Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 190 > Ch 6 > Flashcards

Ch 6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Glycolysis involves the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into:

A

two molecules of pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Arrange the three phases of glycolysis in the correct order. Begin with the initial phase at the top of the list.

A
  • energy investment phase
  • Cleavages phase
  • Energy libration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The net products of glycolysis are

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH,
2 H+, 2 H2O,
2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

glycolysis is regulated primarily by the availability of substrates such as _______ and by the process of ______ inhibition

A

glucose; feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

After glucose is broken down into pyruvate by glycolysis, the pyruvate must be transported into the

A

mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

During glycolysis, one molecule of _______ is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, driving the synthesis of ATP.

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

During cellular respiration, acetyl-CoA is formed during a reaction that also removes ____

A

CO2 from pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The reactions of glycolysis can be grouped into three phases. Match each phase with the key biochemical event that occurs.

A

energy investment phase = ATP is hydrolyzed, and phosphate groups are attached to glucose

  • cleavage phase = 6-carbon molecule is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules
  • energy liberation phase = ATP and NADH are synthesized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The products of the breakdown of pyruvate are

A

acetyl CoA, CO2 and NADH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the following serve as REACTANTS in the net reaction of glycolysis?

A

2 NAD+
2 ADP2-
2 Pi2-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

During a(n) ___ cycle, some molecules enter a pathway, and others leave. Ultimately, some molecules are regenerated and can be used again.

A

metabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of the following factors regulate the rate of glycolysis?

A

Feedback inhibition

Availability of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the first reaction of the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetate, which contains ______ carbons, is combined with acetyl-CoA, which contains ______ carbons in its acetyl group, to produce citric acid, which contains ______ carbons.

A

4; 2; 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In order for cellular respiration to continue, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis must be transported into the

A

mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In order for cellular respiration to continue, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis must be transported into the

A

mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

A 
2 FADH2
 2 (ATP) GTP
4 CO2
2NADH + H+
2 CoA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When a carbon dioxide is removed from pyruvate, the product is a(n)

A

acetyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the products of the chemical reaction that breaks down pyruvate oxidation?

A

Acetyl-CoA
NADH
CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The first three stages of the oxidation of one molecule of glucose (glycolysis, pyruvate breakdown, and the citric acid cycle) produce:

A

6 CO2, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a metabolic cycle?

A

A series of reactions that regenerates organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

As a result of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, the carbons from acetyl CoA are released as:

A

CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, the molecules _____ and ____ are oxidized by the electron transport chain.

A

NADH and FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What reactants are required for the citric acid cycle?

A

FAD
GDP2-
NAD+
Acetyl-CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

During cellular respiration, acetyl-CoA is formed during a reaction that also

A

removes a CO2 from pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The structural components of the electron transport chain include:

A

protein complexes

small organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

For one molecule of glucose, the steps preceding oxidative phosphorylation produce a net total of ____ molecules of CO2, ___ molecules of ATP, ___ molecules of NADH, and ____ molecules of FADH2

A

6, 4, 10, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The electron transport chain involves a series of ______ reactions.

A

redox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

During a(n) cycle, some molecules enter a pathway, and others leave. Ultimately, some molecules are regenerated and can be used again.

A

citric acid or metabolic

29
Q

When electrons are transferred to oxygen in the final step of the electron transport chain, a molecule form ____

A

water

30
Q

What molecules become oxidized during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

FADH2

NADH

31
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the

A

inner mitochondrial membrane.

32
Q

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is:

A

oxygen

33
Q

A series of redox reactions make up the ____ transport chain.

A

electron

34
Q

As electrons travel through the electron transport chain, _____ are pumped across the cristae into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

A

protons

35
Q

In the last step of the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to oxygen. This results in the production of:

A

water

36
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced by the enzyme:

A

ATP synthase

37
Q

During chemiosmosis, energy stored in a proton gradient is

A

converted to chemical bond energy in ATP

38
Q

The yield of ATP per molecule of glucose is often lower than the maximum possible value because:

A
  • the H+ gradient is also used to transport pyruvate into the matrix
  • some of the NADH is used in other biochemical pathways
39
Q

During aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is

A

oxygen

40
Q

during the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis produces ________ ATP(net), citric acid cycle produces ___________, And oxidative phosphorylation produces between ___________ and ___________ ATP

A

2, 2, 30, and 34

41
Q

The enzymes of the electron transport chain use the energy released during the transfer of electrons to _________

A

pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane

42
Q

The second event in oxidative phosphorylation is the production of ATP by the enzyme ATP

A

synthase

43
Q

ATP synthase functions like a

A

rotary machine

44
Q

During chemiosmosis, the energy in the form of a proton gradient is converted to chemical potential energy in

A

ATP

45
Q

Amino acids can be broken down or modified so that they can enter:

A

glycolysis

the citric acid cycle

46
Q

Which of the following are reasons that the maximum amount of ATP may not always be produced through oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The mitochondrion may use some of the H+ gradient for other purposes.
Some NADH might be used to synthesize organic molecules.

47
Q

The breakdown of fatty acids results in the production of:

A

acetyl-CoA

48
Q

The majority of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration is during

A

oxidative phosphorylation

49
Q

What type of motion is coupled to the synthesis of ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase?

A

Spinning

50
Q

Which term is used to describe an environment that lacks oxygen?

A

Anaerobic

51
Q

True or false: Amino acids can be used for cellular respiration only after they are converted to glucose.

A

False

52
Q

Fatty acids can be broken down to acetyl groups, which bind to CoA and enter the ____ ____ _____

A

citric acid cycle

53
Q

two types of metabolic pathways that enable organisms to metabolize organic molecules in the absence of _____ are anaerobic respiration and fermentation

A

oxygen

54
Q

Some species of bacteria that live in _________ conditions have evolved specialized enzymes that work like cytochrome c to pass electrons to molecules other than O2

A

anaerobic

55
Q

An environment where oxygen is absent is termed

A

anaerobic

56
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding the generation of an electrochemical gradient during the conversion of nitrate to nitrite when nitrate serves as a final electron acceptor?

A
  • NADH dehydrogenase pumps H+ out of the cytoplasm.
  • Ubiquinone picks up H+ in the cytoplasm and carries it to the other side of the membrane.
  • The reduction of nitrate to nitrite consumes H+ in the cytoplasm.
57
Q

Organisms that can use only oxygen as a final electron acceptor can generate ATP via ___ during anaerobic conditions.

A

glycolysis

58
Q

Which of the following mechanisms have evolved to allow the metabolism of organic molecules in the absence of oxygen?

A

Anaerobic respiration

Fermentation

59
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, high levels of ______ may cause the production of free radicals.

A

NADH

60
Q

Bacterial species that live in anaerobic conditions can carry out anaerobic respiration using an electron transport chain that donates electrons to a molecule other than

A

O2 or oxygen

61
Q

Muscle cells overcome the buildup of NADH and decrease of NAD+ under anaerobic conditions by

A

reducing pyruvate to lactate

62
Q

In E. coli, under anaerobic conditions, the production of a proton gradient is coupled to:

A

the reduction of nitrate to nitrite

63
Q

If an organism can use only O2 as a final electron acceptor, can it generate ATP under anaerobic conditions?

A

Yes, it can generate ATP through glycolysis.

64
Q

What problem results from the buildup of NADH and decrease of NAD+ under anaerobic conditions?

A

High concentrations of NADH can lead to the release of free radicals, which can damage DNA and proteins.

65
Q

What molecule is produced during fermentation in muscle cells?

A

Lactate

66
Q

Yeast cells can metabolize sugar under anaerobic conditions by breaking down pyruvate. Which of these are the end products of fermentation in yeast?

A

Ethanol
NAD+
CO2

67
Q

What organic molecules can be produced during fermentation reactions?

A

Ethanol

Lactate

68
Q

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to lactate or ethanol yield

A

2

Bio 190 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions