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Microbio Ex 1 > Ex 2- Respiratory Viruses- Middleton > Flashcards

Ex 2- Respiratory Viruses- Middleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of influenza virus?

A

-A, B, C

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2
Q

Type __ influenza is the most common and associated with greatest concerns

A

A

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3
Q

What is the genome of influenza virus (orthomyxoviridae)?

A
  • 8 segments (-)ssRNA
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4
Q

The virion of influenza virus is _______

A

enveloped

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5
Q

Influenza virus is identified by it’s _______ _____

A

surface antigens

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6
Q

____ different serotypes and ____ different NA (neuraminidase) serotypes for influenza virus

A

16

9

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7
Q

Hemagglutinin (HA) protein is involved in cell ________

A

attachment

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8
Q

Neuraminidase (NA) protein is involved in viral _______ and _______

A

budding

release

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9
Q

What is the major determinant if influenza virus is avian or human strain?

A

HA (hemagglutinin)

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10
Q

Avian strains have α- , sialic acid linkages

A

α-2,3

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11
Q

Human strains have α-__, __ sialic acid linkages

A

α-2,6

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12
Q

____ is the major determinant for human to human transmission

A

HA

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13
Q

Type __ Influenza has an animal reservoir

A

A; aquatic waterfowl

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14
Q

HA protein’s role in cell ______ and cell ______ is well understood

A

attachment

entry

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15
Q

What triggers the conformation change after virus and host cell membrane attachment?

A

pH change in endosome

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16
Q

The conformation change of the membrane triggered by the pH change causes ____ _____

A

membrane fusion

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17
Q

Transcription and replication take place in the _______

A

nucleus; exception to rule bc it has (-)ssRNA

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18
Q

___ is critical to budding of the protected genome (RNP core) that escapes the cell nucleus

A

NA (neuraminidase)

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19
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A

-aerosol, large and small droplets

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20
Q

______ influenza particles has the greatest infectivity

A

small (<10 microns)

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21
Q

The incubation period for influenza virus is __- __ days

A

1-4 days

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22
Q

A person with influenza is contagious ___ days before symptom onset to __ days later, children infectious for longer

A

1

5

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of the seasonal (interpandemic) flu?

A
  • fever
  • malaise
  • nonproductive cough
  • sore throat
  • lasts 3-7 days after symptoms develop
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24
Q

What are the currently circulating strains of influenza?

A

H3N2, H1N1

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25
Q

What is the contagiousness of influenza?

A

Reproductive #: 1:2

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26
Q

What are some complications of influenza virus?

A
  • viral pneumonia
  • baterial pneumonia
  • reye syndrome (Type B + aspirin)
  • otis media
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27
Q

What is used to prevent/control influenza?

A
  • vaccine
  • antiviral treatment
  • tamiflu
  • supportive care
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28
Q

What type of vaccine is used against influenza virus?

A
  • attenuated live vaccine

- donor virus w/ wild type HA/NA epitopes (swapped out)

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29
Q

Why are new vaccines required every year?

A
  • antienic shift; virus mutations

- usually contains H3N2, H1N1, and type B strains

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30
Q

Antiviral treatment blocks ______, and inhibits ___ activity

A

entry

M2

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31
Q

Tamiflu blocks the release of _____ virions

A

budding

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32
Q

What are the 4 major pandemics of influenza?

A
  • 1918 Spanish Flu (H1N1)
  • 1957 Asian Flu (H2N2)
  • 1968 Hong Kong Flu (H3N2)
  • 2009-2010 H1N1
33
Q

Pandemics are thought to arise from ____ strains

A

avian

34
Q

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) contains H __ or H__ strains

A

H5 or H7

35
Q

HPAI strains have multi-basic residues at ___ cleavage sites that allow replication throughout the body

A

HA

36
Q

What are the symptoms of HPAI?

A

skin lesions
necrotic
swollen combs
systemic infection

37
Q

What are the symptoms of low pathogenic avian influenza?

A
  • asymptomatic to slight respiratory infections, no lesions
38
Q

H5 and H7 strains can mutate to _____ strains

A

HPAI

39
Q

H5N1 has a high ____ rate in humans

A

mortality

40
Q

H5N1 was used in a dutch research study that showed that after 10 generations the virus was capable of ______ transmission btw animals

A

airbourne

41
Q

Adenoviruses are characterized by their ______

A

serotypes

42
Q

Different _____ are associated with different diseases

A

serotypes

43
Q

What are the two most frequently studied adenovirus serotypes?

A

Ad 2 & 5

44
Q

Serotypes 1,2,5,6 are associated with _____ infections

A

respiratory

45
Q

Serotypes 4, 7 are associated with ______ infection

A

acute respiratory disease (ARD)

46
Q

What is the genome of adenovirus?

A

dsDNA

47
Q

The virion of adenovirus is ________

A

non-enveloped

48
Q

How does adenovirus enter the cell?

A
  • via coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR)
  • pH triggered capsid disassembly
  • moves to nucleus
49
Q

Gene expression of adenovirus occurs in ____ phases

A

3

50
Q

What are the 3 phases of adenovirus gene expression?

A

Immediate-early
Early
Late

51
Q

The immediate-early phase of gene expression in adenovirus involves the _____ portion of the genome

A

E1A; 2 transcriptional regulators

52
Q

The early phase of gene expression in adenovirus involves __ genome sections involved in DNA replicaiton and post transcriptional events

A

5 genome sections; E1B, E2-4, L1

53
Q

The late phase of gene expression in adenovirus involves the take over of cellular _____ synthesis

A

mRNA

54
Q

Genome replication of adenovirus can be initiated at ______ end

A

either end bc identical end sequences

55
Q

Cell cycle regulation involves?

A

DNA replication occurs during S phase; not all cells are actively replicating

56
Q

E1A inactivates ____ leading to S phase gene expression

A

pRb

57
Q

E1B inactivates ____ leading to S phase and preventing apoptosis

A

p53

58
Q

___ gene expression produces proteins important to host immune evasion

A

E3

59
Q

E3 blocks _____ class I expression reducing CTL cell killing

A

MHC

60
Q

E3 blocks ____ induced apoptosis

A

TNF

61
Q

E3 blocks IFN-alpha and IFN beta action keeping protein ______ active

A

translation

62
Q

______ infections are very common as a result of adenovirus

A

respiratory

63
Q

Respiratory infections account for ___ - ____% of all viral infections with ___% occurring before age 14

A

5-10%

75%

64
Q

What are the symptoms of respiratory infections caused by adenovirus?

A

same symptoms of common cold

- nasal congestion, inflammation, cough

65
Q

Adenovirus serotypes __, __, ___, ___ cause respiratory infections

A

1,2,5,6

66
Q

Acute respiratory disease is caused by adenovirus serotypes __, __

A

4,7

67
Q

What is the prevention of acute respiratory disease that the troops use?

A

vaccine available for military personnel 17-50 yrs old

68
Q

Adenovirus is frequently used as a ____ for gene therapy

A

vector

69
Q

_____ is a frequent cause of mild upper respiratory infections

A

rhinovirus

70
Q

Rhinovirus has a large _____ _____ with over 100 serotypes

A

antigenic diversity;makes vaccine development impractival

71
Q

_____ are the only reservoir of rhinovirus

A

humans

72
Q

Rhinovirus attaches to _____ _____ _____ ___ or the very low density (VLDL) lipoprotein receptor

A

ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1)

73
Q

The incubation period for rhinovirus is __ - __ days

A

1-4 days

74
Q

Rhinovirus duration is __ - __ days with detectable virus shedding

A

2-3 days

75
Q

Rhinovirus shedding sometimes detected up to __ ____ afterwards

A

3 weeks

76
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinovirus?

A
  • red nose (hyperemic, blood vessel dilation, nasal discharge that becomes mucopurulent (neutrophils), epithelial damage (immune response)
77
Q

What are the prevention techniques to the rhinovirus?

A
  • no vaccines; too many serotypes

- no antivirals; resistant mutants

78
Q

What is the genome of rhinovirus?

A

(+)ssRNA

79
Q

The virion for rhinovirus is ________

A

non-enveloped

Microbio Ex 1 (18 decks)

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