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Microbio Ex 1 > EX 1- Bailey- Intro > Flashcards

EX 1- Bailey- Intro Flashcards

1
Q

_____ infections are the most common reason individuals seek treatment from an infectious disease

A

Oral

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2
Q

An _____ is an invasion of the body by a microbe (ie bacterium, virus, fungus or parasite) that causes damage directly or indirectly

A

infection

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3
Q

What are the six steps in the infectious disease process?

A
  1. Encounter
  2. Entry
  3. Colonization and/or invasion
  4. Multiplication and/or spread
  5. Damage
  6. Outcome
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4
Q

Does having an encounter mean that there is an infection?

A

No

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5
Q

The first line of defense against invading organisms is the _____

A

skin (innate immunity)

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6
Q

Pathogens must enter into the ____ in order to establish infection

A

body (this does not include pathogens that affect the GI, respiratory, or reproductive tracts bc are technically outside the body)

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7
Q

Pathogens must first _____ a surface before causing disease

A

colonize

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8
Q

What are the two types of pathogen adherence?

A
  1. Nonspecific Adherence

2. Specific Adherence

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9
Q

Which type of adherence is reversible and includes docking; Brownian movement (random interactions), electrostatic attractions, interactions w/ glycocalyx or extracellular matrices?

A

Nonspecific adherence

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10
Q

Which type of adherence is irreversible and anchored using adhesins?

A

Specific adherence

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11
Q

___ are substances on the surface of microbes that are involved with adherence to host tissue

A

Adhesins

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12
Q

____ are often found on fimbrae (pili) but can be found in capsules or cell surface

A

Adhesins

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13
Q

To colonize, the pathogen must be ____for growth in a given_______

A
  • adapted

- niche

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14
Q

What are the three ways that bacteria “take-up” nutrients?

A
  1. Carrier-mediated diffusion
  2. Phosphorylation-linked transport (group translocation)
  3. Active transport (energy dependent)
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15
Q

Some pathogens only colonize, but most must ____

A

invade

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16
Q

Way of bacteria taking up nutrients in which phosphorylation occurs after it is inside?

A

Carrier mediated diffusion

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17
Q

Way of bacteria taking up nutrients in which phosphorylation happens as it is being transported?

A

Phosphorylation linked transport

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18
Q

To invade, pathogens must have specific ________ that allow them to invade the host

A

virulence factors (Invasins)

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19
Q

_____ of the microbes is important for disease progression and often occurs with _____

A
  • spread

- multiplication

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20
Q

What are the two mechanisms of spread?

A
  • Multiply then spread

- Spread then multiply

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21
Q

Mechanism of spread that involves microbes multiplying then spreading?

A

-lateral propagation to contiguous tissues

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22
Q

Mechanism of spread that involves microbes spreading then multiplying?

A

Dissemination to distant sites

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23
Q

Disease symptoms are often dependent upon pathogen _____

A

density (pathogen load)

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of host response to an infection?

A
  • phagocytes

- cytotoxic T cell activity

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25
_______ recognize host cells infected w/ virus and induces apoptosis to stop spread
cytotoxic T cell activity
26
What are the 3 types of infectious organisms that can cause damage to the host?
- Lytic viral infections - Invasins- damage tissue - Toxin producing microbes
27
____ can only replicate in host cells, need host cell machinery
viruses
28
What are the 2 types of toxins?
1. Endotoxins | 2. Exotoxins
29
Type of toxin that is found on the surface of the microbe and is a component of the cell wall known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
endotoxin
30
Type of toxin that are soluble substances secreted into host tissues
Exotoxins
31
Type of exotoxin that lyse cells
cytotoxins
32
Type of exotoxin that affects intestinal cells
Enterotoxin
33
Type of exotoxin that affects neurons
Neurotoxins
34
The body contains approx. ____ as many microbes as host cells
10X
35
All surfaces contain a normal _____ (or microbiota)
microbial flora - beneficial to host - coexist w/out causing harm
36
What 2 places does the body safely harbor bacteria?
- GI tract | - Mouth
37
What are the 4 requirements that make a microbe a pathogen?
- Adhere to host - Colonize the host - Replicate w/in given niche - Cause damage (invasion, produce toxin, activate immune system)
38
No microorganism is intrinsically ___ or ____
- benign | - pathogenic
39
Do bacterial cells or eukaryotes have microtubules?
Eukaryotes- give cell structure so doesn't lyse w/ diff in pressure
40
This type of bacteria must have oxygen to grow
strict aerobe
41
This type of bacteria cannot tolerate oxygen
obligate anaerobe
42
This type of bacteria can grow with or without oxygen (most medically important bacteria)
facultative anaerobe
43
Type of microbe that can grow w/ limited nutrients
oligotrophs
44
Type of microbe that requires some oxygen but lower levels of oxygen
microaerophiles
45
Type of microbe that grows well in mild temps (body temps 15 to 45 degrees C)
mesophiles
46
Another term for murein
peptidoglycan
47
In murein, cross linked peptide bonds occur between?
N- acetylmuramic acid
48
The structure of murein is alternating repeating _____ and ____
- NAGs (N-acetylglucosamine) | - NAMs (N-acetylmuramic acid)
49
____ only found in gram negative bacteria
LPS
50
___ ___ is only found in gram positive bacteria
Techoic Acid (repeated units of ribotol or glycerol)
51
____ ___ is techoic acid that is bound to lipids (embedded in membrane)
Lipoteichoic acid
52
This type of bacteria has thick cell wall (murein = peptidoglycan) w/ L-lys-(gly)s-D ala side chain
Gram positive (stains for peptidogylcan)
53
This type of bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglyan sandwiched btw 2 lipid layers , LPS on outside of cell
Gram negative ( stain cannot penetrate inside to stain)
54
What are the three components of LPS?
1. Lipid A 2. Polysaccharide Core 3. O- antigen
55
Part of LPS that is fatty acids attached to a phosphorylated disaccharide
Lipid A ( sim. in all gram neg bacteria)
56
Part of LPS that is very similar btw gram - bacteria but has sugars that are unique to bacteria
Polysaccharide Core
57
Part of LPS that is highly variable repeating sugar units and is the main reason for the different antigenic specificities among gram neg bacteria
O-antigen
58
Lipopolysaccharide = _____ = _____
- LPS | - endotoxin
59
LPS and techoic acid are examples of ___ ___ ___ __
pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
60
Cells of the immune system can recognize PAMPs using ___ ___ __
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
61
toll- like receptor ____ recognizes LPS
4
62
toll like receptor ___ recognizes peptidoglycan
2
63
Toll like receptor __ and __ together recognize techoic acids (gram pos. bacteria)
2;6
64
Involved in the attachment of bacteria to cells and other surfaces
pili (fimbriae)
65
Specialized proteins that are more specifically developed for adherence
adhesins (tip of fimbriae)
66
Specialized fimbriae that link a donor cell to a recipient cell during transfer of DNA
sex pili
67
Surface structures used for locomotion. They cause movement when they rotate counterclockwise and tumbling when they rotate clockwise
flagella
68
A bacteria that has one flagella at one pole
monotrichous
69
A bacteria that has several flagella at one pole
lophotricious
70
A bacteria that is highly motile and has flagella everywhere
peritrichous
71
Movement caused by flagella can be _____ or ____
- random | - directed
72
When movement caused by flagella is directed
Taxis
73
Bacteria with flagella are referred to as _____
motile
74
____ can be directed toward something good or away from something bad
Taxis
75
Taxis toward or away from chemoattractant
Chemotaxis
76
Taxis toward or away from oxygen
Aerotaxis
77
Taxis towards or away from osmotic pressure environment
Osmotaxis
78
Taxis toward or away from suitable temperature environment
thermotaxis
79
A glycocalyx surrounds a cell that is either well organized/firmly attached ______ or is is not well organized/ nor firmly attached ______
- capsule | - Slime layer
80
Why would capsules be beneficial to pathogens?
- for some bacteria is virulence factor - protects microbe from immune system - large capsules cannot be engulfed by phagocytes
81
Can the immune system recognize any bacterium that has a capsule?
Yes
82
Toll like receptor ___ can recognize flagella
5
83
What happens when the immune system recognizes a microbe?
phagocytosis + elimination | - produce compounds to degrade microbes + cytokines which turn on other parts of immune system

Microbio Ex 1 (18 decks)

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