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Bio 190 > Ch 9 > Flashcards

Ch 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In order for the genetic material to fulfill its role in cells, it must meet which of the following criteria?

A

variation
replication
information
transmission

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2
Q

The capsule present on Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

prevents the immune system from killing the organism

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3
Q

Injection of which of the following in Griffith’s experiments would cause the death of mice?

A
  • dead smooth bacteria + live rough bacteria
  • live smooth bacteria + live rough bacteria
  • live smooth bacteria
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4
Q

In the Avery, McLeod and McCarty experiment, which of the following mixtures would yield smooth colonies when plated?

A
  • Type R bacteria + type S DNA extract
  • Type R bacteria + type S DNA extract + RNase
  • Type R bacteria + type S DNA extract + protease
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5
Q

Avery, McLeod, and McCarty demonstrated that only purified

A

DNA can convert type R bacteria into type S.

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6
Q

For a molecule to serve as the genetic material, it must meet the following key criteria: information,

A

variation
replication
information
transmission

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7
Q

The two nucleic acids are

A

RNA and DNA

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8
Q

The appearance of colonies of Streptococcus pneumoniae is related to the presence or absence of

A

capsules

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9
Q

If a mouse died after infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Griffith would be able to find what type of bacteria in its blood?

A

smooth live

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10
Q

Rank the five levels of structural features of DNA. Start at the top with the most complex (or largest), and end at the bottom with the least complex (or smallest).

A 
Genome
chromosome
double helix
strand of DNA
nucleotides
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11
Q

What statement best describes the results of the Avery, McLeod, and McCarty experiment that show DNA causes transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

S. pneumoniae DNA degraded chemically does not cause transformation.

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12
Q

Avery, McLeod, and McCarty used established biochemical procedures to purify macromolecules from the type S streptococci. They found out that R bacteria can only be transformed by what type of purified macromolecul

A

DNA

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13
Q

The components of a nucleotide are

A

5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

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14
Q

Which are nucleic acids?

A

RNA and DNa

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15
Q

The 5 prime end of a DNA strand has a ___ group

A

phosphate

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16
Q

The 3 prime end has a

_______ group

A

hydroxyl

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17
Q

Which structural features of DNA, which has the highest level of complexity?

A

Genome

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18
Q

DNA, adenine normally pairs with ____ and cytosine normally pairs wit ______

A

thymine , guanine

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19
Q

A segment of DNA has the sequence 5’-ATGCTT-3’. The complementary sequence would be

A

3’-TACGAA-5’

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20
Q

Which end of one strand of DNA within a double helix is next to the 5’ end of the other strand within that helix?

A

The 3’ end

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21
Q

Watson and Crick proposed that the structure of DNA is a double helix in which the DNA strands are ________ and obey the ________ rule.

A

antiparallel; AT/GC

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22
Q

If a strand of DNA has a T nucleotide, the complementary strand will have which nucleotide paired with the T?

A

A

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23
Q

During what process are parental DNA strands used as templates for the synthesis of new DNA strands

A

DNA replication

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24
Q

In a DNA double helix, one strand runs in one direction, while the other is upside down relative to the first one. This characteristic describes the

A

antiparallel

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25
Q

The proposed models for DNA replication included

A

dispersive replication
semiconservative replication
conservative replication

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26
Q

Rosalind Franklin, a British biophysicist, analyzed DNA using X- ____ ______________techniques, and proposed that the molecule had a helical structure with a uniform diameter.

A

X-ray diffraction

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27
Q

The semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication produces

A

two molecules each with a parental strand and a daughter strand

28
Q

Erwin Chargaff showed that

A

the amounts of A/T and C/G are equal

29
Q

The primary purpose of the Meselson-Stahl experiment was to determine the
Multiple choice question.

A

mechanism of DNA replication

30
Q

Which are properties of the DNA double helix proposed by Watson and Crick?

A

The DNA strands are antiparallel

The DNA strands obey the AT/GC rule

31
Q

The model organism used by Meselson and Stahl was

A

Escherichia coli

32
Q

In DNA replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as ______ for the synthesis of new DNA strands

A

templates

33
Q

A Meselson-Stahl experiment is performed on a bacterial culture. What percentage of DNA molecules is expected to be of intermediate density after three rounds of replication?

A

25%

34
Q

Three different models for the mechanism of DNA replication have been proposed. These are

A

semi-conservative, conservative, and dispersive.

35
Q

The DNA strands that can be copied to produce new DNA strands are called the

A

template strands.

36
Q

As a result of the mechanism of DNA replication, the new double-stranded DNA contains one parental strand and one daughter strand.

A

semiconservative

37
Q

______________________ and _____________________ performed an experiment that demonstrated the semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication. (LAST NAMES ONLY PLEASE)

A

Meselson, Stahl

38
Q

During DNA synthesis, the sites where the two template strands are unwound and new DNA is made are called what?

A

Replication forks

39
Q

Meselson and Stahl used two isotopes of the _____ element in their DNA replication experiments, so that the daughter strands could be distinguished from the parental strands.

A

Nitrogen

40
Q

During replication, the enzyme DNA uses energy from ATP to separate the two strands. This generates additional coiling ahead of the replication fork that is alleviated by another enzyme called DNA .

A

helicase and gyrase or ( topoisomerase)

41
Q

Assuming DNA replication had been conservative, Meselson and Stahl would have observed what bands in the centrifuge tube after one round of replication?

A

Two bands: one heavy and one light

42
Q

The enzyme responsible for covalently linking nucleotides together to form DNA strands is called DNA

A

polymerase

43
Q

During DNA replication, the parental DNA strand can also be called a(n) ______________ strand, because it is used for the synthesis of a daughter strand of DNA.
template

A

template

44
Q

Which enzyme is required to initiate DNA synthesis on a bare template strand?

A

Primase

45
Q

DNA replication proceeds outward from two___ , which are the sites where the template strands are unwound and new DNA is synthesized

A

replication forks

46
Q

Which are enzymatic features of DNA polymerase?

A
  • It can only synthesize DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction

* It is unable to begin DNA synthesis on a bare template strand

47
Q

helicase

A

causes DNA strand separation at the origin of replication

48
Q

topoisomerase

A

Choice, relieves coiling in DNA strands ahead of the replication forkrelieves coiling in DNA strands ahead of the replication fork

49
Q

single-strand binding protein

A

prevents the two DNA template strands from re-forming the double helix

50
Q

The enzyme DNA covalently links nucleotides to synthesize new DNA strands together during DNA replication.

A

polymerase

51
Q

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is TRUE?

A

The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in a series of small fragments that are later connected

52
Q

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is TRUE?

A

The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in a series of small fragments that are later connected

53
Q

The enzyme DNA
______,,is needed to begin DNA synthesis on a bare template strand. This enzyme makes a short segment of
____ called a primer that is complementary to a DNA sequence on the template strand.

A

Primase and RNA

54
Q

Once synthesis has begun, DNA can only be synthesized in a _______ directionv

A

5’ to 3’

55
Q

In order to fit into cells, DNA must be

A

compacted

56
Q

A nucleosome consists of a core of

A

eight histone proteins: two each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

57
Q

The 30-nm fiber is comprised of units organized into a more compact structure.

A

Nucleosome

58
Q

hich of the following helps explain the remarkably high fidelity for DNA replication?

A
  • The hydrogen bonding between AT and CG pairs is more stable than between mismatched pairs
  • DNA polymerase can identify and repair
    mismatched nucleotides
  • DNA polymerase is unlikely to catalyze bond formation between adjacent nucleotides if a mismatched base pair is formed
59
Q

Heterochromatin involves a tighter packing of loops as compared to

A

euchromatin

60
Q

Which enzyme is required to initiate DNA synthesis on a bare template strand?

A

Primase

61
Q

DNA must be compacted in order to

A

fit in cells

62
Q

When cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes become ______ to aid in proper alignment.

A

condensed

63
Q

A nucleosome is composed of ___ or ____ base pairs of DNA wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins called a histone octamer.

A

146 or 147

64
Q

Nucleosomes are organized into a more compact structure known as the ________ with the help of the histone protein __

A

30-nm fiber ; H1

65
Q

The difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin relates to the

A

compaction level of the molecule

66
Q

The enzyme DNA is needed to begin DNA synthesis on a bare template strand. This enzyme makes a short segment of called a primer that is complementary to a DNA sequence on the template strand.
Listen to the complete question

A

primase; RNA

67
Q

A metaphase chromosome is ______ a chromosome in a non-dividing cell.

A

more condensed than

Bio 190 (21 decks)

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