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Bio 190 > Ch 5 Membranes > Flashcards

Ch 5 Membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

Tight junctions:

A

Second type of junction between adjacent cell, preventing material leaking between cells

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2
Q

Cellular membranes play a role in which of the following cell functions?

A

anchoring the cytoskeleton
protein sorting
cell and nuclear division
cell signaling

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3
Q

What are the three molecular components of cellular membranes?

A

carbohydrates
proteins
phospholipids

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4
Q

The plasma membrane contains lipids proteins and carbohydrates it is often described

A

Mosaic model

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5
Q
  • Peripheral membrane protein:
A

Noncovalent associations form with phospholipids or other membrane proteins

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6
Q
  • Transmembrane protein:
A

A segment of amino acids is inserted into the phospholipid bilayer.

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7
Q
  • Lipid-anchored protein:
A

A lipid molecule is covalently attached to an amino acid side chain of the membrane protein

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8
Q

____ are involved in many different cellular functions including cell compartmentalization and the selective uptake of ions and molecules

A

Biological membranes

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9
Q

The three main types of macromolecules that comprise the plasma membrane are

A
  • Lipids, Carbohydrates, and proteins
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10
Q

Most phospholipids move freely within a semifluid membrane

A

laterally along the plane of the membrane in two dimensions

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11
Q

The double bonds in unsaturated lipids create ______ in the nonpolar tails, making it more difficult for neighboring lipids to interact.

A

kinks

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12
Q

membrane fluidity is increased when membrane lipids

A

shorter nonpolar tails.

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13
Q

Transmembrane protein flip-flop does not occur spontaneously because it would be energetically

A

unfavorable

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14
Q

all cells are surrounded by a _______ permeable plasma membrane, meaning that the membrane allows the passage of some molecules and ions but not others.

A
  • semi
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15
Q

the reasons why it is more appropriate to describe membranes as semifluid

A
  • phospholipids usually move in two dimensions

- molecules move laterally within the membrane leaflet

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16
Q

What types of transport require a transport protein?

A
  • Facilitated diffusion

- Active transport

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17
Q

the presence of a double bond in a phospholipid tail makes the membrane more fluid because

A
  • it prevents phospholipids from packing tightly
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18
Q

Transmembrane proteins do not flip flop across bilayer leaflets because

A

hydrophilic protein regions would pass through the hydrophobic bilayer interior.

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19
Q

order the solutes from highest membrane permeability at the top to lowest at the bottom

A
  • oxygen gas
  • water
  • glucose
  • potassium ions
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20
Q

The plasma membrane of a cell is considered to be

A
  • selectively permeable.
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21
Q

A term that describes a situation in which the concentration of a solute is higher on one side of a membrane than the other is

A

transmembrane gradient

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22
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of a substance from a region where concentration is high to region where concentration is low

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23
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

movement from concentration high to a concentration is low through a passageway provide transport protein

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24
Q

Active transport

A

Movement from region is concentration low to region concentration is high to aid transport protein and source of energy.

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25
Q

A solution in which the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal is classified as

A

isotonic

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26
Q

Membrane fluidity is increased when membrane lipids

A

shorter nonpolar tails.

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27
Q

When the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than that intra-cellularly, the solution is said to be __________ relative to the inside of the cell

A

hypertonic

28
Q

phospholipid bilayer are an effective barrier to many charged or polar solutes because of their _____ interior region

A

nonpolar

29
Q

osmosis, water moves from areas of

A

lowsoluteconcentration to areas of highsoluteconcentration.

30
Q

When the solute concentration is higher inside the cell relative to outside the cell, the outside solution is said to be:

A

hypotonic

31
Q

a term that describes a situation in which the concentration of a solute is higher on one side of a membrane than other other

A

transmembrane gradient

32
Q

Proteins that assist in the movement of substances across membranes can be classified into two types based on how they move solutes across the membrane: _____ and _____

A

Channels and Transporters

33
Q

When the concentrations of dissolved particles (solutes) on both sides of the plasma membrane are equal, the two solutions are said to be

A

isotonic

34
Q

Unlike transporters, _____ proteins provide an open passageway all the way across the plasma membrane

A

channel

35
Q

solution whose solute concentration is higher than the concentration of solutes inside

A

hyertonic

36
Q

transporter proteins bind their solutes in a hydrophilic pocket and then undergo a ______ change that switches the exposure of the pocket from one side of membrane to the other

A

conformational

37
Q

When the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than that intra-cellularly, the solution is said to be _________ relative to the inside of the cell

A

hypotonic

38
Q

______ active transport involves a pump that uses energy from ATP to transport solutes against a gradient.

A

primary

39
Q

what are the categories of proteins that assist in the movement of molecules and ions across membranes

A
  • transporters

- channels

40
Q

___active transport involves the use of a pre-existing gradient to drive the active transport of another solute.

A

Secondary

41
Q

How do transporters differ from channel proteins?

A

Transporters must change conformation to allow solutes to cross the membrane.

42
Q

transporter proteins transport solutes across the membrane via

A
  • conformational change triggered by solute binding
43
Q

In the 1940s, studies of animal cells suggested that the import of ______ is coupled to the export of ______.

A

K+ and Na+

44
Q

Which of the following types of transport involves pumping ions against a gradient using ATP as a source

A

primary active transport

45
Q

The sodium/potassium phase transports Na+ and K+ ions against their gradients using the energy from____

A

ATP

46
Q

In osmosis, water moves from areas of

A

lowsoluteconcentration to areas of highsoluteconcentration.

47
Q

In multicellular organisms, intercellular channels such as gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants

A
  • allow the movement of substances between adjacent cells.
48
Q

IN animals functions form channels between cells that allow cells to communicate with one another.

A

gap

49
Q

In a plasmodesma, the ______ of one cell is continuous with that of another cell.

A

plasma membrane

50
Q

The processes that are coupled across cell membranes

A
  • the export of Na+ ions

- the import at K+ ions

51
Q

vesicular movement of large molecules into cells is called _____, and vesicular movement of large molecules out of cells is called ______

A
  • endocytosis

- exocytosis

52
Q

the cells of multicellular organisms also may have ______ that allow the movement of substances between adjacent cells

A

intercellular channels

53
Q

he three types of endocytosis are receptor-mediated endocytosis

A
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
54
Q

What do gap junctions do in animals?

A

Provide passageways for intercellular transport

55
Q

Cell ______ are specialized structures within multicellular animals that physically adhere cells to each other.

A

junctions

56
Q

What organelle in adjacent cells is connected by the central tubules in plasmodesmata?

A
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
57
Q

Select the types of anchoring junctions found in animals.

A
  • hemidesmosomes
  • adherens junctions
  • focal adhesions
  • desmosomes
58
Q

The primary difference between endocytosis and exocytosis is

A

the direction of transport.

59
Q

he two types of anchoring junctions that connect cells to the extracellular matrix are

A
  • hemidesmosomes
  • focal
  • adhesions
60
Q

multicellular animals, cells are linked to one another by

A

cell junctions.

61
Q

which of the following cell junctions prevent material from passing between adjacent cells of animals?

A
  • tight junctions
62
Q

The four types of anchoring junctions in humans are

A

adherens junctions,
desmosomes,
hemidesmosomes,
cell-matrix adhesion complexes.

63
Q

Which of the following anchoring junctions bind to actin filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Focal adhesions

- Adherens junctions

64
Q

Head

A

site where ATP binds and is hydrolyzed

65
Q

Hinge

A

Site bends in response to ATP binding and hydrolysis

66
Q

Tail

A

Region attached to other proteins or to other cellular molecules.

Bio 190 (21 decks)

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