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Microbio Ex 1 > Ex 2- Retroviruses, AIDS, & Tumor Viruses- Middleton > Flashcards

Ex 2- Retroviruses, AIDS, & Tumor Viruses- Middleton Flashcards

1
Q

____ ___ discovered rous sarcoma virus

A

peton rous

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2
Q

David Baltimore and Howard Temin discovered ______ _____

A

reverse transcriptase

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3
Q

Bob Gallo isolated ____ the first retrovirus associated with human disease

A

HTLV-1

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4
Q

What are the 4H risk group for HIV/AIDS?

A
  • Homosexual men
  • Heroine Addicts
  • Haitians
  • Hemophiliacs
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5
Q

What are the two types of HIV?

A

HIV-1

HIV-2

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6
Q

HIV-2 is mostly a __________ disease

A

heterosexual

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7
Q

What is the evolution of the HIV virus?

A

Simian virus (SIV) –> HIV-2 –> HIV-1

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8
Q

______ are a large and diverse group of viruses with a unique replication cycle

A

retroviruses

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9
Q

What makes the retrovirus replication cycle unique?

A

use of reverse transcriptase

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10
Q

Retrovirus is _______ in vertebrates, many benign causing little to no impact on host cell or animal while others have significant pathogenicity causing disease and cancer

A

ubiquitous

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11
Q

_______ do not cause human disease but make “foamy” structures inside cells they do infect

A

spumaviruses

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12
Q

What are the two subfamilies of retroviridae

A
  • orthoretroviridae

- spumaviridiae

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13
Q

What is the genome of retrovirus? Where does it replicate?

A

(+) ssRNA, diploid identical copies

- nucleus exception

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14
Q

The virion of retrovirus is ______

A

enveloped

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15
Q

What are the proteins that retrovirus has?

A
  • reverse transcriptase
  • integrase
  • protease
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16
Q

This protein in retrovirus is involved in RNA–>DNA and DNA –>DNA

A

reverse transcriptase

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17
Q

This protein in retrovirus helps to insert part of RNA into genome (DNA)

A

integrase

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18
Q

Historically retroviruses were classified by _____ structure and _____ in the particle

A
  • nucleocapsid

- location

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19
Q

______ _____ are now used to classify retroviruses as simple or complex

A

genome contents

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20
Q

What genes does a simple retrovirus encode?

A

Gag
Pro
Pol
Env

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21
Q

What genes does a complex retrovirus encode?

A

more than the simple retrovirus does

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22
Q

What is the replication cycle of retroviruses?

A
  • attachment
  • entry
  • reverse transcription
  • integration
  • transcription from provirus
  • translation
  • assembly
  • release
  • maturation- protease activity
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23
Q

_____ ______ converts ssRNA genome to dsDNA

A

reverse transcriptase

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24
Q

________ involves virus dsDNA being inserted into host genome making a ______

A

integrase (integration

provirus

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25
Q

Vaccines target what steps in the replication cycle of retroviruses?

A
  • reverse transcription

- protease

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26
Q

What is the defining feature of retroviruses?

A

reverse transcription

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27
Q

When does reverse transcription initiate?

A
  • once nucleocapid in cytoplasm

- needs higher levels of NTPs (nucleoside triphosphate) present

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28
Q

Low NTP levels prevent _______ ______

A

reverse transcription

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29
Q

Reverse transcription occurs within a _____ _____ similar to nucleocapsid

A

large complex

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30
Q

Retrovirus infection cannot progress if ______ ______ does not occur

A

reverse transcription

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31
Q

Reverse transcription is promiscuous btw ______ ______

A

genome copies

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32
Q

Reverse transcription is _____ when copies are identical but many different recombinations can occur when different genomes are in the virion

A

silent

33
Q

For _______ to occur the virus must have access to the nucleus during mitosis bc requires dividing cells although it can infect non-dividing cells

A

integration

34
Q

How is the viral genome integrated into the host genome?

A
  • 3’ end processing of dsDNA
  • attach target DNA, nick created
  • host repair
35
Q

Integration of retrovirus DNA is _______, there is ___ mechanism to remove it

A
  • permanent

- no

36
Q

If integrated into the germ line (sperm or eggs) then _____ is inherited and called _______ goes to progeny

A
  • provirus

- endogenous

37
Q

Which types of integration is identified as oncogenes?

A
  • TF
  • secreted growth factors
  • growth factor receptors
  • cell signal transduction pathways
38
Q

Many _____ retroviruses are made during replication and are missing at least one of the ____, ___, or ___

A
  • defective

- gag, pol, env

39
Q

Retroviruses require _____ infection to make progeny

A

complementary

40
Q

Retroviruses are ______ when they carry oncogenes

A

tumorigenic

41
Q

Many retrovirus infections are _____, not cytopathic with little impact to cell replication & physiology

A

benign

42
Q

_____ infections exert small demand on cell and host resources (few % of cell RNA & protein), cause viremia and elicit an immune response

A

chronic

43
Q

Viruses are never eliminated by the _____ response

A

host

44
Q

What are the 3 types of retroviruses?

A
  • slow
  • cytopahtic
  • acute transformin
45
Q

_____ retroviruses cause effects like high-level mutagenesis and eventually results in tumorigenesis

A

slow

46
Q

______ retroviruses, the majority of retroviruses carry cytopathic genes and directly cause tissue damage

A

cytopathic

47
Q

_______ ______ retroviruses induce rapid tumor formation, carry host genes- mitogenic or antiapoptotic and replication defective bc host gene replaces an essential gene

A

acute transforming

48
Q

What are the 4 distinct types of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV)?

A

1,2,3 and 4

49
Q

What type of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus is most associated with humans?

A

HLTV-1

50
Q

HTLV is a ______virus

A

deltaretrovirus

51
Q

HTLV-1 affects ______ worldwide

A

millions

52
Q

How is HTLV-1 transmitted?

A

Person to person

Within the host

53
Q

How is HTLV-1 be transmitted from person to person?

A
  • breastfeeding
  • sharing needles
  • blood transfusion
  • sexual (less efficient)
54
Q

How is HTLV-1 transmitted within the host?

A
  • highly cell associated

- contact btw infected and naive cells (WBC’s)

55
Q

What diseases are associated with HTLV-1?

A
  • Adult T-Cell lymphoma/Leukemia (ATLL) (2-4% cases)

- HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/ Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP (1-2% cases)

56
Q

What is the latent period of ATLL? How is it transmitted?

A

30-50 yrs

mucosal infection

57
Q

What does ATLL infect?

A
  • memory T cells
  • antigen activation triggers transcription of provirus
  • virus tax protein stimulates cell proliferation
  • cells become transformed generating tumors (w/ or w/out protein exp)
58
Q

HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy / Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) occurs in 1-2% of cases and is transmitted by?

A

-tranfusions

59
Q

HAM/TSP infects T cells that enter the central nervous system activating what cells?

A
  • astrocytes
  • microglial cells
  • recruit inflammatory cells causes further tissue damage
60
Q

It takes __ years after infection for HAM/TSP symptoms to appear

A

3

61
Q

What are the symptoms of HAM/TSP?

A
  • bladder control issues
  • lower back pain, leg weakness or stiffness in hips or knees
  • men suffer impotence or erectile dysfunction
62
Q

What is used to prevent HTLV-1?

A
  • eliminate breast feeding from positive mothers

- inc screening for blood products

63
Q

What is used to treat ATLL?

A

treat lymphoma/leukemia w/ chemotherapy regardless of HTLV infection

64
Q

What is used to treat HAM/TSP?

A

corticosteriods, interferon yield temp relief of symptoms

65
Q

What are the 2 main types of HIV (lentivirus) in humans?

A

Type 1 & 2

66
Q

How was HIV identified?

A

immune deficiency occurring in previously healthy young gay men

67
Q

HIV prevalence is highest in ________ _____

A

sub-saharan africa

68
Q

Life expectancy for people with HIV have ______ over the years

A

inc.

69
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A
  • sexual
  • parenteral; transfusion, needle shring
  • mother to infant (AZT)
70
Q

What are the ratios of HIV sexual transmission?

A

-female to male
-male to female
- male to male
(increasing odds)

71
Q

What is the latent period for AIDS?

A

6 months - 25yrs

72
Q

HIV infection begins as virus containing blood or body fluid to ______ ____

A

mucosal surface

73
Q

HIV targets memory __- cells

A

T-cells

CD4+

74
Q

The initial acute infection usually __ weeks after infection

A

2

75
Q

________ ulceration, ______ ______ , and Gut associated lymphoid tiissue (GLT) more indicative of HIV infection (reservoir)

A
  • mucocutaneous

- weight loss

76
Q

A chronic infection of HIV is established when their is ongoing ______ replication and ___ cell depletion

A

viral

T-cell

77
Q

What is the result of chronic HIV infection?

A
  • opportunistic infections increase

- wasting due to HIV infection

78
Q

What are the prevention strategies for HIV?

A
  • sexual behavior and protection

- blood screening

79
Q

What are the treatments for HIV?

A
  • no vaccine
  • antivirals;
  • -AZT is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor
  • -protease inhibitors
  • non nucleoside RT inhibitor

Microbio Ex 1 (18 decks)

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