Ex 2- Fungi

Question 1

Fungi are ______ organisms that have a defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane

Answer 1

eukaryotic

Question 2

The cell membrane of fungi consists of _______ while mammalian cell membranes contain _____

Answer 2

ergosterol

cholesterol

Question 3

Fungi cell walls contain ______, ______, and _____ which his different that plant cell walls

Answer 3

chitin, mannan, glucan

Question 4

Why is it hard to attack metabolic activities of fungi?

Answer 4

host is usually eukaryotic so will attack host also

Question 5

Fungi are ____ aerobes or _______ anaerobes

Answer 5

strict (baker’s yeast)

faculative (brewer’s yeast)

Question 6

Fungi are free-living in nature and grow at a ______pH than bacteria

Answer 6

lower

Question 7

Fungi have a ____ optimal temperature for pathogenic species

Answer 7

high (grow in body)

Question 8

Fungi that cause disease in humans (<1%) have what tow forms?

Answer 8

unicellular–> yeast

multicellular filamentous–> mold

Question 9

Yeast are unicellular (single cells) that divide by _____ or _____ ____

Answer 9

budding

binary fusion

Question 10

________ is a modified budding, where new cells remain attached to parental cells

Answer 10

pseudomycelium

Question 11

Filamentous multicellular fungi (molds) have ____ which are branching filaments that make the cell walls stronger and harder to fight off

Answer 11

hyphae

Question 12

____ is the hyphal mass and cross walls are ____

Answer 12

mycelium

septate

Question 13

If a filamentous fungi has no cross walls it is _____

Answer 13

coenvytic

Question 14

A filamentous fungi is _____ if it is growing into substrate

Answer 14

vegetative

Question 15

A filamentous fungi is _____ if it is spore reproduction

Answer 15

aerial

Question 16

Many pathogenic fungi exist as _______ or both forms of molds and yeast

Answer 16

dimorphic

Question 17

Phases of dimophic fungi are induced by _____ and causes the conversion of free living to parasite

Answer 17

temperature

Question 18

_____ forms are more typical at human body temperature the exception is ______ or the mold (mycelial) form found in tissue

Answer 18

yeast

candida

Question 19

Fungi that are invasive to humans are fungal _______ infections

Answer 19

opportunistic

Question 20

______ species are 4th in frequency among all microorganisms isolated from blood samples in US hospitals

Answer 20

Candida

Question 21

Fungal deaths are ______ than deaths due to parasites in developed countries

Answer 21

greater

Question 22

Opportunistic infections caues by commensal (candida) or fully saprophytic (aspergillus) species almost exclusively invade the _________ hosts

Answer 22

immunocompromised

Question 23

What are the 2 mechanisms in which fungi are encountered?

Answer 23

• incidental environment contact (high inoculum exposures/ immunosuppression)
• normal human flora (yeasts, disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts)

Question 24

_____ ____ and ____ are the primary mechanisms for containing fungal infections

Answer 24

neutrophil phagocytosis and killing

Question 25

Some fungi are too large to be ingested so phagocytic cells line up along the surface of fungi and secrete _____ ______

Answer 25

lysosomal enzymes

Question 26

_______ participate in killing some fungi but typically, response is minor

Answer 26

antibodies

Question 27

__ ____- ____ immunity is required to eliminate fungal infections

Answer 27

T cell-mediated (deficient in immunocompromised ppl)

Question 28

The level of innate immunity is _____ so most fungal infections are mild and self limiting

Answer 28

high

Question 29

Intact _____ and _____ surfaces are primary barriers (bacterial normal flora compete and inhibit growth + skin properties)

Answer 29

skin and mucosal

Question 30

Alterations in ______ ___ (antibiotics) or compromised _____/_____ surfaces (trauma) allow for entry and infections

Answer 30

normal flora | skin/mucosal

Question 31

_____ mycoses infections are caused by fungal pathogens that are restricted geographically

Answer 31

endemic (disseminate)

Question 32

Endemic mycoses are _____ pathogens that typically result in ______ infections in healthy individuals

Answer 32

true | systemic

Question 33

_____ mycoses infections are caused by fungi that are not true pathogens

Answer 33

opportunistic (aspargilis) | -diseminate + subcutaneous or dermal

Question 34

Opportunistic mycoses cause systemic infections only in _________ patients

Answer 34

immunocompromised

Question 35

What are the three types of endemic fungal infections?

Answer 35

histoplasmosis bastomycosis coccidioidomycosis

Question 36

Histoplasma is a ______ organism in which growth is enhanced by nitrogen content of bird poop

Answer 36

soil

Question 37

Histoplasm is found in the ____ _____

Answer 37

"histo belt" | Mid-southeastern US (Mississippi river area)

Question 38

Histoplasmosis cases occur in ______ after common exposure

Answer 38

clusters

Question 39

Histoplasma entry into the host is not well understood but involves _______ ______ inhaled and invade ______ barriers and transform to _____ phase

Answer 39

- conidia (spores and filaments) particles - mucosal - yeast

Question 40

_______ to yeast phase is required for histoplasma pathogenicity

Answer 40

transfromation

Question 41

Virulence of histoplasma is directly related to ______ of _____ _____

Answer 41

tolerance of warmer temperatures

Question 42

H. capsulatum causes ______ ______ infection

Answer 42

reticuloendothelial system

Question 43

How does H. capsulatum spread and multiply?

Answer 43

- phagocytosis does not always kill (modulating pH) - spreads via lymph - cell mediated immunity required to resolve infection (granuloma formation and calcification)

Question 44

H. capsulatum induces damage due to _____ ____ and _____ _____

Answer 44

inoculum size immune response ( previous encounter beneficial + most infections no/mild symptoms)

Question 45

Extensive/prolonged exposure to H. capsulatum results in _______

Answer 45

pneumonia

Question 46

Pre-disposed patients (COPD) may develop _____ ____ _____ histoplasmosis

Answer 46

chronic cavitary pulmonary (fatal)

Question 47

What are the two types of disseminated histoplasmosis?

Answer 47

acute | chronic

Question 48

_____ disseminated histoplamosis occurs in cell-mediated immune deficiencies such as T-cell function defects (AIDS)

Answer 48

acute

Question 49

_____ disseminated histoplamosis is observed in older adults with no obvious immune deficiency, may die without treatment

Answer 49

chronic

Question 50

Blastomycosis is found in ______ and ______ wood

Answer 50

soil | decaying

Question 51

Blastomycosis is found primarily in the _______ _______ Valley and _________ states but extends into Canada

Answer 51

Mississippi River Valley | southeastern

Question 52

Blastomyces entry is by ______ (spores and filaments) particles that are _____

Answer 52

conidia | inhaled

Question 53

Conidia evade ______ barriers and transform to _____ phase

Answer 53

mucosal | yeast

Question 54

Large, thick walled ___ with single broad based buds are characteristic of blastomyces and are phagocytosed by macrophages and neutrophils

Answer 54

yeast

Question 55

B. dermatidis multiplies in ______ and causes ______

Answer 55

lungs | pneumonia

Question 56

_____ lesions develop (hallmark of blastomycosis) as a result of hematogenous disseminationand

Answer 56

skin

Question 57

_____ ____ immunity is needed to eradicate blastomycosis just like histoplasmosis

Answer 57

cell-mediated

Question 58

____ can develop as a result of blastmycosis and the organisms can remain viable and reactivate

Answer 58

granulomas

Question 59

Coccidioidomycosis is found in burrows of ______ animals

Answer 59

desert

Question 60

Coccidioidomycosis only exists in the ______ _______ life zone

Answer 60

lower Sonoran ( SW US and Mexico) ie arizona, S. cali, new mexico, texas

Question 61

Proper environmental conditions allow Coccidioidomycosis ______ to form

Answer 61

blooms

Question 62

How do coccidioides enter the host by ______ which are highly infections; inhaled into alveoli

Answer 62

Arthroconidia

Question 63

Arthroconidia transfrom to large _____ that are filled with hundreds of _______

Answer 63

spherules | endospores

Question 64

Dimorphism is not ______ dependent for Coccidioides

Answer 64

temperature

Question 65

Arthroconidia are phagocytosed and killed but _____ resist phagocytosis

Answer 65

spherules