Erythrocyte Disorders

Question 1

Anemia caused by sudden loss of blood volume:

Answer 1

1. Increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, and cardiac output
2. Redistribution of blood flow from skin and viscera to heart, brain, and muscle

Question 2

Anemia caused by slow loss of blood:

Answer 2

1. Decrease in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity by increasing the production of 2,3-biphosphoglycerate
2. Increase in EPO production by kidneys

Question 3

refers to the production of erythroid precursor cells that are defective

Answer 3

Ineffective erythropoiesis

Question 4

these defective precursors often undergo apoptosis

Answer 4

Ineffective erythropoiesis

Question 5

Conditions under Ineffective erythropoiesis

Answer 5

megaloblastic anemia,
thalassemia,
sideroblastic anemia

Question 6

refers to the decrease in the number of erythroid precursor in the bone marrow

Answer 6

Insufficient erythropoiesis

Question 7

Conditions under Insufficient erythropoiesis

Answer 7

iron deficiency anemia, renal disease, aplastic anemia, acquired pure red cell aplasia, infection

Question 8

most important among the RBC indices

Answer 8

MCV

Question 9

a measure of the average RBC volume in fL

Answer 9

MCV

Question 10

key in the morphologic classification of anemia

Answer 10

MCV

Question 11

index of variation of cell volume in a red blood cell population

Answer 11

RDW

Question 12

the coefficient of variation of RBC volume expressed in percentage

Answer 12

RDW

Question 13

an important tool to assess the bone marrow’s ability to increase RBC production in response to anemia

Answer 13

Reticulocyte count

Question 14

determines whether an anemia is due to an RBC production defect or to a shortened survival defect

Answer 14

Reticulocyte count

Question 15

serves as a quality control to verify the results produced by automated analyzers

Answer 15

Peripheral blood film

Question 16

may help in establishing the cause of anemia

Answer 16

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

Question 17

valuable if an inappropriately low reticulocyte count and a microcytic anemia are present

Answer 17

Iron studies

Question 18

helpful in investigating a macrocytic anemia with a low reticulocyte count

Answer 18

Serum vitamin B12 and serum folate assays

Question 19

can differentiate autoimmune hemolytic anemias from hemolytic anemias due to other causes

Answer 19

DAT

Question 20

Central pallor is 1/3 of the red cell diameter

Answer 20

Normochromia

Question 21

Central pallor is >1/3 of the red cell diameter

Answer 21

Hypochromia 1+

Question 22

Central pallor is >2/3 of the red cell diameter

Answer 22

Hypochromia 2+

Question 23

Central pallor is 3 quarter of the red cell volume

Answer 23

Hypochromia 3+

Question 24

Thin rim of hemoglobin is left

Answer 24

Hypochromia 4+

Question 25

Decreased or absent central pallor

Answer 25

Hyperchromia

Question 26

variation in red cell size

Answer 26

Anisocytosis

Question 27

characterized by an MCV of less than 80 fL with small RBCs (less than 6μm)

Answer 27

Microcytic anemia

Question 28

are caused by conditions that result in reduced hemoglobin synthesis

Answer 28

Microcytic anemia

Question 29

Big five conditions of Microcytic anemia

Answer 29

Thalassemia Anemia of Chronic Inflammation IDA Lead poisoning Sideroblastic anemia

Question 30

Conditions under Defective heme synthesis

Answer 30

IDA, chronic inflammatory states, sideroblastic anemia, lead poisoning

Question 31

Conditions under Defective globin synthesis

Answer 31

Thalassemia, Hb E disease

Question 32

characterized by an MCV in the range of 80-100 fL

Answer 32

Normocytic anemia

Question 33

develop due to premature destruction and shortened survival of RBCs

Answer 33

Normocytic anemia

Question 34

Conditions under Intrinsic causes

Answer 34

Membrane defects, hemoglobinopathies, enzyme deficiencies

Question 35

Conditions under Extrinsic causes

Answer 35

Immune and nonimmune RBC injury

Question 36

characterized by an MCV greater than 100 fL with large RBCs (greater than 8 μm)

Answer 36

Macrocytic anemia

Question 37

arise from conditions that result in megaloblastic and nonmegaloblastic red cell development

Answer 37

Macrocytic anemia

Question 38

are caused by conditions that impair synthesis of DNA

Answer 38

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 39

are related to membrane changes owing to disruption of the cholesterol-phospholipid ratio

Answer 39

Nonmegaloblastic anemia

Question 40

characterized by a progressive loss of storage iron

Answer 40

Stage 1 of iron deficiency