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Microbio Ex 1 > Ex 2- Small Gram- Negative Pathogens-Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia- Bailey > Flashcards

Ex 2- Small Gram- Negative Pathogens-Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia- Bailey Flashcards

1
Q

______ is a small gram negative bacteria (LPS outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane) with no peptidoglycan in cell walls but genes are present (structure analagous to murein)

A

chlamydiae

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2
Q

Chlamydia is an _______ intracellular pathogen that grows only inside cells or on live tissues ie humans, animals, insects, protozoa (small genome)

A

obligate

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3
Q

Chlamydia are “energy parasites” that depend on _____ for ATP

A

host

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4
Q

Chlamydiae have a _____ developmental cycle

A

complex; diff in metabolism when in cells to compared to when in EC

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5
Q

What are the 4 recognized species of

A

C. trachomatis
C. pneumonia
C. psittacia
C. pecorum

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6
Q

What are the two species of chlamydia that are primarily human pathogens?

A

C.trachomatis

C.pneumonia

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7
Q

What are the two species of chlamydia that are primarily animal pathogens that sometimes can cause disease in humans

A

C. psittacia

C.pecorum

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8
Q

Chlamydiae is the leading cause of preventable _____ in the world

A

blindness

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9
Q

Chlamydiae is the most common agent of ______ transmitted bacterial infections

A

sexually

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10
Q

There is speculation that every living adult has had ______ caused by C.peneumoniae

A

pneumonia

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11
Q

How is chlamydiae transmitted?

A

droplet or direct contact infection

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12
Q

Chlamydiae infects ________ _______ cells, localized to; (eyes, lungs, genitalia)

A

mucosal epithelial

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13
Q

Chlamydiae is spread by the _____ ____

A

4 F’s

  • fingers
  • flies
  • fomites
  • fornication
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydiae trachomatis genital tract infections in men?

A
  • prostititis

- epididymitis

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of C. trachomatis in females?

A
  • cervicitis
  • PID
  • premature births
  • pelvic pain
  • newborn eye/lung infections
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16
Q

What symptoms of C. trachomatis are found in both males and females?

A

urethritis
infertility
proctitis
arthritis

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17
Q

C. trachomatis infections are usually asymptomatic in _______ and chronic and repeat infections can result in ________

A
  • females

- sterility and/or ectopic pregnancy

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18
Q

C. trachomatis infections may be acute or ______ and have a _____ period where the organisms location is unknown

A

chronic

silent

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19
Q

_________ carriage of C. trachomatis results in most damage and scarring

A

asymptomatic

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20
Q

During birth, infants can contract a C. trachomatis infection leading to _______ and _____

A

conjunctivitis

pneumonia

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21
Q

_______ _______ are transmitted from one person to the next (infectious) , non-replicating, enter into epithelial cells and masquerade as nutrients, growth factors, and hormones to bind to specific receptors

A

elementary bodies

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22
Q

elementary bodies (EB) are internalized by ______ -______ endoycytosis

A

receptor mediated

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23
Q

EB modify the endocytic vesicle in what two ways?

A
  • maintain pH above 6.2 (neutralizes pH)

- prevents vesicle from fusion with lysosomes

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24
Q

How is the endocytic vesicle modified by the host?

A

modified with host glycolipids for camouflage from immune system

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25
Q

Infections EB change into larger intracellular active organisms know as ________ _______

A

reticulate bodies (RB)

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26
Q

Reticulate bodies synthesize _______ using host metabolites and energy

A

molecules

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27
Q

Reticulate bodies divide by _______ ______ and develop slowly (2-3 days per cycle)

A

binary fusion

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28
Q

Reticulate bodies take up nutrients through ____ -____ structures that allow them to feed on the eukaryotic host cell without leaving the ________ vacoule

A
  • tube-like (“drinking straws”)

- inclusion

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29
Q

____ - ____ tube like structures protrude from bacterial cell cytoplasm into host cell cytoplasm

A

18-23

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30
Q

_______ is caused by the inflammation of the conjunctiva; can cause blindness and scarring of cornea

A

Trachoma (C. trachomatis)

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31
Q

Trachoma is spread by _____ _____with eye, nose, and throat secretions from affected ind. or contact with objects (towels, washcloths)

A

direct contact

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32
Q

_________ ______ is a STD that causes systemic, invasive infection apparent in the lymph nodes that drain the genital tract

A

lymphogranuloma venerum

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33
Q

Where is lymphogranuloma venerum common?

A

Developing countries; not common in US

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34
Q

Chlamydophila _______ is the most prevalent chlamydial pathogen in the human populations

A

pneumonia

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35
Q

___ % of ppl up to age 20 have been infected with Chlamydophila pneumonia and ___ % of older adults

A

50%

80%

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of Chlamydophila pneumonia?

A
  • usually asymptomatic or acute respiratory response

- chronic respiratory infections associated with asthma, CF, lung cancer

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37
Q

Chlamydophila pneumonia can be directly observed in 40-100% of patients with ________ heart lesions

A

atherosclerotic

38
Q

Metabolic active _____ forms of Chlamydiae are targets of antimicrobials

A

RB (reticulate bodies)

39
Q

What is the difficulty in treating chlamydiae?

A

4 membrane layers to penetrate

40
Q

What are the 4 membrane layers that must be penetrated in order to treat chlamydiae?

A
  • host cell
  • inclusion
  • chlamydial outer
  • chlamydial cytoplasmic
41
Q

Chlamydial organisms grow _______ so antibiotics must be maintained for long periods

A

slow

42
Q

_____ is a small gram negative rod that is an obligate intracellular bacteria

A

Rickettsiae

43
Q

Rickettsiae infections can be transmitted from _____ to humans (zoonoses)

A

animals

44
Q

Rickettsiae can synthesize _____ unlike chlamydiae and are capable of ______ metabolism

A

ATP

independent

45
Q

Rickettsiae lack certain ________ necessary for grown and have no _____ or ______

A

metabolites
flagella
endospores

46
Q

Rickettsiae must be cultivated in _______, embryonated egges, or cell cultures in the lab

A

animals

47
Q

What are the 2 major diseases caused by Rickettsiae?

A

Rocky mountain spotted fever

typhus

48
Q

How is Rickettsiae transmitted?

A
  • Ticks (vectors) naturally infected
  • ticks feed on large mammals
  • bacteria spread during blood meal and spread in blood stream
49
Q

Rickettsiae enters a cell by attaching to _______ ______ cells that induce endocytosis

A

vascular endothelial cells

50
Q

Once Rickettsiae is inside the cell, the bacteria ______ the phagosome (phospholipase) and enters the cytosol (where replication occurs)

A

lyse

51
Q

The mode of exit from host cell _____ depending on the type of Rickettsiae

A

varies

52
Q

R. prowazekii exits the cell by ____ ____

A

cell lysis

53
Q

R.ricketssii exits the cell by being ____ from the cell through local projections ( ______ )

A

extruded

filopodia

54
Q

_______ in the host cell associates with R.ricketssii and the actin helps “push” the bacteria through the _____

A

actin

filopodia

55
Q

R. tsutsugamushi exits the cell by ______ through the cell membrane

A

budding

56
Q

R. tsutsugamushi remains _____ in the host cell membrane as it infects other cells

A

enveloped

57
Q

Injuries to the host from Rickettsiae are proportional to the number of ______ bacteria

A

intracellular

58
Q

The ____ of cells results in the leakage of blood (rash)- hemorrhagic spots

A

lysis

59
Q

Organisms can travel to other vessels including the ___ and ____

A

heart

brain

60
Q

____ % of patients with Rickettsiae will clear the infection even before antimicrobial treatment

A

75

61
Q

R. ______ causes typhus fever that is transmitted by ______

A

prowazekii

lice

62
Q

What is the reservoir of R. prowazekii?

A

humans and flying squirrels

63
Q

R. _____ is more prevalent and widespread, murine typhus, and is transmitted by rats and rat fleas

A

typhi

64
Q

_______ is an obligate intracellular bacteria that is transmitted by the lone star tick

A

Ehrlichia

65
Q

Ehrlichia infects ______, _____ and ______

A

monocytes
macrophages
neutrophils

66
Q

Ehrlichia causes human ________ ehlichiosis (HGE) and human ______ ehrlichiosis (HME)

A

granulocytic

monocytic

67
Q

What are the symptoms of Ehrlichia?

A

fever, malaise, headache and myalgia

68
Q

Ehrlichia develops within host cell _______ first as reticulate cells (RC) and then as ____-___ cells

A
  • vacoules

- dense-core cells (DC)

69
Q

Why is diagnosing Rickettsioses problematic?

A
  • during 1st visit no fever or rash and may not be aware of tick bite
  • requires eukaryotic cell cultures or inoculation of animals
  • handling is notoriously hazardous
70
Q

What are the clinical diagnostic tests for Rickettsioses?

A

antibody titers
fluorescent antibody assay
complement fixation
latex agglutination

71
Q

________ are the smallest organisms capable of growth on cell-free media

A

mycoplasma

72
Q

Mycoplasma require ______ have ____ colonies and ____ growth

A

sterols (cholesterol)
small
slow

73
Q

Mycoplasmas lack a ____ ____ and are not sensitive to penicillin

A

cell wall (no murein)

74
Q

Mycoplasma cell membranes contain ____ and are found in other mammals and in birds

A

sterols

75
Q

What are the 4 species of mycoplasmas that can cause disease?

A

M. pneumoniae
M. genitalium
M. hominis
Ureaplasma urelyticum

76
Q

M. _______ is the prototypical mycoplasma and causes primary atypical pneumonia

A

pneumoniae

77
Q

M. _____, M. ____, ____ _____ cause genitourinary tract infections

A

M. genitalium
M. hominis
Ureaplasma urealyticum

78
Q

Some mycoplasmas are a part of the normal human _____ flora

A

oral

79
Q

______ are the only reservoir of M.pneumoniae

A

humans

80
Q

How is M. pneumoniae transmitted?

A
  • close contact groups
  • respiratory droplets
  • adhere to respiratory epithelium
81
Q

Infections of M. pneumoniae are _____ to ______ contagious

A

mild to moderately

82
Q

_______ pneumoniae is a primary atypical pneumonia that is not cleared by penicillin

A

“walking”

83
Q

________ are the main cells of the inflammatory response

A

lymphocytes

84
Q

M. pneumonia is largely limited to the _________ mucosa that lines the airways and do not get into the lung alveoli; bronchopneumonia

A

respiratory

85
Q

M.pneumonia is not highly destructive of tissues but _____ function is impaired

A

ciliary

86
Q

Tissue toxic substances include ______ and inflammatory mediators

A

H2O2

87
Q

_______ _____ is another type of damage caused by M.pneumonia in which IgM (colad hemagglutinins) @ colder temperatures causes RBC’s to stick together

A

hemolytic anemia

88
Q

_______ and erythema mulitiforme (rash) are other damages caused by M.pneumonia

A

encephalitis

89
Q

M. _______ is the newest emerging human pathogen

A

genitalium

90
Q

M. genitalium causes what?

A

urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, PID

91
Q

M. genitalium is isolated from ______ and ______ fluids

A

synovial and respiratory

Microbio Ex 1 (18 decks)

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