Bisynthesis Of Lipids - A Flashcards
What is the first step in biosynthesis of fatty acids
Carboxylation
What is the name of the enzyme one that perform the first step of fatty acid synthesis?
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
Which co factor is used by acetyl CoA carboxylase
Biotin (b7)
What is the symbol of biotin?
B7
What is the product of the first step of fatty acids bio-synthesis
Malonyl- CoA (c3)
What are the names of 2 binding sites which the biotin acts upon?
1) biotin carboxylase
2) trans carboxylase
Which functionality happens in the biotin carboxylate site?
Fixation of CO2 molecule that comes from bicarbonat
How many subunits are there in acetyl CoA Carboxylase in bacteria ?
3
How many domains are there in the Animal acetyl CoA carboxylase?
3
Which process is similar to the first step of fatty acid synthesis (from the POV of adding carbons to the chain)?
First step of gluconeogenesis
The first step of fatty acid synthesis is catalyzed by acetal CoA carboxylate which enzyme performs same reaction in gluconeogenesis?
Pyruvate carboxylase
In plants, which type of acetal carboxilase is there- Animal or bacteria
Both
Which functional group is the center of the carboxylase mechanism?
Methyl group
How many carbons are added in every in fatty acids synthesis?
2 Carbons
In the beginning of building the fatty acid, which 2 groups do we add to fatty acid synthase (FAS)?
Acetal coa and malonyl coa
In which type of bond fatty acid synthase is linked to malonyl CoA and acetyl CoA?
Thio-ester bond
Where does building fatty acids in the cell happens
In the cytosol
How many carbons are on the final fatty acid
16
What is the name of the final fatty acid that is been synthase
Palmitate
To which domain on fatty acid synthase malonyl coA is been bonded?
Acyl carrier protein
Over the fatty acid synthase,(fas), on which toren does the fatty acid elongates?
The shorter one
Which 2 processes occurs over the FAS?
transport the fatty acid to the short part
add malonyl CoA to the longer part
Which enzyme is needed to release the palmitate?
Thioesterase
To which part of the acyl carrier protein of fatty acid synthase, melonyl CoA is bonded
To the sulfur atom of the cystein
In animals, how many genes encode or fatty acid synthase?
1
In plant and bacteria how many genes encode or fatty acid synthase?
7
How many ATP molecules we should invest for each fatty acid chain?
23 ATP molecules
By which 2 ways it is possible to produce acetal coa?
1) glycolysis
2) ketogenic amino acids
How can we make acetal coa through glycolysis?
Glucose to pyruvate to acetal coa
From which type of amino acid we can make acetal coa
Ketogenic amino acids
Is there a transporter that can shift acetal coa from the mitochondria to the cytosol?
No
How can we transport acetal coa from the mitochondria to the cyftosol?
Connect it to oxaloacetate, and send it with citrate, with a shuttle
Does pyruvate was the ability to move from cytosol tomitochondria?
Yes
What are the 2 ways to get NADPH?
- when Malate turns into pyruvate
2. from phosphopentose pathway
What is the reactant in the phosphopentose pathway
Glucose 6 phosphate
What is the product of the phosphopentose pathway?
Ribulose 5 phosphate
What is the ratio between NADPH/NADP+ in the cytosol?
75
What is the ratio between NADH/NAD+ in the cytosol?
1/1000
What is the reductive force of process of fatty acids bio synthesis
Nadph
What is the reductive force of process of fatty acids bio degradation
NADH FADH2
Which process is the most regulated in fatty acid biosynthesis?
From acetal coa to melonyl coa
Which type of regulation the insulin does regarding to fatty acid bio synthesis?
Positive regulation
How does glucagone regulates synthesis of fatty acids?
Phosphorylation and de-activation of acetal coa carboxylate
When ACC is polymerized, is he active/inactive
Active
What are the allosteric regulations over fatty acids synthesis?
A lot of citrate suits for synthsizing fatty acids
A lot of palmitoyl coa - stop producing fatty acids
When there is AMPK in the cell what does it do to acetyl-coa carboxlase?
Phosphorylates it (inactivation)
AMPK in the cell is a sign for
Low levels of energy
In which part of the cell we make double bonds?
In the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Where can we elongate fatty acid
1) In the ER
2) In the mitochondria
In which type of ER fatty acids gets elongated
Smooth ER
What is the limit for inserting double bonds in mammals
After 10
What is the name of the enzyme that performed fatty aced de-saturation
Fatty acyl Coa desaturate
Who provides electrons to the activity of fatty acyl CoA desaturate?
- electron from the single bond we want to turn into double bond
- from NADPH
What oxygenase enzymes do with oxygen molecules?
Insert them to organic molecules
What are the main purpose of cyt p450?
Oxidizing molecules
Make toxins more soluble so we will be able to secret them via urine
