Eran Levin - Sugar Flashcards
What is the more common structure of sugar?
Ring
המולקולה נמצאת בשיווי משקל בין
מבנה פתוח לטבעתי
Does predators can detect sweetness?
No
Does dogs can detect sweetness?
Yes
What is the evolutionary advantage of the sweetness in the human milk
humans brain works on glucose
Why lactose is evolutionary preferable for babies?
It doesn’t harm their teeth
What roles does the sugar has in our body
Structure, storage and signal transduction
What are the kind of bond in starches
Alpha 1-4
What is the type of bond in cellulose?
Beta 1-4
Why nitro cellulose can burn for long time?
releasing nitric acid’s oxygen and further catalyzing the decomposition
How fungi treat celluloid?
Eats it
Does fungi breaks cellophane?
Yes
With what hydroxyl groups are replaced in cellophane in stead of cellulose?
Sulfur in stead of hydroxyl
Which sugar is placed in chewing gums?
Xylose xylitol isomalt maltitol mannitol sorbitol
Why xylose is used in gums?
Bacteria can’t breakdown it
Does cows has enzyme that breaks down cellulose
No
To which stomach does the cow insert the cellulose
To the rumen
Under which process the cellulose undergo in the cows stomach
Ferentation by microorganisms
To which product the cow breaks cellulose
To short fatty acids
To which fatty acids the cellulose is been breaking down
Short Chain fatty acids
Acetic acid
Propionic acid
Butyric acid
Which bird only eats leaves and has same microorganisms as cow
Hoacin
How does microorganisms reach the digester system of animals?
Food
Birth (from mother to Childs)
Where does pectin is located
בדופן התא בתאים צמחיים
Pecatin is polymer of
Galactose
What is the product that solidifies the jam
Pecatin
What happends to the galactorinic acid when the pectin soluilized
Donate a proton
What is the main material that comprises fungi?
Chitin
Which organizmes contain chitin?
Fungi and arthropods
What characterizes structures that contain chitin
Rigid, see through, flexible
What is the role of chitinazes in our body?
breakdown harmful fungi
Which animal produce Ethanol?
Carpione
In people who consume alcohol regularly, what is the rate of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (ADH)
slow rate
People who does not consume high amount of alcohol, which enzyme in the metabolism of alcohol is not very active
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
Which product accumulate in people who are not usual alcohol consumers
Acetaldehyde
Which product causes the feeling of hangover
Acetaldehyde
Which enzyme turns pyruvate to lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase
How lactate influence muscle
Weakening them
With lack of which component the naked mole can live without?
Oxygen
What is the energy source of the naked mole?
Fructose
Why plants does not store glucose as a monomer?
It’s very reactive and toxic. they store it as starch
As which type of sugar glucose is been stored to decrease it’s reactivity?
Sucrose (a dimer composed of glucose and fructose)
Which plant is known for it’s sucrose producing ability
Sugar cane
What does starch is comprised of?
Amilopectine and amylose
Why animal does not store sugar
יש לאגור הרבה מאד מים לשם כך, דבר
שמוסיף משקל רב
וסוכר לא מספיק יעיל מבחינת אספקה אנרגטית, בניגוד לשומן
Which insect stores sugar
Bees and ants
What is trialose
Sugar in the blood of insects
In which plants can we find raphinose
Legumes and Cruciferae
To which state raphinos causes
gas
What types of sugar rapuinose contain
Galactos glucose fructose
In which insect we can find melzitose
Aphids (knima)
Does our kiddy’s can produce inositol?
Yes
In where nutrition we can find high level of inositol?
Fruits , especially melons and oranges
What is the type of bond in glycogen between the units
Alpha 1-4
Which bonds are between the polymers of glycogen
Alpha 1-6
Which protein is located in the middle of glycogen
Glycogenin
What surrounds glycogenin
Glucose
Where most of the glycogen is stored
Liver and muscles
Why birds almost doesn’t have glycogen
Because it attracts water and they has to maintain low weight
Usually what is the metabolic rate of organisms that consume sugar
Fast
How plants can benefit from ants
They are been used to protect their Organs and in exchange provide them sugar
Which organism has the highest ability to consume nectar
Insects
What are radicals
Atoms who tries to steal electrons from other atoms
What is the origin of radicals
Mitochondrial activity
What are the Influence of radicals
Aging
Cell death
Mutations
which positive activity does radicals have?
Immune system
cells transduction
How can we deal with radicals
Antioxidants
How can we measure metabolic rate?
Measure level of how much oxygen is consumed and how much carbon dioxide is emited
What is RQ
Respiratory coefficient
What is the source of the pentose phosphate pathway
Glucose 6 phosphate
Which metabolic pathway Releases carbon dioxide
Phosphate pentose pathway
What is the use of NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway
Antioxidant and use for anabolic process
which organ/tissue/cell is usually damaged in people who has a problem with that G6PD enzyme
Red blood cells
From which disease the G6PD prevents
Malaria and types of cancer
Why people licking G6PD are resistant to cancer
Because the cancerous cell is itself can’t do its activity because it has a problem with the g6pd
In eran’s experiment, how sugar influenced the oxidative stress?
Minimized it
What product do we need to add in order to activate glutathione
NADPH
Is active glutathione is reduced or oxidized
Reduced
Which phenomenon is able from pentose phosphate pathway in butterflies?
Flipping wings and flying for long distances
What does birds eat before they fly for long distance
Fruit, to increase the reductive potential
How glycogen can prevent from oxidative stress
Enters the pentose phosphate pathway and helps producing antioxidants
