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Bio 190 > CH 12 > Flashcards

CH 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

The process in which the information in a gene is made into a functional gene product, such as an RNA molecule or a protein, is termed gene

A

expression

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2
Q

What are two major benefits of gene regulation?

A

Expression of genes at appropriate times

The conservation of energy

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3
Q

How can gene regulation conserve energy?

A

Proteins that metabolize molecules such as small sugars are produced only when those sugars are available in the environment.

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4
Q

Different cell types, such as skin cells and nerve cells, have different morphologies because ___________ are expressed and regulated in different ways in different cells.

A

genes

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5
Q

During mammalian development

A

different globin genes are expressed at different developmental stages

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6
Q

The production of the functional product of a gene is called

A

gene expression.

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7
Q

Most _ in all species are regulated so the proteins they specify are produced at appropriate times and in specific amounts.

A

gene

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8
Q

Regulation of prokaryotic gene expression typically involves all of the following mechanisms except

A

regulation of RNA processing

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9
Q

Living organisms benefit from gene regulation because it conserves energy; _____ that are encoded by genes will be produced only when they are______

A

Proteins; necessary

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10
Q

The morphologies of different cell types, such as skin cells and nerve cells, is strikingly different. This is due to the fact that the cells:

A

express different genes

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11
Q

Control of gene expression takes place at what levels in eukaryotes? Select all that apply.

A

Post-translation
Transcription
Processing of mRNA
Translation

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12
Q

Which of the following is an example of developmental gene regulation in mammals?

A

Different globin genes are expressed in the embryo, fetus, and adult.

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13
Q

Regulatory transcription factors influence the expression of genes by binding directly to DNA at or near the _____ site of a gene

A

promoter

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14
Q

The process in which the information in a gene is made into a functional gene product, such as an RNA molecule or a protein, is termed gene

A

expression

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15
Q

Match each mechanism for the regulation of gene expression with the proper description.

(a) Negative control
(b) Positive control
(c) Induction
(d) Repression

A

(a) A repressor protein binds to DNA and blocks transcription
(b) An activator protein binds to DNA and activates transcription
(c) A small effector molecules activates transcription
(d) A small effector molecules prevents transcription

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16
Q

At what levels does gene regulation occur in prokaryotes?

A

Post-translation
Transcription
Translation

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17
Q

What are small effector molecules?

A

Molecules that bind to transcription factors and change their conformation

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18
Q

What are regulatory transcription factors?

A

Proteins that bind to DNA and affect the transcription of one or more genes

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19
Q

A(n) ______________ is a cluster of genes that are part of a single transcription unit that is under the control of a single promoter.

A

Operon

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20
Q

Repressors are regulatory transcription ____.

A

factors
negative
activators
positive

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21
Q

Regulation of prokaryotic gene expression typically involves all of the following mechanisms except

A

regulation of RNA processing

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22
Q

Operons enable bacteria to

A

coordinate the regulation of genes with related functions

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23
Q

small effector molecules bind to regulatory _____ factors and cause conformational changes that influence their ability to bind to DNA

A

transcription

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24
Q

What are the basic components of the lac operon?

A

promoter
lacA
lacY
lacZ

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25
Q

What is an operon?

A

A cluster of genes under the transcriptional control of a single promoter

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26
Q

The lacO site of the lac operon is called the _____ and is the site where the repressor protein binds.

A

Operator

27
Q

How does the presence of lactose in the cell influence the transcription of the lac operon?

A

When lactose is present, transcription of the lac operon is high.

When lactose is present, the lac repressor protein does not bind to the operator site and transcription can occur.

28
Q

What is the CAP site for the lac operon?

A

The sequence of nucleotides that is recognized by an activator protein

29
Q

What is the advantage of operon organization in bacteria?

A

Bacteria can coordinate the expression of multiple genes in the same biological pathway.

30
Q

In the lac operon, the _______ is the DNA sequence at which the lac repressor binds.

A

operator

31
Q

The lac repressor protein prevents the enzyme (1)_____ (2)_____ from transcribing the genes in the lac operon.

A

RNA polymerase

32
Q

An activator protein recognizes the ______ of the lac operon.

A

CAP site

33
Q

The lac operon is also under positive control by an activator protein called what?

A

CAP

34
Q

When _____ binds to CAP, the resulting complex binds to the CAP site near the lac _____. This causes a bend in the DNA that enhances the ability of RNA polymerase to bind, and so the transcription rate is increased

A

cAMP; promoter

35
Q

Under what conditions does the lac repressor bind to the operator of the lac operon and prevent transcription?

A

When the concentration of lactose is low in the cell

36
Q

Which of the following factors help to increase transcription levels in eukaryotes?

A
  • Binding of an activator protein to DNA

* Loosening of chromatin structure

37
Q

What are the two components of the core promoter?

A

TATA box

transcriptional start site

38
Q

The transcription of the lac operon genes is inhibited when the lac repressor protein binds to

A

the lac operator

39
Q

Which of the following describe the TATA box?

A
  • The TATA box is a sequence upstream of the transcriptional start site.
  • The TATA box determines the precise starting point for transcription.
40
Q

The catabolite activator protein (CAP) is involved in ______ control of the lac operon.

A

positive

41
Q

Which of the following elements are DNA sequences that regulate gene transcription? Select all that apply.

A

enhancers

silencers

42
Q

How do CAP and cAMP increase the transcription of the lac operon?

A

When CAP and cAMP bind to the CAP site, this enhances binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter site

43
Q

In order to initiate transcription, RNA polymerase II must associate with proteins known as ______ ___ _____ at the TATA box of the core promoter.

A

general transcription factors

44
Q

Proteins that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to change the locations and compositions of nucleosomes are called ATP____________-_______________dependent - complexes.

A

Chromatin-remodeling

45
Q

An activator can affect the function of a GTF by

A

recruiting the GTF to the TATA box

46
Q

The acetylation of _______ proteins can loosen chromatin packing

A

histone

47
Q

A nucleosome-free region (NFR) is

A

a site on a chromosome that is missing nucleosomes

48
Q

Which of the following elements are DNA sequences that regulate gene transcription? Select all that apply.

A

enhancers

silencers

49
Q

True or false: Repressors can prevent TFIID from binding to the TATA box.

A

True

50
Q

During transcription, evicted histones are then reassembled by _______ proteins and placed back on the DNA behind the moving RNA polymerase II. These histones may be _______ so they bind more tightly to the DNA.

A

chaperone ; deacetylated

51
Q

What is the function of chromatin-remodeling complexes?

A

They cause a change in the locations and/or compositions of nucleosomes

52
Q

Which of the following statements about histone acetylation is TRUE?

A

Acetylated histone proteins do not bind as tightly to the DNA, which aids in transcription.

53
Q

True or false: Methylation of DNA near the promoter a eukaryotic gene activates transcription of the gene.

A

False

54
Q

Many eukaryotic genes are flanked by a nucleosome- , which is a site that is missing nucleosomes.

A

free region

55
Q

Which of the following is a form of gene regulation in which a eukaryotic pre-mRNA can be processed to produce more than one mature RNA?

A

Alternative splicing

56
Q

When iron levels are low, the iron regulatory protein:

A

binds to the iron regulatory element and blocks translation of ferritin

57
Q

The binding of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II to the core promoter is facilitated by the actions of -remodeling complexes and -modifying enzymes. This allows the formation of a preinitiation complex.

A

Chromatin

histone

58
Q

The protein IRP binds to a site within the ferritin mRNA known as the

A

Iron regulatory element

59
Q

Proteins that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to change the locations and compositions of nucleosomes are called ATP-dependent

A

Chromatin - remodeling complexes

60
Q

In eukaryotes, DNA methylation usually

A

inhibits

61
Q

The process whereby different transcripts are made from a single gene is called

A

alternative splicing

62
Q

When the IRP is bound to ______, translation is blocked; when the IRP is bound to ______, translation proceeds.

A

IRE; iron

63
Q

The mRNA encoding ferritin is controlled by an RNA-binding protein called the

A

iron regulatory protein

Bio 190 (21 decks)

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