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Metabolism and Pathology > Eran Levin - Sugar > Flashcards

Eran Levin - Sugar Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the more common structure of sugar?

A

Ring
המולקולה נמצאת בשיווי משקל בין
מבנה פתוח לטבעתי

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2
Q

Does predators can detect sweetness?

A

No

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3
Q

Does dogs can detect sweetness?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of the sweetness in the human milk

A

humans brain works on glucose

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5
Q

Why lactose is evolutionary preferable for babies?

A

It doesn’t harm their teeth

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6
Q

What roles does the sugar has in our body

A

Structure, storage and signal transduction

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7
Q

What are the kind of bond in starches

A

Alpha 1-4

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8
Q

What is the type of bond in cellulose?

A

Beta 1-4

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9
Q

Why nitro cellulose can burn for long time?

A

releasing nitric acid’s oxygen and further catalyzing the decomposition

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10
Q

How fungi treat celluloid?

A

Eats it

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11
Q

Does fungi breaks cellophane?

A

Yes

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12
Q

With what hydroxyl groups are replaced in cellophane in stead of cellulose?

A

Sulfur in stead of hydroxyl

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13
Q

Which sugar is placed in chewing gums?

A 
Xylose
xylitol
isomalt
maltitol
mannitol
sorbitol
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14
Q

Why xylose is used in gums?

A

Bacteria can’t breakdown it

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15
Q

Does cows has enzyme that breaks down cellulose

A

No

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16
Q

To which stomach does the cow insert the cellulose

A

To the rumen

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17
Q

Under which process the cellulose undergo in the cows stomach

A

Ferentation by microorganisms

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18
Q

To which product the cow breaks cellulose

A

To short fatty acids

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19
Q

To which fatty acids the cellulose is been breaking down

A

Short Chain fatty acids
Acetic acid
Propionic acid
Butyric acid

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20
Q

Which bird only eats leaves and has same microorganisms as cow

A

Hoacin

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21
Q

How does microorganisms reach the digester system of animals?

A

Food

Birth (from mother to Childs)

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22
Q

Where does pectin is located

A

בדופן התא בתאים צמחיים

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23
Q

Pecatin is polymer of

A

Galactose

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24
Q

What is the product that solidifies the jam

A

Pecatin

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25
What happends to the galactorinic acid when the pectin soluilized
Donate a proton
26
What is the main material that comprises fungi?
Chitin
27
Which organizmes contain chitin?
Fungi and arthropods
28
What characterizes structures that contain chitin
Rigid, see through, flexible
29
What is the role of chitinazes in our body?
breakdown harmful fungi
30
Which animal produce Ethanol?
Carpione
31
In people who consume alcohol regularly, what is the rate of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (ADH)
slow rate
32
People who does not consume high amount of alcohol, which enzyme in the metabolism of alcohol is not very active
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
33
Which product accumulate in people who are not usual alcohol consumers
Acetaldehyde
34
Which product causes the feeling of hangover
Acetaldehyde
35
Which enzyme turns pyruvate to lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase
36
How lactate influence muscle
Weakening them
37
With lack of which component the naked mole can live without?
Oxygen
38
What is the energy source of the naked mole?
Fructose
39
Why plants does not store glucose as a monomer?
It's very reactive and toxic. they store it as starch
40
As which type of sugar glucose is been stored to decrease it's reactivity?
Sucrose (a dimer composed of glucose and fructose)
41
Which plant is known for it's sucrose producing ability
Sugar cane
42
What does starch is comprised of?
Amilopectine and amylose
43
Why animal does not store sugar
יש לאגור הרבה מאד מים לשם כך, דבר שמוסיף משקל רב וסוכר לא מספיק יעיל מבחינת אספקה אנרגטית, בניגוד לשומן
44
Which insect stores sugar
Bees and ants
45
What is trialose
Sugar in the blood of insects
46
In which plants can we find raphinose
Legumes and Cruciferae
47
To which state raphinos causes
gas
48
What types of sugar rapuinose contain
Galactos glucose fructose
49
In which insect we can find melzitose
Aphids (knima)
50
Does our kiddy's can produce inositol?
Yes
51
In where nutrition we can find high level of inositol?
Fruits , especially melons and oranges
52
What is the type of bond in glycogen between the units
Alpha 1-4
53
Which bonds are between the polymers of glycogen
Alpha 1-6
54
Which protein is located in the middle of glycogen
Glycogenin
55
What surrounds glycogenin
Glucose
56
Where most of the glycogen is stored
Liver and muscles
57
Why birds almost doesn't have glycogen
Because it attracts water and they has to maintain low weight
58
Usually what is the metabolic rate of organisms that consume sugar
Fast
59
How plants can benefit from ants
They are been used to protect their Organs and in exchange provide them sugar
60
Which organism has the highest ability to consume nectar
Insects
61
What are radicals
Atoms who tries to steal electrons from other atoms
62
What is the origin of radicals
Mitochondrial activity
63
What are the Influence of radicals
Aging Cell death Mutations
64
which positive activity does radicals have?
Immune system | cells transduction
65
How can we deal with radicals
Antioxidants
66
How can we measure metabolic rate?
Measure level of how much oxygen is consumed and how much carbon dioxide is emited
67
What is RQ
Respiratory coefficient
68
What is the source of the pentose phosphate pathway
Glucose 6 phosphate
69
Which metabolic pathway Releases carbon dioxide
Phosphate pentose pathway
70
What is the use of NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway
Antioxidant and use for anabolic process
71
which organ/tissue/cell is usually damaged in people who has a problem with that G6PD enzyme
Red blood cells
72
From which disease the G6PD prevents
Malaria and types of cancer
73
Why people licking G6PD are resistant to cancer
Because the cancerous cell is itself can't do its activity because it has a problem with the g6pd
74
In eran's experiment, how sugar influenced the oxidative stress?
Minimized it
75
What product do we need to add in order to activate glutathione
NADPH
76
Is active glutathione is reduced or oxidized
Reduced
77
Which phenomenon is able from pentose phosphate pathway in butterflies?
Flipping wings and flying for long distances
78
What does birds eat before they fly for long distance
Fruit, to increase the reductive potential
79
How glycogen can prevent from oxidative stress
Enters the pentose phosphate pathway and helps producing antioxidants

Metabolism and Pathology (28 decks)

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