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Microbio Ex 1 > Ex 2- Fungi > Flashcards

Ex 2- Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi are ______ organisms that have a defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

The cell membrane of fungi consists of _______ while mammalian cell membranes contain _____

A

ergosterol

cholesterol

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3
Q

Fungi cell walls contain ______, ______, and _____ which his different that plant cell walls

A

chitin, mannan, glucan

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4
Q

Why is it hard to attack metabolic activities of fungi?

A

host is usually eukaryotic so will attack host also

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5
Q

Fungi are ____ aerobes or _______ anaerobes

A

strict (baker’s yeast)

faculative (brewer’s yeast)

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6
Q

Fungi are free-living in nature and grow at a ______pH than bacteria

A

lower

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7
Q

Fungi have a ____ optimal temperature for pathogenic species

A

high (grow in body)

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8
Q

Fungi that cause disease in humans (<1%) have what tow forms?

A

unicellular–> yeast

multicellular filamentous–> mold

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9
Q

Yeast are unicellular (single cells) that divide by _____ or _____ ____

A

budding

binary fusion

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10
Q

________ is a modified budding, where new cells remain attached to parental cells

A

pseudomycelium

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11
Q

Filamentous multicellular fungi (molds) have ____ which are branching filaments that make the cell walls stronger and harder to fight off

A

hyphae

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12
Q

____ is the hyphal mass and cross walls are ____

A

mycelium

septate

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13
Q

If a filamentous fungi has no cross walls it is _____

A

coenvytic

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14
Q

A filamentous fungi is _____ if it is growing into substrate

A

vegetative

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15
Q

A filamentous fungi is _____ if it is spore reproduction

A

aerial

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16
Q

Many pathogenic fungi exist as _______ or both forms of molds and yeast

A

dimorphic

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17
Q

Phases of dimophic fungi are induced by _____ and causes the conversion of free living to parasite

A

temperature

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18
Q

_____ forms are more typical at human body temperature the exception is ______ or the mold (mycelial) form found in tissue

A

yeast

candida

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19
Q

Fungi that are invasive to humans are fungal _______ infections

A

opportunistic

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20
Q

______ species are 4th in frequency among all microorganisms isolated from blood samples in US hospitals

A

Candida

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21
Q

Fungal deaths are ______ than deaths due to parasites in developed countries

A

greater

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22
Q

Opportunistic infections caues by commensal (candida) or fully saprophytic (aspergillus) species almost exclusively invade the _________ hosts

A

immunocompromised

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23
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms in which fungi are encountered?

A
  • incidental environment contact (high inoculum exposures/ immunosuppression)
  • normal human flora (yeasts, disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts)
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24
Q

_____ ____ and ____ are the primary mechanisms for containing fungal infections

A

neutrophil phagocytosis and killing

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25
Q

Some fungi are too large to be ingested so phagocytic cells line up along the surface of fungi and secrete _____ ______

A

lysosomal enzymes

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26
Q

_______ participate in killing some fungi but typically, response is minor

A

antibodies

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27
Q

__ ____- ____ immunity is required to eliminate fungal infections

A

T cell-mediated (deficient in immunocompromised ppl)

28
Q

The level of innate immunity is _____ so most fungal infections are mild and self limiting

A

high

29
Q

Intact _____ and _____ surfaces are primary barriers (bacterial normal flora compete and inhibit growth + skin properties)

A

skin and mucosal

30
Q

Alterations in ______ ___ (antibiotics) or compromised _____/_____ surfaces (trauma) allow for entry and infections

A

normal flora

skin/mucosal

31
Q

_____ mycoses infections are caused by fungal pathogens that are restricted geographically

A

endemic (disseminate)

32
Q

Endemic mycoses are _____ pathogens that typically result in ______ infections in healthy individuals

A

true

systemic

33
Q

_____ mycoses infections are caused by fungi that are not true pathogens

A

opportunistic (aspargilis)

-diseminate + subcutaneous or dermal

34
Q

Opportunistic mycoses cause systemic infections only in _________ patients

A

immunocompromised

35
Q

What are the three types of endemic fungal infections?

A

histoplasmosis
bastomycosis
coccidioidomycosis

36
Q

Histoplasma is a ______ organism in which growth is enhanced by nitrogen content of bird poop

A

soil

37
Q

Histoplasm is found in the ____ _____

A

“histo belt”

Mid-southeastern US (Mississippi river area)

38
Q

Histoplasmosis cases occur in ______ after common exposure

A

clusters

39
Q

Histoplasma entry into the host is not well understood but involves _______ ______ inhaled and invade ______ barriers and transform to _____ phase

A
  • conidia (spores and filaments) particles
  • mucosal
  • yeast
40
Q

_______ to yeast phase is required for histoplasma pathogenicity

A

transfromation

41
Q

Virulence of histoplasma is directly related to ______ of _____ _____

A

tolerance of warmer temperatures

42
Q

H. capsulatum causes ______ ______ infection

A

reticuloendothelial system

43
Q

How does H. capsulatum spread and multiply?

A
  • phagocytosis does not always kill (modulating pH)
  • spreads via lymph
  • cell mediated immunity required to resolve infection (granuloma formation and calcification)
44
Q

H. capsulatum induces damage due to _____ ____ and _____ _____

A

inoculum size
immune response
( previous encounter beneficial + most infections no/mild symptoms)

45
Q

Extensive/prolonged exposure to H. capsulatum results in _______

A

pneumonia

46
Q

Pre-disposed patients (COPD) may develop _____ ____ _____ histoplasmosis

A

chronic cavitary pulmonary (fatal)

47
Q

What are the two types of disseminated histoplasmosis?

A

acute

chronic

48
Q

_____ disseminated histoplamosis occurs in cell-mediated immune deficiencies such as T-cell function defects (AIDS)

A

acute

49
Q

_____ disseminated histoplamosis is observed in older adults with no obvious immune deficiency, may die without treatment

A

chronic

50
Q

Blastomycosis is found in ______ and ______ wood

A

soil

decaying

51
Q

Blastomycosis is found primarily in the _______ _______ Valley and _________ states but extends into Canada

A

Mississippi River Valley

southeastern

52
Q

Blastomyces entry is by ______ (spores and filaments) particles that are _____

A

conidia

inhaled

53
Q

Conidia evade ______ barriers and transform to _____ phase

A

mucosal

yeast

54
Q

Large, thick walled ___ with single broad based buds are characteristic of blastomyces and are phagocytosed by macrophages and neutrophils

A

yeast

55
Q

B. dermatidis multiplies in ______ and causes ______

A

lungs

pneumonia

56
Q

_____ lesions develop (hallmark of blastomycosis) as a result of hematogenous disseminationand

A

skin

57
Q

_____ ____ immunity is needed to eradicate blastomycosis just like histoplasmosis

A

cell-mediated

58
Q

____ can develop as a result of blastmycosis and the organisms can remain viable and reactivate

A

granulomas

59
Q

Coccidioidomycosis is found in burrows of ______ animals

A

desert

60
Q

Coccidioidomycosis only exists in the ______ _______ life zone

A

lower Sonoran ( SW US and Mexico) ie arizona, S. cali, new mexico, texas

61
Q

Proper environmental conditions allow Coccidioidomycosis ______ to form

A

blooms

62
Q

How do coccidioides enter the host by ______ which are highly infections; inhaled into alveoli

A

Arthroconidia

63
Q

Arthroconidia transfrom to large _____ that are filled with hundreds of _______

A

spherules

endospores

64
Q

Dimorphism is not ______ dependent for Coccidioides

A

temperature

65
Q

Arthroconidia are phagocytosed and killed but _____ resist phagocytosis

A

spherules

Microbio Ex 1 (18 decks)

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