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Microbio Ex 1 > EX 1- Bailey- Intro > Flashcards

EX 1- Bailey- Intro Flashcards

1
Q

_____ infections are the most common reason individuals seek treatment from an infectious disease

A

Oral

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2
Q

An _____ is an invasion of the body by a microbe (ie bacterium, virus, fungus or parasite) that causes damage directly or indirectly

A

infection

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3
Q

What are the six steps in the infectious disease process?

A
  1. Encounter
  2. Entry
  3. Colonization and/or invasion
  4. Multiplication and/or spread
  5. Damage
  6. Outcome
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4
Q

Does having an encounter mean that there is an infection?

A

No

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5
Q

The first line of defense against invading organisms is the _____

A

skin (innate immunity)

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6
Q

Pathogens must enter into the ____ in order to establish infection

A

body (this does not include pathogens that affect the GI, respiratory, or reproductive tracts bc are technically outside the body)

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7
Q

Pathogens must first _____ a surface before causing disease

A

colonize

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8
Q

What are the two types of pathogen adherence?

A
  1. Nonspecific Adherence

2. Specific Adherence

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9
Q

Which type of adherence is reversible and includes docking; Brownian movement (random interactions), electrostatic attractions, interactions w/ glycocalyx or extracellular matrices?

A

Nonspecific adherence

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10
Q

Which type of adherence is irreversible and anchored using adhesins?

A

Specific adherence

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11
Q

___ are substances on the surface of microbes that are involved with adherence to host tissue

A

Adhesins

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12
Q

____ are often found on fimbrae (pili) but can be found in capsules or cell surface

A

Adhesins

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13
Q

To colonize, the pathogen must be ____for growth in a given_______

A
  • adapted

- niche

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14
Q

What are the three ways that bacteria “take-up” nutrients?

A
  1. Carrier-mediated diffusion
  2. Phosphorylation-linked transport (group translocation)
  3. Active transport (energy dependent)
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15
Q

Some pathogens only colonize, but most must ____

A

invade

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16
Q

Way of bacteria taking up nutrients in which phosphorylation occurs after it is inside?

A

Carrier mediated diffusion

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17
Q

Way of bacteria taking up nutrients in which phosphorylation happens as it is being transported?

A

Phosphorylation linked transport

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18
Q

To invade, pathogens must have specific ________ that allow them to invade the host

A

virulence factors (Invasins)

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19
Q

_____ of the microbes is important for disease progression and often occurs with _____

A
  • spread

- multiplication

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20
Q

What are the two mechanisms of spread?

A
  • Multiply then spread

- Spread then multiply

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21
Q

Mechanism of spread that involves microbes multiplying then spreading?

A

-lateral propagation to contiguous tissues

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22
Q

Mechanism of spread that involves microbes spreading then multiplying?

A

Dissemination to distant sites

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23
Q

Disease symptoms are often dependent upon pathogen _____

A

density (pathogen load)

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of host response to an infection?

A
  • phagocytes

- cytotoxic T cell activity

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25
Q

_______ recognize host cells infected w/ virus and induces apoptosis to stop spread

A

cytotoxic T cell activity

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of infectious organisms that can cause damage to the host?

A
  • Lytic viral infections
  • Invasins- damage tissue
  • Toxin producing microbes
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27
Q

____ can only replicate in host cells, need host cell machinery

A

viruses

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of toxins?

A
  1. Endotoxins

2. Exotoxins

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29
Q

Type of toxin that is found on the surface of the microbe and is a component of the cell wall known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

endotoxin

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30
Q

Type of toxin that are soluble substances secreted into host tissues

A

Exotoxins

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31
Q

Type of exotoxin that lyse cells

A

cytotoxins

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32
Q

Type of exotoxin that affects intestinal cells

A

Enterotoxin

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33
Q

Type of exotoxin that affects neurons

A

Neurotoxins

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34
Q

The body contains approx. ____ as many microbes as host cells

A

10X

35
Q

All surfaces contain a normal _____ (or microbiota)

A

microbial flora

  • beneficial to host
  • coexist w/out causing harm
36
Q

What 2 places does the body safely harbor bacteria?

A
  • GI tract

- Mouth

37
Q

What are the 4 requirements that make a microbe a pathogen?

A
  • Adhere to host
  • Colonize the host
  • Replicate w/in given niche
  • Cause damage (invasion, produce toxin, activate immune system)
38
Q

No microorganism is intrinsically ___ or ____

A
  • benign

- pathogenic

39
Q

Do bacterial cells or eukaryotes have microtubules?

A

Eukaryotes- give cell structure so doesn’t lyse w/ diff in pressure

40
Q

This type of bacteria must have oxygen to grow

A

strict aerobe

41
Q

This type of bacteria cannot tolerate oxygen

A

obligate anaerobe

42
Q

This type of bacteria can grow with or without oxygen (most medically important bacteria)

A

facultative anaerobe

43
Q

Type of microbe that can grow w/ limited nutrients

A

oligotrophs

44
Q

Type of microbe that requires some oxygen but lower levels of oxygen

A

microaerophiles

45
Q

Type of microbe that grows well in mild temps (body temps 15 to 45 degrees C)

A

mesophiles

46
Q

Another term for murein

A

peptidoglycan

47
Q

In murein, cross linked peptide bonds occur between?

A

N- acetylmuramic acid

48
Q

The structure of murein is alternating repeating _____ and ____

A
  • NAGs (N-acetylglucosamine)

- NAMs (N-acetylmuramic acid)

49
Q

____ only found in gram negative bacteria

A

LPS

50
Q

___ ___ is only found in gram positive bacteria

A

Techoic Acid (repeated units of ribotol or glycerol)

51
Q

____ ___ is techoic acid that is bound to lipids (embedded in membrane)

A

Lipoteichoic acid

52
Q

This type of bacteria has thick cell wall (murein = peptidoglycan) w/ L-lys-(gly)s-D ala side chain

A

Gram positive (stains for peptidogylcan)

53
Q

This type of bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglyan sandwiched btw 2 lipid layers , LPS on outside of cell

A

Gram negative ( stain cannot penetrate inside to stain)

54
Q

What are the three components of LPS?

A
  1. Lipid A
  2. Polysaccharide Core
  3. O- antigen
55
Q

Part of LPS that is fatty acids attached to a phosphorylated disaccharide

A

Lipid A ( sim. in all gram neg bacteria)

56
Q

Part of LPS that is very similar btw gram - bacteria but has sugars that are unique to bacteria

A

Polysaccharide Core

57
Q

Part of LPS that is highly variable repeating sugar units and is the main reason for the different antigenic specificities among gram neg bacteria

A

O-antigen

58
Q

Lipopolysaccharide = _____ = _____

A
  • LPS

- endotoxin

59
Q

LPS and techoic acid are examples of ___ ___ ___ __

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

60
Q

Cells of the immune system can recognize PAMPs using ___ ___ __

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

61
Q

toll- like receptor ____ recognizes LPS

A

4

62
Q

toll like receptor ___ recognizes peptidoglycan

A

2

63
Q

Toll like receptor __ and __ together recognize techoic acids (gram pos. bacteria)

A

2;6

64
Q

Involved in the attachment of bacteria to cells and other surfaces

A

pili (fimbriae)

65
Q

Specialized proteins that are more specifically developed for adherence

A

adhesins (tip of fimbriae)

66
Q

Specialized fimbriae that link a donor cell to a recipient cell during transfer of DNA

A

sex pili

67
Q

Surface structures used for locomotion. They cause movement when they rotate counterclockwise and tumbling when they rotate clockwise

A

flagella

68
Q

A bacteria that has one flagella at one pole

A

monotrichous

69
Q

A bacteria that has several flagella at one pole

A

lophotricious

70
Q

A bacteria that is highly motile and has flagella everywhere

A

peritrichous

71
Q

Movement caused by flagella can be _____ or ____

A
  • random

- directed

72
Q

When movement caused by flagella is directed

A

Taxis

73
Q

Bacteria with flagella are referred to as _____

A

motile

74
Q

____ can be directed toward something good or away from something bad

A

Taxis

75
Q

Taxis toward or away from chemoattractant

A

Chemotaxis

76
Q

Taxis toward or away from oxygen

A

Aerotaxis

77
Q

Taxis towards or away from osmotic pressure environment

A

Osmotaxis

78
Q

Taxis toward or away from suitable temperature environment

A

thermotaxis

79
Q

A glycocalyx surrounds a cell that is either well organized/firmly attached ______ or is is not well organized/ nor firmly attached ______

A
  • capsule

- Slime layer

80
Q

Why would capsules be beneficial to pathogens?

A
  • for some bacteria is virulence factor
  • protects microbe from immune system
  • large capsules cannot be engulfed by phagocytes
81
Q

Can the immune system recognize any bacterium that has a capsule?

A

Yes

82
Q

Toll like receptor ___ can recognize flagella

A

5

83
Q

What happens when the immune system recognizes a microbe?

A

phagocytosis + elimination

- produce compounds to degrade microbes + cytokines which turn on other parts of immune system

Microbio Ex 1 (18 decks)

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