q

In incomplete dominance, a cross of two heterozygotes produces ______ in the offspring.

A

three distinct phenotypes

57
Q

What type of inheritance involves genes that undergo segregation and independent assortment?

A

Mendelian inheritance

58
Q

In a simple dominant/recessive relationship, the production of approximately ______ of the protein needed in the heterozygote is plenty for the individual to function typically.

A

50%

59
Q

How do scientists evaluate the norm of reaction?

A

By exposing individuals with the same genotype to different environmental conditions

60
Q

_______ is a phenomenon that occurs because a single gene can be expressed in multiple cell types or at several stages of development.

A

pleiotropy

61
Q

Five sex determination systems are presented here. Match each with its representative species.

A 
X-Y ------ humans
X-O ----- fruit fly
Z-W ----- bird
haplodiploid ---- bee
environmental --- alligator
62
Q

________ dominance involves an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygote.

A

incomplete

63
Q

If a cross between heterozygotes for a single trait results in three distinct phenotypes, which of the following types of inheritance is the likely reason?

A

Incomplete dominance

64
Q

Which chromosome causes maleness in mammals?

A

Y

65
Q

The pattern of inheritance that deals with genes that segregate and assort independently is described by the term _________ inheritance

A

Mendelian

66
Q

Genes found on one sex chromosome but not the other are called ______ - _______ genes.

A

sex linked

67
Q

True or false: To study the norm of reaction, scientists subject individuals with the same genotypes to different environmental conditions.

A

True

68
Q

Recessive X-linked alleles affect

A

Recessive X-linked alleles affect

69
Q

Match each sex determination system with the correct factor that determines the sex of an individual

A

X-Y system —– presence or absence of the Y chromosome

X-O system —- ratio between X chromosomes and autosome sets

haplodiploid system — haploid or diploid set of chromosomes

Z-W system —– presence or absence of the W chromosome

70
Q

In humans, a male always receives an X chromosome from his ______ and a Y chromosome from his _______

A

mom and dad

Bio 190 (21 decks)

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