Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMP 103 Practice of Pharmacy > Evidence-Based Medicine > Flashcards

Evidence-Based Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Evidence-Based Medicine

A

The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions
about the care of individual patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do we need evidence based medicine

A
  • Ensures medicines are of high quality
  • recommendation made for patient and other health proffessionals in phsrmacy services
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Secondary studies

A
  • Clinical practice guidelines
  • Meta analysis systematic review
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Experimental study design

1 level of evidence

A
  • Randomised control trials prospective test treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Level 3 source of evidence

Case control study

A
  • Subjects have outcomes of interest looking for risk factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

observtional study

Cross-sectional study

A
  • Doesn’t concider time doesn’t tell causation
  • Obsrvations occour concurently
  • Participants are selected based on set inclusion and exclusion criteria
  • Population based research
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Experimental studies

Animal lab studies

A
  • Animal research uses animals to test potential pharmaceuticals prior to human trials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disadvantages of animal study

A
  • Application is limited considering the difference between human
    and animal physiology
  • Experiments are undertaken in a highly controlled environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Groups in cross sectional study

A
  • Exposed and outcome present
  • Exposed and no outcome
  • Uexposed and outcome present
  • Unexposed and no outcome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Advantages of cross sectional case control study

A
  • Less expensive
  • Easier to do and take less time
  • Useful when obtaining follow-up data that is difficult to obtain due to
    the nature of population being studied
  • More efficient if the disease is rare
  • This design may be the only ethical way to evaluate something
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Disadvantage of case-control study

A
  • Potential recall bias
  • Subject to selection bias
  • Generally do not allow investigators to calculate an incidence (new cases can’t use retrospective data) or absolute risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cohort study

A
  • Outcome is not know
  • Identify 2 cohort one recives intervention other not exposed
  • Follow and observe to see effect
  • Almost always prospective, but sometimes can be
    retrospective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Advantages of cohort study

A
  • Can more clearly show the time of exposure and development of the outcome
  • Allows for evaluation of more than one outcome as it relates to an exposure
  • Allows for calculation of incidence (in new cases)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disadvantage of cohort studies

A
  • Can be expensive and time needing follow up
  • loss of follow up introduces bias
  • May not be good for rare disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Randomised controlled trial

A
  • Randomly assign subject to either have control (placebo) or new medication
  • Is a prospective study
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Advantages of random control trial

A
  • Considered the gold standard
  • This design allows for washout of most population bias
  • Reduced influence by confounders
  • Reduced variability in the outcome(s)
  • Easier to blind patients than observational studies
17
Q

Disadvantages of randomised contol trial

A
  • Time consuming trial
  • Tend to be more expensive
18
Q

Sytamatic review

A
  • Locates, appraise and synthesize the best available evidence relating to a specific research question and evidence-based answers.
  • How to deliver interventions or to make changes to policy
19
Q

Meta-analysis

A
  • Summarize the results of
    independent studies by combining information from all relevant studies
  • More precise estimates of the effects of health care than those derived from the individual studies included within a review
20
Q

Advantages of Meta-analysis

A
  • Objective evalulation of reseach findings
21
Q

Disadvantage of meta-analysis

A
  • Not all topics have sufficient research evidence to allow a meta-analysis to be conducted
22
Q

Advantages of NICE guidelines

A
  • Thorough and transparent development process to ensure fairness.
  • Representative stakeholders involved in the process.
  • Directly applicable to patients.
  • Often take into account a huge number of potential treatments and drug classes, e.g. type 2 diabetes guidelines.
  • Complex issues simplified.
  • Regularly reviewed.
  • Take into account cost considerations
23
Q

Disadvantages of NICE guidelines

A
  • May involve conflict of interest however resolved by conflict of interest
  • Large amount of resources required
24
Q

Primary endpoint

A
  • The main result/s that is measured at the end of a
    study to see if a given intervention was effective - ,ust be clinically relevant
25
Q

Secondary endpoint

A
  • These are additional events of interest, but which
    the study may not be specifically powered to assess
26
Q

Patient-oriented endpoints

A
  • An ideal endpoint should be a valid and applicable measure of how a patient feels, functions or survives
  • Measure directly the number of patients with conditions
  • e.g. - Neither vitamin prevents cancer or cardiovascular disease
27
Q

Advantages of Patient-oriented endpoints

A

Measures of true patient benefit, clinically meaningful,
clinical certainty

28
Q

Disadvantages of Patient-oriented endpoints

A

Need large sample size, longer trial duration, more
expensive, delay in potentially beneficial medicines coming to market

29
Q

Disease oriented endpoints

A

Do not directly measure how a person feels, functions or survives, but which should be so closely associated with a clinically meaningful endpoint
- e.g. - Beta-carotene and vitamin E are good antioxidants

30
Q

Advantages of Disease oriented endpoints

A

smaller sample size, shorter trial duration, less
expensive, expediates medicines to market

31
Q

Disadvantage of Disease oriented endpoints

A

May not relate to clinically meaningful outcomes,
may not change at all stages of disease, may predict that harmful treatments are effective

32
Q

Absolute risk reduction

A
  • Difference between two rates trial 1 and trial 2
    See the difference in percentage/100
33
Q

Relative risk reduction

A
  • Difference in event rate expressed
    relative to what you started with
  • Divide trial 1 by 2
    (First percentage - second percentage/first)
34
Q

NNT (Number needed to treat)

A

Number of patients
we need to treat for one patient to
benefit.
1/ARR

PMP 103 Practice of Pharmacy (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions