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Microbio Ex 1 > Ex 2- Clostridia- Bailey > Flashcards

Ex 2- Clostridia- Bailey Flashcards

1
Q

______ is a gram positive rod bacteria that is strictly anaerobic

A

Clostridum

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2
Q

Clostridium produces ______

A

endospores

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3
Q

___ species of clostridium are responsible for human infections

A

30

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4
Q

> 50 species are found in the _______

A

environment (soil,water, animal wastes)

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5
Q

Clostridum produces ________ ______ that re responsible for disease symptoms

A

proteinaceous toxin

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6
Q

Clostridum ______ caues pseudomembraneous colitis (PMC)

A

difficile

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7
Q

Clostridium ____ causes cellulitis, gas gangrene, and food poisoning

A

perfringen

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8
Q

Clostridium _____ causes botulism

A

botulinum

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9
Q

Clostridium _____ causes tetanus

A

tetani

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10
Q

Major clostridial diseases are caused by ____ production

A

toxin

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11
Q

Clostridium and Bacillus can produce ______

A

endospores

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12
Q

_____ are a metabolically inactive state in which organisms can remain viable for hundreds of years

A

spores (virulence factor)

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13
Q

Spores allow bacteria to be resistant to______ conditions (heat, drying (thick peptidoglycan), radiating, most chemical disinfections)

A

adverse

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14
Q

Spore induction is caused by ____ _____ conditions (ie nutrient depletion) and will readily germineate when conditions become favorable for ______ _____

A
  • unfavorable environmental

- vegetative growth

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15
Q

Clostridium _______ is not easy to culture

A

difficile

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16
Q

________ _____ is a yellow plaque containing fibrin and cellular debris in ulcers of colonic mucosa

A

pseudomembraneous colitis (PMC)

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17
Q

Pseudomembraneous colitis is the leading cause of ____ _____

A

nosocomial diarrhea

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18
Q

C. difficile is harbored in the dormant state in the ______ intestine of small percentage of healthy humans in low numbers

A

large

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19
Q

C. difficile is transmitted as an _________

A

endospore via the hands of healthcare personnel

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20
Q

C.difficile is usually associated with ______ drugs, especially cephalosporins, ampicilllin, and clindamycin

A

antimicrobial

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21
Q

C.difficile spores re resistant to _______ bc the normal flora is killed

A

antibiotics

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22
Q

Spores vegetate, _____ production begins resulting in diarrhea but does not invade the bowel wall

A

toxin

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23
Q

Toxin A of C.difficile is an ________

A

enterotoxin

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24
Q

Enterotoxins cause fluid production and damage to the ______

A

mucosa (epithelial cells stop absorbing Na+)

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25
Q

Toxin ___ of C.diffile is a cytotoxin that causes rounding of tissue-cultured cells (cell death)

A

B

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26
Q

Toxin A & B act in the ____ of host cell to _______ GTP-binding proteins (ie Rho, Rac) causing the cells to lose cytoskeletal structure and die

A
  • cytoplasm

- glycosylate

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27
Q

Clostridium _______ is found in the soil (except Sahara desert) and intestinal tract of animals

A

perfringens

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28
Q

Clostridium perfringens is a major pathogen of ______ infections (esp war wounds 20-30%)

A

wound

29
Q

Clostridium perfringens causes _____ damage and _______ effects;

A
  • local

- systemic

30
Q

The invasive properties of clostridium perfringens is due to the variety of _____ produced

A

toxins

31
Q

Severe trauma introduces C. perfringens spores form the environment that germinate under what conditions?

A
  • Anaerobic
  • compromised blood supply
  • calcium ions
  • availability of peptides + AA
32
Q

Toxins produced by C. perfringens typically cause _____ that can lead to ____ ____, a necrotizing, gas-forming process of muscle associated with systemic signs of shock

A
  • cellulitis

- gas gangrene

33
Q

C. perfringens produces ___ toxins

A

12

34
Q

C.perfringens produces ______ toxin (lecithinase) damages cell membranes and causes gas gangrene

A

alpha

35
Q

How does Alpha toxin cause gas gangrene?

A

phopholipase type C hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin that leads to cell death
- muscle tissue is destroyed (myonercrosis)
(reddish blue to black w/ gas bubbles)

36
Q

What is usually the result of gas gangrene?

A

shock and renal failure usually result (untreated = 100% fatality)

37
Q

How is gas gangrene caused by the alpha toxin of c.perfringens treated?

A
  • surgical removal of infected muscle
  • antibiotics to control infection
  • antitoxin from horses (little effect)
  • high O2 concentrations
  • prompt care imperative (restore arterial blood supply getting rid of anaerobic env.)
38
Q

What is the third most common type of food poisoning in the US?

A

C. perfringens food poisoning

39
Q

How does C. perfringens cause food poisoning?

A

sporulating perfringens produces enterotoxin in intestines of ppl who have consumed contaminated food

40
Q

What are the symptoms of C perfringens? How long does it persist?

A
  • Diarrhea in 12-24 hrs

- self limiting 1-3 days

41
Q

Clostridium ______ is found in soils and marine sediments

A

botulinum

42
Q

The spores of C. botulinum are _____ _____ spores (not toxins) that survive food processing

A

heat-resistant

43
Q

C. botulinum germinates and grows under ________ conditions

A

anaerobic (such as in cans)

44
Q

C. botulinum is the causative agent of ______ and is a bioweapon and bioterrorism threat

A

botulism

45
Q

____ is the intoxication of ingestion of pre-formed toxin (don’t need organism to be present)

A

botulism

46
Q

C. botulinum produces ___ neurotoxins with serotypes __-__

A

-8

A-G

47
Q

C. botulinum neurotoxins __, __, __ (fish) are most common in humans

A

A, B, E

48
Q

C. botulinum neurotoxins are the most _______ substances know

A

poisonous

49
Q

What is the human lethal dose of C. botulinum neurtoxin?

A

<1 microgram

50
Q

The 900 kDA protein complex of BoNT is made up of what 2 parts?

A

150 kDA toxic component

750 kDA non-toxic component (binding)

51
Q

C. botulinum toxin prevents the release of _________ neurotransmitter that interferes with neurotransmission at peripheral cholinergic synapses (muscles cannot contract)

A

acetylcholine

52
Q

______ ______ cleaves proteins involved in docking of neurotransmitter vesicles, if you cannot dock you cannot release ACH

A

zinc metalloprotease

53
Q

What are the symptoms of C. botulinum toxin?

A
  • flaccid paralysis w/in 12-36 hrs
  • CN affected first
  • paralysis descends; respiratory failure
54
Q

______ - _____ botulism is the ingestion of preformed toxin in foods that have not been canned or preserved properly

A

food-borne

55
Q

_______ botulism is the systemic spread of toxin produced by organisms inhabiting wounds (ie trauma, surgery, heroin injection, sinusitis)

A

wound (rare)

56
Q

_____ botulism is the intestinal colonization of organisms in infants younger than 1 year, slow onset, favorable outcome, hypotonic (floppy state)

A

infant

57
Q

Currently mortality rate, with good supportive care is ____ % for botulism

A

25%

58
Q

What is the treatment for botulism?

A
  • trivalent antitoxin, from horse administered ASAP
  • some muscles perm. damaged and never recover
  • no antibiotics bc toxin not affected
59
Q

Clostridium _______ is ubiquitious in the GI tract of humans and animals, also in soil samples (spores resistant to env) and infection associated w/ traumatic wounds

A

tetani

60
Q

What is the major toxin of C. tetani?

A

tetanospasmin

61
Q

Tetanospasmin is responsible for __ ________ of tetnus

A

all symptoms of tetanus

62
Q

Tetanospasmin is a ____ kDa proteins that has heavy and light chains connected by disulfide bridge and ind chains are non-toxic

A

150

63
Q

How does tetnospasmin cause tetanus?

A
  • attaches to peripheral nerves around wound + transmitted to CN nuclei
  • inhibits neurotransmitter release (GABA) + inhibitory input
64
Q

What are the symptoms of tetanus?

A

reflex spasms, spastic paralysis, lockjaw (80% cases),rigidity of abdomen and stiffness of extremities, tonic seizures, respiratory failure from paralysis of chest

65
Q

_______ “lockjaw” is the tetanic spasm of masseter muscles that prevents opening of mouth (80% cases)

A

trismus

66
Q

Advanced tetanus may lead to _____ bending backward of body caused by spastic paralysis of strong extensors of back bc no ____ so cannot turn of muscles contraction

A
  • opisthotonos

- GABA

67
Q

What is used to treat C. tetani?

A
  • DPT vaccine (diptheria pertussis and tetanus)
  • human globulin as passive immunity to tetanus-prone wounds
  • antitoxin
  • penicillin G
  • surgical debridement to prevent bact. growth
68
Q

What is the mortality rate of tetanus?

A

11% due to respiratory failure usually

69
Q

_____ are not produced due to low amts of toxin present

A

antibodies

Microbio Ex 1 (18 decks)

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