EX1- Leys

Question 1

DNA that enters a bacterial cell can be _____, ____, or _____

Answer 1

• Degraded
• Integrated into the host chromosome
• Integrated into a plasmid (extrachromosomal element)

Question 2

_______ are used by bacteria to degrade foreign DNA

Answer 2

Restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes)

Question 3

______ is the uptake of naked DNA by “complement cells.”

Answer 3

Transformation

Question 4

_____ is the transfer of DNA between bacteria through a virus

Answer 4

Transduction

Question 5

______ is the transfer of DNA through cell to cell contact using a sex pilus

Answer 5

Conjugation

Question 6

Mutations in DNA can cause _________

Answer 6

antibiotic resistance

Question 7

______ can be the result of base changes, deletions, insertions,duplications, or rearrrangements

Answer 7

Mutations

Question 8

What type of mutation is less likely to cause antibiotic resistance?

Answer 8

Deletions

Question 9

Different bacteria occupy different _________ in the oral cavity

Answer 9

environmental niches

Question 10

Subgingival bacteria are generally _________

Answer 10

proteolitic

Question 11

Supragingival bacteria are generally _______

Answer 11

saccrolitic

Question 12

What factors promote colonization in the oral cavity?

Answer 12

• adherence properties
• synergistic bacteria
• nutritional substrates
• temperature
• moisture content

Question 13

What are the factors that inhibit colonization in the oral cavity?

Answer 13

• antimicrobial properties of saliva
• mechanical shearing
• antagonistic bacteria

Question 14

There are _____ bacterial species that are associated with periodontitis, while ____ species are associated with periodontal health

Answer 14

many, fewer

Question 15

Shifts in microbial composition occur in _____, however no bacterium is found in all patients with ______ and never found in healthy subjects

Answer 15

periodontitis

Question 16

The tissue destruction that occurs during periodontitis is mainly the result of a _______

Answer 16

host response

Question 17

There is a small shift from gram _____ to gram ____ during periodontitis

Answer 17

positive, negative

Question 18

The complexity of the microbial community ______ during periodontal disease

Answer 18

increases

Question 19

There is a slight shift to more _______ bacteria in periodontitis

Answer 19

uncultivated

Question 20

Microbial diversity _____ in caries

Answer 20

declines

Question 21

There is a progression of ________ as caries progresses

Answer 21

dominant species

Question 22

Each location in the oral cavity has its own associated microbial composition, however there is _______

Answer 22

overlap of species

Question 23

What are the 3 methods for the introduction of DNA into bacteria?

Answer 23

• Transformation
• Transduction
• Conjugation