Ex 2- Antivirals & Vaccines- Middleton

Question 1

Antivirals block specific steps in the virus _____ ______

Answer 1

life cycle

Question 2

Antivirals must be active against ______ replications but not ____ cellular function to reduce toxicity

Answer 2

• virus

- normal

Question 3

Antivirals exploit ______, ______, and _______ information to identify targets

Answer 3

structural, functional, genomic

Question 4

_________ is an antiviral of HIV that inhibits membrane fusion

Answer 4

Efuvirtide

Question 5

_______ & _____ are influenza antivirals that prevent nucleocapsid release at the end of the cell entry process

Answer 5

Amantadine & Rimantadine

Question 6

Antivirals can prevent _____ ____ by targeting nucleoside analogs;______ _____

Answer 6

• genome replication

- chain terminators

Question 7

________ is an antiviral for herpesvirus that depends on virus thymadine kinase (TK)

Answer 7

acyclovir

Question 8

Acyclovir is the first antiviral approved for ______ use

Answer 8

clinical

Question 9

Acyclovir is most effective against what forms of herpesvirus?

Answer 9

HSV-1 +2, less effective for EBV, VZV, and CMV

Question 10

______ is like nucleoside inhibitors for herpesvirus infections

Answer 10

acyclovir

Question 11

_____ is effective against CMV, more toxic due to interference with cellular kinases

Answer 11

ganciclovir

Question 12

______ has activity similar to acyclovir with improved oral bioavailibilty (pill)

Answer 12

valganciclovir

Question 13

______ is an antiviral for herpesvirus treatment that prevents viral polymerase activity, IV administration and toxic

Answer 13

Foscarnet

Question 14

Nucleoside inhibitors of HIV & HBV have what characteristics?

Answer 14

• good oral availibilty
• toxicity issue
• resistance

Question 15

HIV therapy usually includes more than one ________ inhibitor from a different class

Answer 15

nucleoside

Question 16

______ is a nucleoside inhibitor of RNA viruses

Answer 16

Ribavirin

Question 17

_______ form of ribavirin inhibits polymerases

Answer 17

triphosphate

Question 18

______ form of ribavirin inhibits inosine monophosphage dehydrogenase lowering GTP in cell

Answer 18

monophosphate

Question 19

Ribavirin impairs capping of ______

Answer 19

mRNA

Question 20

Maturation of progeny viruses often requires ______ of virus polypeptide

Answer 20

cleavage

Question 21

_______ progeny are not infectious

Answer 21

Immature

Question 22

_____ (treatment for HIV) blocks cleavage of Gag-Pol polypeptide and “ boosts” activity of other protease inhibitors bc it blocks the action of cellular proteases that act on other viral protease inhibiotrs

Answer 22

Ritonavir

Question 23

What are the challenges involving antiviral bioavailability?

Answer 23

• absorption into body
• transport to site of viral infection
• intake by cell
• therapeutic window (half-life)

Question 24

What is the challenge involving antiviral specificity?

Answer 24

• targets the virus activities exclusively or with great preference

Question 25

What is the challenge involving antiviral toxicity?

Answer 25

-low impact on patient

Question 26

Viral attachment and entry is blocked by ______, _____, _____

Answer 26

enfuvirtide (HIV) , docosanol (HSV), palivizumab (RSV)

Question 27

Penetration into the mammalian cell is blocked by _____

Answer 27

interferon alfa (HBV, HCV)

Question 28

Uncoating of the virus is blcoked by ______ & ____

Answer 28

amantadine & rimantadine (influenza)

Question 29

Nucleic acid synthesis is blocked by ______

Answer 29

NRTIs (HIV), NNRTIs (HIV), acyclovir (HSV), foscarnet (CMV), entecavir (HBV)

Question 30

Late protein syntehsis and processing is blocked by ______ _____

Answer 30

protease inhibitors (HIV)

Question 31

Assembly and packaging of viruses for release is blocked by _____ inhibiorts

Answer 31

neuraminidase (influenza)

Question 32

____ is a natural antiviral that shuts off protein translation and is more effective against RNA viruses than DNA viruses

Answer 32

Interferons

Question 33

Term vaccination was started by Dr. _____ ____ for smallpox vaccination

Answer 33

Edward Jenner

Question 34

_______ is the practice of inducing immunity to a pathogen

Answer 34

vaccination

Question 35

______ immunization involves administering all or part of a pathogenic agent to induce antibodies or cell-mediated immunity

Answer 35

active

Question 36

_____ immunization involves administrating exogenously produced antibodies

Answer 36

passive

Question 37

What are the two forms of vaccines?

Answer 37

- live, attenuated | - killed

Question 38

____ vaccines have a more robust response bc involve antibodies or cell mediated immunity but may be more pathogenic

Answer 38

live, attenuated

Question 39

____ vaccines have antibody response only

Answer 39

killed

Question 40

What are the advantages of a live, attenuated vaccine?

Answer 40

- easy to administer - produces immunity at site of first infection - induces antibody and cell mediated immunity - long lasting immunity

Question 41

What are the disadvantages of live, attenuated vaccines?

Answer 41

- reversion during replication | - not safe for immunodeficient ppl

Question 42

What are the advantages of killed vaccines?

Answer 42

- safe for immunocompromised ppl | - cannot revert

Question 43

What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines?

Answer 43

- usually injected - does not induce cell mediated immunity - protection is shorter

Question 44

____ is a possible complication with live, attenuated vaccines

Answer 44

Reversion

Question 45

__ ____ _____ _____ is caused by reversion and occurs in 1:1 mill to 3 mill but in the US killed vaccine used

Answer 45

Vaccine-acquired paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP)

Question 46

What are the 3 important cell types found in vaccinations?

Answer 46

- B cells (antibody) - CD8+ T-cells - CD4+ T-cells

Question 47

What vaccines utilized B cells only?

Answer 47

- pneumonococcal | - HIB

Question 48

Vaccines utilizing B cell and T cell immunity including secretory IgA (mucosal layers) target what?

Answer 48

- influenza - polio - oral typhoid

Question 49

What groups should be vaccinated?

Answer 49

- young children + elderly bc weaker immune systems | - may not respond to live, attenuated vaccines

Question 50

What special populations should be vaccinated?

Answer 50

- immunocompromised ppl | - complications with smallpox vaccine for ppl w/ eczemadx7fp