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Bio 190 > Ch 7 > Flashcards

Ch 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Living organisms that are not plants depend on photosynthesis because photosynthesis produces organic molecules such as___ that can be used for nourishment and the___ gas that makes up large portion of the Earth’s atmosphere

A

glucose; oxygen

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2
Q

Photosynthesis is divided into two stages: the __ and ___

A

light reaction : Calvin cycle

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3
Q

During photosynthesis in green plants, what molecule is oxidized?

A

water

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4
Q

the production of glucose from carbon dioxide and water is an ______ reaction that releases a large amount of free energy.

A

Exergonic

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5
Q

Organisms that are able to make organic molecules from inorganic sources, such as carbon dioxide and water, are called

A

autotrophs

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6
Q

how does photosynthesis benefit organisms that are not plants

A
  • it produces oxygen that can be used for aerobic respiration
  • it produces organic molecules that other organisms use as food
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7
Q

In a green plant, the majority of photosynthesis takes place in the:

A

leaves

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8
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions

Calvin cycle

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9
Q

The reactions of the Calvin cycle occur in the:

A

stroma

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10
Q

What molecule is reduced during the process of photosynthesis?

A

CO2

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11
Q

The thylakoid membrane is the location of the ___ reactions of photosynthesis.

A

light reaction

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12
Q

In photosynthesis, glucose is synthesized from CO2. This reaction is

A

endergonic

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13
Q

Why is light considered a form of electromagnetic radiation?

A

Because it consists of both electric and magnetic energy

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14
Q

Autotrophs sustain themselves by producing organic molecules from:

A

inorganic molecules

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15
Q

Although any green part of a plant can perform photosynthesis, the majority of photosynthesis occurs in the

A

leaves

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16
Q

True or false: All photons contain the same amount of energy.

A

False

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17
Q

The stroma of the chloroplast is the site where the ______ takes place.

A

Calvin cycle

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18
Q

When light strikes an object, the light may _________, or ________ or ________

A
  • pass through the object,
  • orhave its direction changed by the object (reflected),
  • or be absorbed by the object.
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19
Q

Where do the light reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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20
Q

When an electron absorbs energy, it becomes

A

excited & unstable

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21
Q

Light is a type of ______ radiation because it consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.

A

electromagnetic

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22
Q

Organisms that are able to make organic molecules from inorganic sources, such as carbon dioxide and water, are called

A

autotroph

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23
Q

Electrons in an excited state can release energy as __ or ___ or ____ to another molecule.

A

heat, light or transfer

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24
Q

Every photon contains a specific amount of _____.

A

energy

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25
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll during photosynthesis?

A

It absorbs light energy.

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26
Q

What three things may happen to light when it strikes an object?

A

It may pass through the object.
It may be absorbed.
It may change direction.

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27
Q

Why might plants contain a variety of pigments?

A

Because this feature enables plants to absorb light at many different wavelengths

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28
Q

After absorbing energy, an electron is said to be in a(n):

A

excited state

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29
Q

the _____ membrane of the chloroplast contains two independent, light capturing complexes of proteins and pigments called photosystems I and II.

A

Thylakoid

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30
Q

Why is light considered a form of electromagnetic radiation?

A

Because it consists of both electric and magnetic energy

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31
Q

Arrange the following molecules according to the order of electron flow during photosynthesis. Begin at the TOP with the location where electrons are first excited in noncyclic electron flow.

A
  1. water
  2. P680
  3. cytochrome complex
  4. plastocyanin
  5. P700
  6. NADP+
32
Q

What three events can happen after an electron absorbs energy and becomes excited?

A

Energy may be released as heat.
The excited electron may be transferred to another molecule.
Energy may be released as light.

33
Q

During photosynthesis, NADPH is synthesized by:

A

photosystem I

34
Q

Green plants utilize ___ a and b to absorb light energy in photosynthesis.

A

chlorophyll

35
Q

The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are

A

NADPH,ATP, and O2

36
Q

How might a plant increase its efficiency of light absorption?

A

By diversifying the pigments it has, such that it is able to absorb many wavelengths of light

37
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis require water to supply two ___ that are transferred to P680+.

A

electrons

38
Q

Photosystems I and II are located in:

A

the thylakoid membrane

39
Q

The Calvin cycle uses more ___ than _____

A

ATP : NADPH

40
Q

During linear electron flow, the movement of electrons occurs from water to ____ then to ____ and finally to _____

A

photosystem II, then to photosystem I, and ultimately are transferred to NADP+.

41
Q

Cyclic electron flow is characteristic of what photosystem in plants?

A

Only photosystem I

42
Q

A key role of PSI is to produce high-energy electrons that are used to make ___.

A

NADPH

43
Q

PSI and PSII have two main components: a(n) ___ harvesting complex and a(n) ___ center.

A

light; reaction

44
Q

Which of the following are major chemical products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

oxygen
ATP
NADPH

45
Q

True or false: Photosystem II is the only known protein complex that can oxidize water resulting in the release of O2.

A

True

46
Q

Why is water required for the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

To replace the electrons lost from P680

47
Q

In the light reactions, roughly equal amounts of ATP and NADPH are made. However, the Calvin cycle requires

A

more ATP than NADPH

48
Q

According to the Z scheme, what is the number of photoactivation events that occur during photosynthesis?

A

2

49
Q

The mechanism in plants that produces ATP but not NADPH is referred to as ______ electron flow (due to the path of electrons).

A

cyclic

50
Q

Which of the following are components of both PSI and PSII?

A

A light harvesting complex

A reaction center

51
Q

Which of the following can oxidize water, resulting in the release of 02?

A

Photosystem II

52
Q

Sequence the phases of the Calvin cycle from first (on top) to last:

A
  1. carbon fixation
  2. reduction and carbohydrate production
  3. regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate
53
Q

In the first phase of the ________, atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed into a five carbon sugar

A

Calvin Cycle

54
Q

The model for photosynthesis that incorporates two photoactivation events and shows the series of energy changes during the light reactions of photosynthesis is called the

A

Z scheme

55
Q

Which of the following is the purpose of phase 3 of the Calvin cycle?

A

To create a new 5-carbon sugar for the “next” Calvin cycle

56
Q

What two molecules can be attached to RuBP by the enzyme rubisco?

A

O2

CO2

57
Q

What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

58
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A

carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the starting molecule

59
Q

The process of photorespiration consumes ______ and produces ______.

A

H2O, O2

60
Q

Photorespiration is favored when plants are exposed to a(n) ____ and _____ environment.

A

hot & DRY

61
Q

In the last phase of the Calvin cycle, what molecule is regenerated so that the next cycle can occur?

A

Ribulose bisphosphate

62
Q

What two chemical reactions are catalyzed by rubisco?

A

RuBP + O2 → 3PG + phosphoglycolate

RuBP + CO2 → 2 3PG

63
Q

In some plants, carbon fixation yields a four-carbon molecule instead of 3GP as the first product. Such plants are known as ___ plants.

A

C4

64
Q

True or false: Glucose is the primary output of the Calvin cycle.

A

false

65
Q

In some C4 plants, PEP carboxylase and rubisco function in different cells to minimize the effects of photorespiration. Where are these two enzymes located?

A

PEP carboxylase is in mesophyll cells, and rubisco is in bundle-sheath cells.

66
Q

What molecule is released during photorespiration?

A

CO2

67
Q

How do CAM plants avoid water loss?

A
  • opening their stomates at night and also avoiding photorespiration
68
Q

What environmental condition favors photorespiration?

A

A hot, dry environment

69
Q

Why does CO2 enter CAM plants at nighttime?

A

the stomata of CAM plants are only open at night

70
Q

In C4 plants, the first product of carbon fixation is:

A

a four-carbon molecule

71
Q

Some C4 plants are able to minimize photorespiration by anatomically separating:

A

the Calvin cycle and C4 synthesis

72
Q

___ plants avoid water loss by closing their stomata during the day and opening them at night.

A

CAM

73
Q

____ plants only uptake CO2 at night because they close their ___ during the day

A

CAM; stomata

74
Q

Place the statements in the appropriate Photosynthesis pathway or Cellular Respiration

  • Produces CO2
  • O2 Exits as H20
  • Converts H20 to O2
  • Consumes glucose
  • Takes in CO2
  • Found only in photoautotrophs
  • Produces organic molecules
A

Photosynthesis

  • Takes in CO2
  • Converts H20 to O2
  • Produces organic molecules
  • Found only in photoautotrophs

Cellular Respiration

  • Produces CO2
  • O2 Exits as H20
  • Consumes glucose
75
Q

Place the items in the appropriate photosynthesis
Light Reactions pathway or Calvin Cycle.

  • Oxidation of water
  • ATP is a product
  • NADPH is a product
  • ATP is consumed
  • Reduction of Carbon Compounds
  • Reduction by NADPH
A

Light Reactions

  • ATP is a product
  • NADPH is a product
  • Oxidation of water

Calvin Cycle

  • ATP is consumed
  • Reduction of Carbon Compounds
  • Reduction by NADPH
76
Q

Place the items in the appropriate adaptation of C3 Plant, or C4 Plants or CAM Plants

  • Have Bundle Sheath Cells
  • Makes Crassulacean Acid
  • Sensitive to Photorespiration
  • Found in Desert Plants
  • Produces 3-Phosphoglycerate
A

C3 Plants

  • Sensitive to Photorespiration
  • Produces 3-Phosphoglycerate

C4 Plants
-Have Bundle Sheath Cells

CAM Plants

  • Found in Desert Plants
  • Makes Crassulacean Acid

Bio 190 (21 decks)

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