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Bio 190 > ch 4 Evolutionary origin > Flashcards

ch 4 Evolutionary origin Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is an organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell’s genetic material

A

nucleus

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2
Q

The endomembrane system consists of which of the following?

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Golgi apparatus
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3
Q

The disconnected organelles of the endomembrane system pass materials to each other via

A
  • vesicles
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4
Q

Which of these statements isnota part of the cell theory?

A

All cells are replaced.

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5
Q

The interaction of which of the following macromolecules plays an important role in the formation of living cells?

A

RNA
DNA
proteins

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6
Q

list the origin of life in proper order first to last

A
  • nucleotides and amino acids produced prior to the existence of cells
  • nucleotide become polymerized to form RNA and DNA and amino acids became polymerized to form proteins
  • Polymer became enclosed in membrane
  • polymer enclosed in membranes acquire cellular properties
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7
Q

Head/Hinge/Tails cell

A
  • HEAD: site where ATP binds and is hydrolyzed
  • Hinge: site that bends in response to ATP binding and hydrolysis
  • Tail:Region that is attached to other proteins or to other molecules
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8
Q

Deep-sea Vent hypothesis

A

Extreme temps, metal ion and H2S and NH3 interact leading to organic molecules

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9
Q

Extraterrestrial Hypothesis

A

Organic molecules travel to earth from meterotires

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10
Q

Reducing Atmosphere Hyptohesisi

A

Water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane and ammonia interact in the absence of oxygen to produce organic molecules

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11
Q

Which macromolecule forms the foundation for the structure and activities of living cells

A

Protein

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12
Q

In addition to chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, iron, and ammonia, deep-sea vents are also a source of ______, which may have been important for producing organic molecules

A

heat

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13
Q

The work of Miller and Urey demonstrated the synthesis of

A

precursors to organic molecules.

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14
Q

what may have formed in the temperature gradient between the extremely hot deep-sea vent water and the cold water that surrounds the vent?

A

organic molecules

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15
Q

The three key functions of RNA are its ability to ________ info in its nucleotide sequence, its capacity for _________, and its ability to perform a variety of _________ functions

A
  • Store;
  • Self-Replication
  • Catalytic
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16
Q

Which of the following were formed during the second stage in the origin of life?

A

Complex organic polymers

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17
Q

Chemical evolution occurs when:

A

a population of molecules changes over time to have different chemical composition

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18
Q

Which of the following is true of protobionts?

A

Not capable of precise self-reproduction

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19
Q

The RNA world is a hypothetical period on Earth when RNA molecules performed what functions

A
  • genetic information

- enzymatic catalysis

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20
Q

What are key functions of RNA?

A

The ability to store information in its nucleotide sequence
The capacity for self-replication
The ability to function as ribozymes

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21
Q

the complete set of genetic material present in a cell or organism is____

A

genome

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22
Q

In the concept of the _________, scientists envision that RNA served to both carry the genetic information and perform catalytic functions needed for life

A

RNA world

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23
Q

What is the advantage of using DNA as a molecule that stores information for the synthesis of RNA molecules

A
  • RNA could enhance its other functions
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24
Q

Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes because they lack a membrane-enclosed _____, which houses the DNA.

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

a ___ is defined as the entire complement of an organism’s genetic material

A

genome

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26
Q

What do prokaryotes lack

A

Nucleus

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27
Q

Which of the following is an example of a droplet organelle?

A

Nucleolus

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28
Q

Is it possible for cells from the same multicellular organism to have different proteomes?

A

Yes, because cells produce different proteins.

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29
Q

What best explains why most cells are small?

A

Cells must be small to be able to take up nutrients efficiently.

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30
Q

Metabolism

A
  • the sum of the chemical reactions by which cells produce the materials that utilize the energy that are necessary to sustain life
  • involves a series of steps called metabolic pathway
  • each step in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
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31
Q

Explain how different cells in the same organism can produce different proteomes.

A
  • Two different cell types may produce different amounts of the same protein.
  • There may be differential gene regulation and alternative splicing.
  • Different cell types may alter their proteins in different ways.
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32
Q

Most cells are small because the ability to exchange nutrients and wastes is limited by the:

A

surface area

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33
Q

is the region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the membrane-bound organelles but inside the plasma membrane.

A

cytosol

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34
Q

What term describes the chemical processes that occur within living cells in order to maintain

A

Metabolism

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35
Q

Microtubules are cytoskeletal structures composed of the protein

A

tubulin

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36
Q

An _____ filament has a staggered alignment of different proteins such as keratin and lamin and may be found in such places as skin and kidney cells.

A

Intermediate

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37
Q

A(n) ______ filament has two intertwined strands of protein and is often found near the plasma membrane anchored to other proteins.

A

actin

38
Q

long, hollow, cylindrical structures about 25nm in diameter composed of subunits called alpha and beta protein tubulin. important for cell shape and organization; organelles such as the golgi apparatus are often attached to this filament

A

Microtubules

39
Q

Which of the following eukaryotic appendages function via bending movements?

A

Both cilia and flagella

40
Q

which of these statements best describes actin filaments?

A

a spiral of two intertwined strands of protein

41
Q

which of these statements best describes intermediate filaments

A

twisted filament that can be composed of keratin or lamin

42
Q

The arrangement of microtubules in eukaryotic cilia and flagella made from a circle of microtubule pairs and two central microtubules is referred to as the ______ structure.

A

9+2

43
Q

In eukaryotic cells, cilia are typically ______ than flagella.

A
  • shorter and more numerous
44
Q

in eukaryotic cilia and flagella is ____ made from 9 doublets and two central singlets.

A

microtubules

45
Q

The association of DNA and proteins in a non-dividing eukaryotic cell is called____

A

chromatin

46
Q

The _________ system forms a secretory pathway that allows for the movement of larger molecules of the cell.

A

endomembrane

47
Q

Along the disconnected organelles of the secretory pathway that comprise the endomembrane system _______ pass(es) materials

A

vesicles

48
Q

The flattened, fluid-filled tubules that make up the endoplasmic reticulum are called

A

cisternae

49
Q

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Insertion of membrane proteins
  • Protein sorting
  • Glycosylation of proteins and lipids
50
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins in a eukaryotic cell is referred to as

A

Chromatin

51
Q

What organelle synthesizes lipids, stores calcium ions, and detoxifies harmful organic molecules?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

52
Q

Where does the assembly of ribosome subunits occur?

A

Nucleolus

53
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

A stack of flattened membranes, each enclosing a single compartment

54
Q

the Golgi apparatus sorts and processes proteins, then packages them into secretory ________ that fuse with the plasma membrane.

A
  • vesicles
55
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes that formed flattened tubules called:

A

cisternae

56
Q

Lysosomes contain enzymes called acid

A

hydrolases

57
Q

What organelle holds membrane proteins as they are being synthesized, glycosylates proteins and lipids, and plays a role in protein sorting?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

Specialized compartments that function in storage, regulation of cell volume, and degradation are called:

A

vacuoles

59
Q

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Detoxification of harmful organic molecules
  • Synthesis and modification of lipids
  • Storage of calcium ions
60
Q

What is the primary function of peroxisomes?

A

Synthesis and breakdown of organic molecules

61
Q

The _________ apparatus consists of a stack of flattened membranes, each enclosing a single compartment

A

Golgi

62
Q

Which of the following are considered semiautonomous organelles?

A
  • Mitochondria

- Chloroplasts

63
Q

The functions of the Golgi apparatus include:

A
  • protein sorting
  • secretion
  • processing of proteins and lipids
64
Q

Lysosomes contain a variety of acid hydrolyses that are able to break down:

A
  • nucleic acids
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
65
Q

The functions of vacuoles include:

A
  • storage
  • regulation of cell volume
  • degradation of macromolecules
66
Q

the ______ are cellular organelles, which use chemical energy stored within the covalent bonds of organic molecules to produce ATP

A
  • Mitochondria
67
Q

in mammals, large numbers of __________ are found in liver cells, where toxic molecules accumulate and are broken down.

A

peroxisomes

68
Q

The function of a chloroplast is to capture the light energy necessary for the synthesis of which of the following organic molecules in the process of photosynthesis _____

A

Glucose

69
Q

Which of the following genomes are typically composed of a singular circular chromosome?

A
  • mitochondrial genome
  • bacterial genome
  • chloroplast genome
70
Q

The primary function of mitochondria is the synthesisof ___

A

ATP

71
Q

In order for proteins made in the cytosol to be directed to the appropriate organelle, they must have the proper_______ signal within their amino acid sequence

A

sorting

72
Q

In plants, photosynthesis occurs in semiautonomous organelles called ___

A

chloroplasts

73
Q

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of two major macromolecules. These are

A

proteins and polysaccharides.

74
Q

What are the functions of the extracellular matrix in animals:

A
  • provides strength
  • participates in cell signaling
  • provides structural support
  • organizes cells and binds body parts together
75
Q

The genomes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are most similar to:

A

a bacterial chromosome

76
Q

the _____________ theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell.

A

endosymbiosis

77
Q

What macromolecules found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide strength and elasticity?

A

Proteins

78
Q

True or false: In eukaryotic cells, the proteins synthesized in the cytosol and which function in the organelles, must be directed to the correct cellular location with proper signals located in their amino acid sequence.

A

True

79
Q

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans form a gel-like component in the extracellular matrix because their negative charges attract:

A

water

80
Q

The most abundant macromolecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are

A

proteins and sugars

81
Q

In animal cells, what provides strength and structural support for the cell and also plays a role in cell signaling?

A
  • extracellular matrix
82
Q

What molecule is found in the secondary cell wall but NOT the primary cell wall?

A

Lignin

83
Q

Which of the following genomes are typically composed of a singular circular chromosome?

A
  • bacterial genome
  • chloroplast genome
  • mitochondrial genome
84
Q

True or false: The extracellular matrix of animals tends to be thicker, stronger, and more rigid than the cell walls of plants.

A

False

85
Q

What is the function of structural proteins found in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

impart tensile strength and elasticity

86
Q

What are the functions of the plant cell wall?

A
  • It prevents cells from bursting when water enters them.
  • It maintains cell shape.
  • It provides mechanical support.
  • It helps to determine the direction of cell growth.
87
Q

How do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) protect cells from compression?

A

Their negative charge allows them to attract water, giving the extracellular matrix a gel-like quality.

88
Q

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of two major macromolecules. These are

A

proteins and polysaccharides.

89
Q

Which of the following are found in bacteria, animal cells AND plant cells?

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Plasma membrane
90
Q

True or false: The secondary cell wall structure is relatively similar in nearly all cell types and species, whereas the structure of the primary cell wall is more variable.

A

False

91
Q

Although they both provide tensile strength and resistance to compression, the extracellular martix of animals and cell walls of plants differ because the cell walls of plants

A
  • are more rigid
  • are able to prevent osmotic lysis
  • are thicker
92
Q

What are the four interacting parts of a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • cytosol
  • endomembrane system
  • nucleus
  • semiautonomous organelles

Bio 190 (21 decks)

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